Thermodynamics:

Heat & Temperature

Chapter Outline
 Heat & Temperature
 Difference between Heat & Temperature
 Principle of Thermometry in Relation to Triple
Point of Water
 Different Scales of Temperature
 Relation between Temperature Scales
 Absolute Scale of Temperature
 Gas Thermometers
 Platinum Resistance Thermometers
 Related Problems
Heat & Temperature
Heat:
Heat is a form of energy which produces the
sensation of hotness or coldness of a body

Temperature:
Temperature is a thermal state of a body which
controls the flow of heat from one body to
another and determines the direction of heat
flow.
Difference between Heat & Temperature
HEAT TEMPERATURE

Heat is form of energy Temperature represents a

thermal condition of a
body demonstrating the
energy
Heat is the cause Temperature is the effect
The instrument for The instrument for
measuring heat is called measuring temperature is
Calorimeter called Thermometer
Unit of heat is Joule Unit of temperature is
degree
Celsius/Fahrenheit/Kelvin
Difference between Heat & Temperature
HEAT
Heat is proportional to the
total energy of the
molecules in the body
The branch of Physics
which measures heat is
called Calorimetry
TEMPERATURE
Temperature is
proportional to the average
kinetic energy of a
molecule of the body
The branch of Physics
which measures
temperature is called
Thermometry
 Different Scales of Temperature
• When using a thermometer, we need to mark a scale on the tube
wall with numbers on it. We have to define a temperature scale.
A temperature scale is a way to measure temperature relative to
a starting point (0 or zero) and a unit of measurement.
• These numbers are arbitrary, and historically many different
schemes have been used. For example, this was done by defining
some physical occurrences at given temperatures—such as
the freezing and boiling points of water— and defining them as 0
and 100 respectively.
• There are several scales and units exist for measuring temperature.
The most common are:
• Celsius (denoted °C),
• Fahrenheit (denoted °F),
• Kelvin (denoted K; especially in science).
 Fahrenheit Scale (denoted °F)

• The Fahrenheit scale is a temperature scale based on one proposed

in 1724 by German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–
1736).It uses the degree Fahrenheit (symbol: °F) as the unit. Several
accounts of how he originally defined his scale exist. The lower
defining point, 0 °F, was established as the freezing temperature of
a solution made from equal parts of ice, water and a salt. Further
limits were established as the melting point of ice (32 °F) and his
best estimate of the average human body temperature (96 °F, about
2.6 °F less than the modern value due to a later redefinition of the
scale). The scale is now usually defined by two fixed points: the
temperature at which water freezes into ice is defined as 32 °F, and
the boiling point of water is defined to be 212 °F, a 180 °F
separation, as defined at sea level and standard atmospheric
pressure.
Fahrenheit Scale (denoted °F)
 Celsius Scale (denoted °C)

• About 20 years after Fahrenheit proposed its temperature scale

for thermometer, Swedish professor Anders Celsius defined a
better scale for measuring temperature. He proposed using
the boiling point of water as 100° C and the freezing point of
water as 0° C. Water was chosen as the reference material because
it was always available in most laboratories around the world.
• Celsius temperature scale is also called centigrade temperature
scale because of the 100-degree interval between the defined
points. The Celsius temperature for a state colder than freezing
water is a negative number. The Celsius scale is used, both in
everyday life and in science and industry, almost everywhere in the
world.
• Absolute zero, the lowest temperature possible, is defined as being
precisely 0 K and −273.15 °C. The temperature of the triple point of
water is defined as precisely 273.16 K and 0.01 °C.
 Kelvin Temperature Scale (denoted K)
• Kelvin temperature scale, a temperature scale having an
absolute zero below which temperatures do not
exist. Absolute zero or 0°K, is the temperature at which
molecular energy is a minimum, and it corresponds to a
temperature of −273.15° on the Celsius temperature scale .
The Kelvin degree is the same size as the Celsius degree;
hence the two reference temperatures for Celsius, the
freezing point of water (0°C), and the boiling point of water
(100°C), correspond to 273.15°K and 373.15°K, respectively.
When writing temperatures in the Kelvin scale, it is the
convention to omit the degree symbol and use the letter K.
The temperature scale is named after the British
mathematician and physicist William Thomson Kelvin , who
proposed it in 1848.
 Rankine Scale
• The Rankine scale is a thermodynamic
(absolute) temperature scale. It is based
around absolute zero. Rankine is similar to the
Kelvin scale in that it starts at absolute zero
and 0 °Ra is the same as 0 K but is different as
a change of 1 °Ra is the same as a change of 1
°F (Fahrenheit) and not 1 °C (Celsius).492 Ra
and 672Ra are the lower and upper point
respectively.
 Réaumur temperature scale
• Réaumur temperature scale, scale established
in 1730 by the French scientist de
Réaumur (1683–1757), with its zero set at
the freezing point of water and its 80° mark at
the boiling point of water at
normal atmospheric pressure Use of the
Réaumur scale was once widespread, but by
the late 19th century it had been supplanted
by other systems.
Principle of Thermometry in Relation to Triple
Point of Water

