KYANITE, SILLIMANITE AND ANDALUSITE

Indian Minerals
Yearbook 2019
(Part- III : MINERAL REVIEWS)

58th Edition

KYANITE, SILLIMANITE AND

ANDALUSITE
(ADVANCE RELEASE)

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
MINISTRY OF MINES
INDIAN BUREAU OF MINES

Indira Bhavan, Civil Lines,

NAGPUR – 440 001

PHONE/FAX NO. (0712) 2565471

PBX : (0712) 2562649, 2560544, 2560648
E-MAIL : cme@ibm.gov.in
Website: www.ibm.gov.in

June, 2020

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 KYANITE, SILLIMANITE AND ANDALUSITE

17 Kyanite, Sillimanite and Andalusite

K ya n i t e, si l l i m a n i t e a n d a n da l usi t e a r e
unhydrous aluminosilicate minerals that
have the same chemical formula Al 2O3 but differ in
crystal structure and physical properties. When
calcined at high temperature around 1,350 0C to
1,380 0C for kyan ite an d slightly h igher for
andalusite and sillimanite, these minerals are
converted to mullite, (3 Al 2O 3.2SiO 2) and silica
(SiO 2) which are refractory minerals.
Synthetic mullite is made by heating mixtures
of alumina and silica or bauxite and kaolin at
around 1,550 0C to 2,000 0C. Refractories are heat
resistan t materials used in high tem perature
applications, such as, furnaces, ladles, kilns, in
the metallurgical, glass, chemical, cement and
other industries.
RESERVES/RESOURCES
Kyanite
The total reserves/resources of kyanite as per
NMI database, based on UNFC system as on
1.4.2015 in the country has been placed at 104.98
million tonnes. Out of these resources, only
0.68 million tonnes are Reserves and 104.29 million
tonnes are under Remaining Resources. Out of
total resources, high and medium-grade resources
together account for merely 1.74%, low grade
8%, mixed-grade 0.73%, quartz kyanite rock,
kyanite gneiss rock and kyanite schist 87.1% and
granular, others and not-known grades 2.41%.
Statewise, share of Telangana is 46% of the total
r esources foll owed by Andhr a Pr a desh wit h
30.5%, Karnataka 12.67% and Jharkhand 7.23%.
The remaining 3.60% resources are in Kerala,
Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and West
Bengal collectively (Table-1).
Sillimanite
The total reserves/resources of sillimanite as per
NMI database, based on UNFC system in the country
as on 1.4.2015 has been placed at 70.20 million
tonnes. Out of these resources, 6.50 million tonnes
are under Reserves Category, while about 63.70
million tonnes are under the Remaining Resources.
Out of total resources, more than 73.33% are granular
high-grade, while quartz sillimanite rocks and
si lli man it e-bear ing rocks a re about 21.64%.
Resources of massive sillimanite of all grades are
about 4.83%. The resources are located mainly in
Odisha (25.15%), Tamil Nadu (24.87%), Uttar Pradesh
(16.30%), Andhra Pradesh (12.52%), Kerala (10.17%)
and Assam (6.55%). The remaining 4.44% resources
are in Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Rajasthan and West
Bengal (Table-2).
Andalusite
The total reserves/resources of andalusite in
the country as on 1.4.2015 as per NMI database,
ba sed on UNFC syst em h as been pla ced at
28.20 million tonnes. Most of the resources are of
reconnaissance category located in Uttar Pradesh
(Table-3).
EXPLORATION & DEVELOPMENT
Details of exploration & development if any
are covered in the review of "Exploration &
Development" under "General Reviews".

