Topic: Temperature.

Pressure

Teacher: ass. Aytan Mammadova

 Temperature

Temperature is one of those properties that defies a precise scientific

definition. We generally perceive temperature as a measure of our
physiological response to "hotness" or "coldness". However,
physiological response is subjective, and it does not provide us with an
objective measure. For example, holding a block of steel at 40 0C gives a
much colder sensation than holding a block of wood also at 40 0C. An
accurate measure of temperature is possible because of the way the
properties of many materials change due to heat or cold. Furthermore,
these changes are both reliable and predictable - a necessary prerequisite
to accurate measurement of temperature.
 A thermometer is a commonly used instrument to measure temperature;
simply, it gives us a numerical measure of the degree of hotness. Typically,
in a glass thermometer, a material such as mercury or alcohol is present
inside a glass capillary. This material expands in response to heat. Its
coefficient of expansion is much higher than that of glass. The movement
of this material in the glass capillary, on a preselected scale, gives us the
measure of temperature. Other instruments used in measuring temperature
include thermocouple, resistance temperature detector, thermistor, and
pyrometers.
The thermodynamic basis for the thermometer is the Zeroth Law of
Thermodynamics, first described by R.H. Fowler in 1931. According
to this law, "if two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third
body, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other". This
implies that if the third body is selected as a thermometer, and the
temperature of the two bodies is the same, then the two bodies are in
thermal equilibrium with each other, even when they may not be in
contact with each other.
 The statement of the Zeroth law of thermodynamics appears rather
trivial; however, it cannot be deduced from the other two law of
thermodynamics.
The temperature scale according to the SI units is the Celsius scale,
named after a Swedish astronomer, Celsius. In the English system of units,
we use the Fahrenheit scale, named after the German instrument maker G.
Fahrenheit. Both these scales use two reference points. The ice point is a
temperature of ice and water mixture in equilibrium with saturated air at
one atmospheric pressure. The ice point for the Celsius scale is 0 0C and 32
0
F in the Fahrenheit scale. The boiling point, when a mixture of liquid and
water vapor are in equilibrium at one atmospheric pressure, is 100 0C in the
Celsius and 212 0F in the Fahrenheit scale.
 In addition to the temperature scales, there is a thermodynamic
temperature scale that does not depend on the properties of any material.
In SI Units, the scale is the Kelvin scale, with a temperature unit of
Kelvin (K not 0K, according to convention). On the Kelvin scale, the
lowest temperature is 0 K, although this temperature has not actually
been measured. A corresponding scale in English units is the Rankine
scale, with the temperature unit expressed as R.
 The Kelvin and Celsius scales are related by the following
function:

T(K) = T(0C) + 273.15

In most engineering calculations, the number in this equation is

rounded off to 273.