 In 1954, the ‘International Committee on

Weights and Measures’ on its meeting
decided to accept the ‘Triple Point of Water’
as the single reference or fixed point.
 Triple point of water is the temperature at
which pressure and temperature are such that
water co-exists in its solid (ice), liquid (water)
and vapor states.
 The temperature at triple point is 273.16 K
at pressure 4.58mm of Hg.
Principle of Thermometry in Relation to Triple
Point of Water

 Triple point is the most convenient as a

fixed point for temperature scale because it
occurs at a specific value of pressure and
temperature.

 The S.I unit for temperature is Kelvin (K).

Therefore, 1K=( th of the triple point of
water)
Principle of Thermometry in Relation to Triple
Point of Water

 The thermometric property of a substance is

directly proportional to its temperature. Let x
be the thermometric property at T, the
temperature. Then,

 If at temperature T1 and T2 the

thermometric properties are x1 and x2
respectively, then we get,
Principle of Thermometry in Relation to Triple
Point of Water

 Now at the triple point of water, if the

thermometric property is xtp, and at any other
temperature T, the thermometric property is x,
we get,

or,
 This is the principle for the determination of
temperature by a thermometer with respect to
the triple point of water.
Different Scales of Temperature

1.Celsius or Centigrade Scale (0C)

2.Fahrenheit Scale (0F)
3.Kelvin’s Absolute Thermodynamic
Scale (0K)
4.Rankine Scale (0R)
Relation between Temperature Scales
Relation between Temperature Scales
Absolute Scale of Temperature

-273˚C is called the lowest temperature or

absolute zero temperature.
A temperature scale has been built taking
absolute zero temperature as zero. This scale is
called absolute scale of temperature.
Gas Thermometers
There are 2 types of Gas Thermometers:

 Constant Volume Gas Thermometer: The

pressure of a fixed mass of a gas at constant
volume increases with increase of temperature
and decreases with the decrease of temperature.
Thermometer constructed on this principle of a
gas is called ‘Constant Volume Gas
Thermometer’. If hydrogen gas is used as a
thermometric substance, then the thermometer is
called ‘Constant Volume Hydrogen
Thermometer’.
Gas Thermometers
There are 2 types of Gas Thermometers:

 Constant Pressure Gas Thermometer: The

volume of a fixed mass of a gas at constant
pressure increases with increase of temperature
and decreases with the decrease of temperature.
Thermometer constructed on this principle of a
gas is called ‘Constant Pressure Gas
Thermometer’. If hydrogen gas is used as a
thermometric substance, then the thermometer is
called ‘Constant Pressure Hydrogen
Thermometer’.
Gas Thermometers
 Constant Volume Gas Thermometer: Here the
thermometric property is the pressure P of a gas.
If Ptp is the pressure at the triple point, then
temperature is given by,

 Constant Pressure Gas Thermometer: Here the

thermometric property is the volume V of a gas.
If Vtp is the volume at the triple point, then
temperature is given by,
Platinum Resistance Thermometers
 The platinum resistance thermometer is
based on the principle that the electrical
resistance of a metallic wire is found to
increase uniformly with temperature.
 The device in which temperature can be
found out by measuring the resistance is called
a resistance thermometer.
 In 1971, Sir William Siemens first
constructed the platinum resistance
thermometer. This thermometer can be used to
measure temperatures from -250˚C to 1300˚C.
Platinum Resistance Thermometers

 The relation between temperature and

resistance is given by

Here,
R𝜽 = Resistance of the platinum wire at
temperature 𝜽.
R0 = Resistance of the wire at 0˚ temperature
α = A constant
Platinum Resistance Thermometers
 Let R0 and R100 be the resistances of the platinum
resistance thermometer at 0˚C and 100˚C
respectively. Now, from the previous equation we
get,

or,
 Let R𝜽 be the resistance of the thermometer at
unknown temperature 𝜽, then

or,
Therefore,