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 Table – 1 : Reserves/Resources of Kyanite as on 1.4.2015
(By Grades/States)
(In tonnes)

Reserves Remaining Resources

Tota l
Proved Probable Tota l Feasibility Pre-feasibility Measured Indicated Inferred Reconnaissance Tota l Resources
Grade/State STD111 (A) STD211 STD331 STD332 STD333 STD334 (B) (A+B)
STD121 STD122 STD221 STD222
All India : Total 639 121 - 489 58 688 079 1505114 568 205 2193427 579 619 3577402 95869713 - 104293480 104981559
By Grades
High grade - - - - - 43 17 218 67 - 297 827 114 689 - 438 700 438 700
Medium grade 212 881 - 489 58 261 839 430 490 - 276 651 - 344 10 381 532 - 1123083 1384922
Low grade 426 240 - - 426 240 234 210 159 30 1178813 386 247 2214900 3952872 - 7982972 8409212
High & medium mixed - - - - - 100 550 531 03 - 936 40 106 928 - 354 221 354 221
Medium & low mixed - - - - - - - - - 480 00 - 480 00 480 00
High, medium & low
mixed - - - - 130 97 896 50 106 06 - 450 00 210 025 - 368 378 368 378
Granular - - - - - - - - 167 000 813 59 - 248 359 248 359

17-3
Quartz kyanite rock - - - - - - - - - 81105358 - 81105358 81105358
Kyanite gneiss rock - - - - - - - - - 5370800 - 5370800 5370800
Kyanite schist - - - - - - - - 724 625 4250000 - 4974625 4974625
Others - - - - 593 710 234 91 303 166 10 12 - 125 30 - 933 909 933 909
Not-k nown - - - - 233 607 334 267 349 221 192 360 - 235 620 - 1345075 1345075

By States
KYANITE, SILLIMANITE AND ANDALUSITE

Andhra Pradesh - - - - - - 39 9 - - 32003829 - 32004228 32004228

Jharkhand 426 240 - - 426 240 824 472 524 467 881 313 - 1754900 3182363 - 7167515 7593755
Karnataka - - - - 637 460 159 30 113 630 386 247 1610502 10531529 - 13295298 13295298
Kerala - - - - - - - 192 360 - 100 00 - 202 360 202 360
Maharashtra 212 881 - 489 58 261 839 300 85 278 08 1187479 10 12 450 00 1684113 - 2975497 3237336
Rajasthan - - - - 130 97 - 106 06 - - - - 237 03 237 03
Tamil Nadu - - - - - - - - 167 000 813 59 - 248 359 248 359
Telangana - - - - - - - - - 48350000 - 48350000 48350000
West Bengal - - - - - - - - - 265 20 - 265 20 265 20
Fig ure s ro u nd e d off
 Table – 2 : Reserves/Resources of Sillimanite as on 1.4.2015
(By Grades/States)
(In tonnes)

Reserves Remaining Resources

Tota l
Proved Probable Tota l Feasibility Pre-feasibility Measured Indicated Inferred Reconnaissance Tota l Resources
Grade/States STD111 (A) STD211 STD331 STD332 STD333 STD334 (B) (A+B)
STD121 STD122 STD221 STD222
All India : Total 323 231 5728868 450 016 6502115 1020187 135 278 20257525 4580083 17790664 16068690 3849600 63702027 70204142
By Grades
Massive high grade - - - - - - - - - 119 03 - 119 03 119 03
Massive medium grade - - - - - 40 00 - - - 297 05 - 337 05 337 05
Massive low grade 440 21 - 150 00 590 21 30 0 - 51 9 - 850 000 2273786 - 3124605 3183626
Massive high &
medium - - - - - - - - - 198 00 - 198 00 198 00
Massive medium
& low 136 981 - 72 74 144 255 - - - - - - - - 144 255
Massive high,
medium & low - - - - - - - - - 38 - 38 38
Granular high 128 789 5728868 427 742 6285399 1019887 120 208 20257006 2480083 7590600 13732942 - 45200726 51486125
Quartz sillimanite

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rock - - - - - - - - - - 3748000 3748000 3748000
Sillimanite- bearing
rock - - - - - - - 2100000 9350000 - - 11450000 11450000
Others - - - - - 110 70 - - - - - 110 70 110 70
Unclassified 134 40 - - 134 40 - - - - - - - - 134 40
Not-k nown - - - - - - - - 64 51 6 101 600 102 180 102 180

By States
Andhra Pradesh 20 45 - 37 20 82 15 112 78 12 26 7 7430300 1346988 - 8788861 8790943
Assam - - - - - - - - 850 000 67 00 3748000 4604700 4604700
KYANITE, SILLIMANITE AND ANDALUSITE

Jharkhand - - - - - - - - - 830 00 - 830 00 830 00

Karnataka - - - - - - - - - 982 725 - 982 725 982 725
Kerala - - - - 1015625 120 000 - 2479816 160 300 3369200 - 7144941 7144941
Madhya Pradesh - - - - - - - - - - 101 600 101 600 101 600
Maharashtra 181 002 - 222 74 203 276 - - - - 64 155 16 - 155 80 218 856
Meghalaya - - - - - - - - - 558 07 - 558 07 558 07
Odisha - 5728868 427 705 6156573 - - 6557013 - - 4943600 - 11500613 17657186
Rajasthan - - - - 30 0 - 51 9 - - - - 81 9 81 9
Tamil Nadu 140 184 - - 140 184 42 46 40 00 13699981 - - 3612154 - 17320381 17460565
Uttar Pradesh - - - - - - - 2100000 9350000 - - 11450000 11450000
West Bengal - - - - - - - - - 1653000 - 1653000 1653000
Fig ure s ro u nd e d off
 KYANITE, SILLIMANITE AND ANDALUSITE

Table – 3 : Reserves/ Resources of Andalusite as on 1.4.2015

(In '000 tonnes)

Tota l Remaining Tota l

Reserves Resources Resources
(A+B)
State Tota l Inferred Reconnaissance Tota l
(A) STD333 STD334 (B)

All India : Total - 40 00 242 01 282 01 282 01

By Gr ades
Unclassified - - 242 01 242 01 242 01
Low - 40 00 - 4000 4000

By States

Jharkhand - 4000 1 4001 4001

Uttar Pradesh - - 242 00 242 00 24200

Figures rounded off

In 2018-19, 4,681 tonnes, i.e., about 96% of the

PRODUCTION & STOCKS
Kyanite
The production of kyanite was 4,889 tonnes in
2018-19, this decreased by 37% as compared to that
of the previous year. There were 4 reporting mines
in 2018-19 against 5 reporting mines in the previous
year. Two producer s con t r ibut ed t h e en ti r e
production of kyanite during the year.
total production of kyanite was of grade 40% Al 2O3
& above. About 38% of the total production was
reported by the Public Sector and 62% by Private
Sector (Tables - 4 to 6).
Mi ne-h ea d cl osin g stocks of kya ni te for
2018-19 were 12,384 tonnes as against 12,340
tonnes in 2017-18 (Table-7).
The average daily employment of labour was
51 in 2018-19 as against 80 in the preceding year.

Table – 4 : Principal Producers of Kyanite, 2018-19

Location of mine
Name & address of producer
State District

Pavri Kyanite Mines, Maharashtra Bhandara

A-1, Indra Sagar,
Ravindranath Tagore Marg,
Civil Lines, Nagpur- 440 001,
Maharashtra.

Maharashtra State Mining Corporation Ltd Maharashtra Bhandara

Plot No. 7, Ajani Chowk,
Wardha Road, Nagpur - 440 015,
Maharashtra.

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 KYANITE, SILLIMANITE AND ANDALUSITE

Table – 5 : Production of Kyanite, 2016-17 to 2018-19

(By States)
(Qty in tonnes; Valu e in ` '00 0 )

20 16-17 20 17-18 2 0 1 8 -1 9 (P )
Sta te
Q u a n t it y Value Q u a n t it y Value Q u a n t it y Value

India 3253 13458 7818 23277 4889 15228

M a h a r a sh tr a 3253 13458 7818 23277 4889 15228

Table – 6 : Production of Kyanite, 2017-18 and 2018-19

(By Sectors/States/Districts/Grades)
(Qty in tonnes; Value in ` '000)

2017 -18 2018-19 (P)

Quantity Quantity
State/District No. of Value No. of Value
mines 40 % Below Tota l mines 40 % Below Tota l
& above 40 % & above 40 %
Al2O 3 Al2O 3 Al2O 3 Al2O 3

India 5 78 18 - 78 18 232 77 4 46 81 20 8 48 89 152 28

Public sector 1 23 18 - 23 18 40 98 1 16 40 20 8 18 48 31 38
Private sector 4 55 00 - 55 00 191 79 3 30 41 - 30 41 120 90
K ar nataka 1* - - - - - - - - -
Mysuru 1* - - - - - - - - -
Maharashtra 4 78 18 - 78 18 232 77 4 46 81 20 8 4889 15228
Bhandara 4 78 18 - 78 18 232 77 4 46 81 20 8 48 89 152 28
*Only labour reported

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 KYANITE, SILLIMANITE AND ANDALUSITE

Table – 7 : Mine-head Closing Stocks of Kyanite, 2017-18 and 2018-19

(By States/Grades)
(Qty in tonnes)

2 0 1 7 -1 8 2 01 8 -1 9 (P)
State
40% Al2 O 3 & Below 40% Tot a l 40% Al2 O 3 & Below 40% Tot a l
a bove Al2 O 3 a bove Al2 O 3

In di a 953 113 8 7 12340 817 115 6 7 12384

Jha rk hand - 1327 1327 - 1327 1327
Ka rna ta k a - 10033 10033 - 10033 10033
Maha ra shtra 953 27 980 817 207 1024

Sillimanite reported by the Private Sector mines. Andhra

The production of sillimanite at 69,033 tonnes
in 2018-19 decreased by 15% as compared to that
in the previous year. There were 6 reporting mines
i n 2 0 1 8- 1 9 . Be s i d e s , four m i n e s r e p or t e d
production of sillimanite as an associated mineral
with garnet and kyanite during the year.
Ni nety-ni ne per cent of tot al producti on
d u r i n g t h e ye a r wa s c on t r i bu t ed by t h r e e
producers. About 35% of total production of
sillimanite was reported by the Public Sector
mines, while the remaining 65% of production was
Pradesh, the main producing State, contributed
45% of the total output in 2018-19 followed by
Odisha (25%), Maharashtra (19%), Kerala (11%),
a n d r e m a i n i n g s h a r e wa s c on t r i bu t ed by
Meghalaya (Tables - 8 to 10).
Mine-head closing stocks for the year 2018-
19 were 16,324 tonnes as against 21,635 tonnes in
the previous year (Table - 11).
The average daily employment of labour
during 2018-19 was 1,883 as against 1,678 in the
previous year.

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 KYANITE, SILLIMANITE AND ANDALUSITE

Table – 8 : Principal Producers of Sillimanite, 2018-19

Location of mine
Name & address of producer
State District
#
Trimex Sands Private Limited, Andhra Pradesh Srikakulam
Trimex Towers, No.-1, Subbraya Avenue,
C.P. Ramaswamy Road, Alwarpet,
Chennai - 600 018.
Tamil Nadu.
Indian Rare Earths Ltd, Kerala Kollam
Plot No. 1207, Odisha Ganjam
V. S Marg, Prabhadevi,
Mumbai-400 028,
Maharashtra.
*Pavri Kyanite Mines, Maharashtra Bhandara
A/1, Indrasagar,
Ravindranath Tagore Road,
Civil Lines,
Nagpur- 440 001
Maharashtra.
# Prod ucing as a n a ssociated mineral with ga rn et
* Prod uc in g as a n asso ciate d mine ra l with k ya nite

Table – 9 : Production of Sillimanite, 2016-17 to 2018-19

(By States)
(Qty in tonnes; Va lu e in ` '00 0 )

20 16-17 20 17-18 2 0 1 8 -1 9 ( P )
Sta te
Q u a n t it y Value Q u a n t it y Value Q u a n t it y Value

India 68131 535949 81638 671690 69033 559792

And hra Pra d esh 37109 321945 53749 472024 31243 289278
Ker a la 9254 87400 7538 74012 7327 82160
M a h a r a sh tr a 6196 22739 3194 10904 13404 49907
Me gha la ya - - 459 3374 24 168
Odisha 15572 103865 16698 111376 17035 138279

Table – 10 : Production of Sillimanite, 2017-18 and 2018-19

(By Sectors/States/Districts)
(Qty in tonnes; Value in `'000)

20 17-18 2 0 1 8 -1 9 (P )
St a t e/ Di st ri ct
No. of mi nes Q u a n t it y Value No. of mi nes Q u a n t it y Value

India 5(4) 81638 671690 6(4) 69033 559792

Pu blic sector 4 24326 185596 5 24419 220642
P ri v a t e se c to r 1(4) 57312 486094 1(4) 44614 339150
An d hr a P r ad e s h (1) 53749 472024 (1) 31243 289278
Srik ak ulam (1) 53749 472024 (1) 31243 289278
Ke rala 2 7538 74012 3 7327 82160
Ko ll a m 2 7538 74012 3 7327 82160
M ah arash tra 1(3) 3194 10904 1(3) 13404 49907
Bha nda ra 1(3) 3194 10904 1(3) 13404 49907
M e g hal aya 1 459 3374 1 24 168
Khasi Hills West 1 459 3374 1 24 168
O disha 1 16698 111 3 7 6 1 17035 138279
Ga nja m 1 16698 111376 1 17035 138279

Figures in pa ren th ese s indica te the nu mb er of assoc iated mines with ga rne t a nd ky anite

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 KYANITE, SILLIMANITE AND ANDALUSITE

Table – 11: Mine-head Closing Stocks of subsequent ly loading by fron t-en d loader s,
Sillimanite, 2017-18 and 2018-19 wh e el l oa d er s a n d be l t c on ve yor s ; a n d
(ii) upgrading it to around 93% heavy minerals at
(By States)
D r e dg e & Wet C on ce n t r a t i on Pl a n t a n d
( In to n n es)
c on c e n t r a t e up g r a d i n g un i t . T h e Mi n e r a l
Recovery Plant (MRP) essentially consists of a
Sta te 20 17-18 2 0 1 8 -1 9 (P ) dredging system to mine the deposit and a pre-
India 21635 16324
concentration system to separate the valuable
minerals and dispose of the waste at the same
And hra Pra d esh 2428 865 place from where it was mined. The two systems
Ker a la 1470 1918 are mounted on a combined floating platform
which keeps moving with the progress of mining.
Me gha la ya 244 188
For details regarding mining and processing, etc.
M a h a r a sh tr a 16830 11965 of beach sand minerals, Review on 'Ilmenite and
Rutile' may be referred.
Odisha 663 1388

Andalusite
T h er e wa s n o pr oduct ion of a n da l usi t e
reported since 1988.
MINING & MARKETING
Kyanite
Kyan i t e mi n es ar e worked by open ca st
manual as well as semi-mechanised methods.
Generally, the mineral is marketed under three
grades: 60% Al 2O3 and above, 50-60% Al 2O 3 and
less than 50% Al 2O3. These three grades are used
in the manufacture of refractories.
Sillimanite
Sillimanite mines are also worked by opencast
method. Pohra mine of Maharashtra State Mining
Corporation Ltd is semi-mechanised.
Granular sillimanite is obtained from beach
sands in Kerala, Odisha and Tamil Nadu as a
by-product along with ilmenite, rutile, zircon,
garnet, etc. while recovering monazite. The
Odisha Sands Complex of IREL in the coastal
region of Chatrapur in Ganjam district, Odisha
has the capacity to recover 10,000 tpy granular
sillimanite at present. At Chatrapur, mining is
carried out by suction dredging with gravel pump.
Presently IREL's Chavara plant in Kollam district,
Kerala, has an installed capacity of 10,000 tpy
granular sillimanite.
At Chavara in Kerala, beach sand mining
operations are carried out by IREL in two stages:
(i) by means of bulldozers and wheel loaders, and
USES
Kyanite, sillimanite and andalusite are mainly
used in refractories and ceramic products because
of their ability to form mullite phase at high
temperature. Mullite is an essential component
of high-alumina refractories forming the inner
lining of furnaces and high temperature vessels
widely used in the production of metals,ceramics,
glass and cement.These are used to manufacture
refractory products like dense bricks, insulating
bri cks, m on oli th ic & ca st ables. Si ll im an it e
refractory bricks are extensively used in steel and
glass industries and also in ceramics, cement
kilns, heat treatment furnaces and petrochemical
industries.
SPECIFICATIONS
BIS has prescribed IS:14301-1995 (reaffirmed
in 2011) for kyanite used in Refractory Industry.
There are two grades i.e. Grade-1 and Grade-2.
Composition of kyanite under this specification
is Al 2O3 58% min. Grade-1 and 54% min. for Grade-
2; Fe2O3 1.50% max., K2O + Na 2O 1% max.; other
constituents would be for as agreed between the
s up p l i e r a n d pu r c h a s er. Pyr om e t r i c C on e
Equivalent (PCE) specified would have to be not
less than 36 for Grade-1 and 35 for Grade-2. Size
of the material is 50 to 150 mm or 10 to 50 mm.
BIS has laid down IS:14302-1995 (reaffirmed
in 2011) in respect of beach sand sillimanite for
use in Refractory Industry, while IS:2045-1962 in
respect of natural sillimanite blocks for glass
melting tanks furnaces has been withdrawn.

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 KYANITE, SILLIMANITE AND ANDALUSITE

CONSUMPTION WORLD REVIEW

Kyanite
The consumption of kyanite in var ious
industries was 5,100 tonnes in 2018-19 which is
about 23% less than previous year. Almost all
consumption of kyanite was accounted for by
the Refractory Industry and negligible amount
of consumption is reported by other industries
(Table-12).
World reserve of kyanite and related minerals
is large in the USA. Andalusite is limited to only
a few countries. The main producer and exporter
of andalusite is South Africa and France while
USA and India are the main producers of
k ya n i t e . In d i a i s t h e l ea d i n g p r od u c er of
si llim anit e. Worl d pr oduction of kya nite and
related minerals is indicated in Table-13.

Sillimanite Table – 13 : World Production of Sillimanite

The consumption of sillimanite was 56,100 Minerals
tonnes in 2018-19, which is about 26% less than (By Principal Countries) ( In to n n es)
that of the previous year. Refractory Industry
Country 2016 2017 2018
alone accounted for about 78% of consumption,
Ceramic Industry (4%), Foundry Industry (10%) B r azi l
c
and rest by Other Industries (Table-12). Kya nite 200 200 200
Fr an c e
e
Andalusite 6500 58000 68000
Table – 12 : Consumption* of Kyanite
I nd ia *
and Sillimanite 2016-17 to 2018-19 e
Kya nite 5100 3253 7818
(By Industries) e
Sillimanite 73000 68131 81638
( In to n n es) M adagasc ar
Andalusite 1800 1800 4200
In du st ry 20 16-17 2 0 1 7 -1 8 (R ) 2 0 1 8 -1 9 ( P )
Nepal
Kyanite Kya nite
e
1 2 -
# #
Al l I n d u s tr i e s 3400 6600 5100 So uth Afr ic a
e
R e fr a c to r y 3100 6600 5100 Andalusite 190000 190000 190000

Others 300 ++ ++ USA

b e
Kya nite 79700 91300 95000
Sillimanit e
Source: BGS World Mineral Production, 2014-2018,BGS.
Al l I n d u s tr i e s 24200 75900 # 56100 #
(a) May Include other sillimanite minerals.
C e ra m i c 2400 8700 2500
(b) Including related minerals.
Foundry 1300 4000 5400 (c) Including beneficiated and directly shipped material.
Refractory 19300 59000 43800 (d) Years ended 31 st March following the stated.
(e) Years ending 15 th July of the stated.
Others (abra sives, 1 2 0 0 4200 4400
cement, chemica ls,
*India's produ ction during 201 6-1 7, 201 7-1 8 a nd 201 8-
etc.)
19 in respect of Kyanite is 3,253 tonnes, 7,818 ton nes &
Fig ures rou nd ed o ff. 4,889 tonn es respectively and in respect of Sillimanite is
*
In clu de s a ctu al re ported co nsump tio n and /or estimates 68,131 tonnes, 81,638 tonnes & 69,033 tonnes respectively.
m a d e wh e r e v e r r e q u ir e d a n d p a u c i t y o f d a t a , h e n c e The availability of inexpensive refractory-
c ov e ra ge ma y n o t b e co mple te .
#
Consumption estimated from the despatches, as reported gr ade ba uxi t e fr om Ch i n a ser ved t o
in Fo rm-H u nd e r Rule-4 5 o f MCDR, 20 17 . i n cr ea se dem an d for r efra ct ori es fr om

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 KYANITE, SILLIMANITE AND ANDALUSITE

al tern ati ve r aw m aterial such a s an dal usit e.
Demand for refractories in iron and steel production
is expected to have larger increases in countries with
higher growth rates in steel production. Increased
demand also is anticipated for refractories used to
produce other metals and in the industrial mineral
market because of increasing production of cement,
ceramics, glass, and other mineral products.
FOREIGN TRADE
Exports
Exports of kyanite during 2018-19 at 284 tonnes
increased drastically by 70% from 166 tonnes in the
previous year. Exports were mainly to Greece (59%),
China (20%), Saudi Arabia (7%), Nepal & Niger (5%),
Philippines & Yemen (2% each). On the other hand
exports of sillimanite decreased by 38% to 9,986 tonnes
in 2018-19 from 16,193 tonnes in the previous year.
Sillimanite was exported mainly to China (83%) &
Table – 14: Exports of Kyanite
(By Countries)
remaining other was contributed by Japan & Germany
(5% each) and Nepal (3%). Exports of andalusite during
2018-19 increased manifolds 100 tonnes from 6 tonnes
in the previous year. Andalusite was exported mainly to
Saudi Arabia (75%) and UAE (25%) (Tables - 14 to 16).
Imports
In 2018-19, imports of kyanite were at 997 tonnes as
against 620 tonnes in the previous year registering an
increase of 61%. Imports of sillimanite were at 99 tonnes
which increased manifolds during 2018-19 as compared
to the previous year. Imports of andalusite at 14,263
tonnes decreased slightly by 1 % during 2018-19 from
that of the previous year. The imports of kyanite were
from USA (74%) and China (22%). Ukraine (53%), Hong
Kong (28%), Japan (7%), China (6%) and USA (5%) were
the main suppliers of sillimanite, while South Africa
(82%), France (11%) and Peru (6%) were the main suppliers
of andalusite in 2018-19 (Tables - 17 to 19).
Table – 15: Exports of Sillimanite
(By Countries)

2 0 1 7 -1 8 (R) 2 0 1 8 -1 9 ( P ) 2 0 1 7 -1 8 (R) 2 0 1 8 -1 9 ( P )
Country Country
Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value
(t) (`’000) (t) (`’000) (t) (`’000) (t) (`’000)
All Countries 16 6 34 04 28 4 48 73 All Countries 161 93 1 7 18 3 5 99 86 111 874
Greece 14 0 25 98 16 7 35 14 China 126 16 1 2 75 7 0 82 94 865 53
China - - 56 59 1 Japan 45 2 78 86 45 7 108 34
Saudi Arab - - 20 24 1 Germany 10 62 123 36 50 5 58 87
Nepal 6 14 4 13 16 2 Nepal 11 89 85 19 33 3 19 50
Nigeria - - 13 96 Thailand 23 5 39 27 90 17 52
Phillippines - - 5 86 Iran 23 8 54 98 50 11 46
Yemen - - 5 83 Malaysia 87 14 05 50 92 3
Bangladesh 1 30 1 53 Saudi Arabia 50 84 2 50 82 2
UAE 16 49 8 3 41 Taiwan - - 48 62 2
Malawi - - ++ 5 Vietnam 50 90 1 30 61 6
Other countries 3 13 4 ++ ++ Other countries 21 4 2950 79 77 0
Figures rounded off Figures rounded off
Table – 16: Exports of Andalusite
(By Countries)

2 0 1 7 -1 8 (R) 2 0 1 8 -1 9 ( P )
Country
Qty Value Qty Value
(t) (`’000) (t) (`’000)
All Countries 6 32 7 10 0 26 60
UAE 6 32 7 25 14 25
Saudi Arabia - - 75 12 34
Figures rounded off

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 KYANITE, SILLIMANITE AND ANDALUSITE

Table – 17: Imports of Kyanite

(By Countries)

2 0 1 7 -1 8 (R) 2 0 1 8 -1 9 (P )
Country
Qty Value Qty Value
(t) (`’000) (t) (`’000)

All Countries 62 0 178 07 99 7 275 90

USA 53 8 171 04 73 9 247 00

China 82 70 3 21 8 16 75

Virgin Is Us - - 40 11 97

Japan - - ++ 18

Figures rounded off

Table – 18 : Imports of Sillimanite

(By Countries)

2 0 1 7 -1 8 (R) 2 0 1 8 -1 9 (P )
Country
Qty Value Qty Value
(t) (`’000) (t) (`’000)

All Countries 18 10 28 99 24 04
Uk raine - - 52 75 5
Hong Kong - - 28 42 4
Japan 9 72 9 7 53 0
China - - 6 38 6
USA 5 23 1 5 27 6
Taiwan 4 46 1 22
Kuwait - - ++ 8
UK - - ++ 3
Ita ly ++ 12 - -
Belgium ++ 10 - -

Figures rounded off

Table – 19 : Imports of Andalusite
(By Countries)

20 17-18 2018-19
Country
Qty Value Qty Value
(t) (`’000) (t) (`’000)

All Countries 143 75 3 1 82 5 3 142 63 3 5 52 3 2

South Africa 134 95 2 8 76 5 5 117 51 2 7 70 3 5
France 87 9 305 66 16 08 525 76
Peru - - 87 6 246 25
USA ++ 8 20 55 1
Germany - - 8 44 5
China 1 24 - -
Figures rounded off

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 KYANITE, SILLIMANITE AND ANDALUSITE

FUTURE OUTLOOK The Asia-Pacific region remains the largest

The demand for high quality raw and calcined
sillimanite minerals is closely linked to the need
for high performance refractories with increased
op er a t i on a l l i fes pa n s. A s t h e pr ed om i n a n t
con s um er of r efr a c t or y p r oduct s , t h e S t eel
Manufacturing Industry provides a reliable market
indicator of the demand for sillimanite minerals.
m a r ket for r efr a ct or i es. T h e pr oduct i on of
sillimanite is likely to increase in the coming years
to meet the demand. China will remain the leading
market on global front. Demand for refractory
m i n er a l s i n In di a i s l i kel y t o sca l e up i n
commensurate with steel production which also
is likelt to show an increasing trend.

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