SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

INTRODUCTION TO THE
PHILOSOPHY OF THE
HUMAN PERSON
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Week 1 and 2
DOING PHILOSOPHY
The following are some reminders in using this module:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any
part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the
exercises.
2. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
3. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
4. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
5. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through
with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module,
do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in
mind that you are not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful
learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies.
You can do it!

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master the nature of Philosophy. The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into three parts, namely:

• Part 1 – The Nature and Functions of Philosophy
• Part 2 – Philosophical Tools and Processes
• Part 3 – Philosophical Reflection

After going through this module, you are expected to accomplish the
following Most Essential Learning Competencies:
1. Distinguish a holistic perspective from a partial point of view.
2.Realize the value of doing philosophy in obtaining a broad
perspective on life.
3.Do a philosophical reflection on a concrete situation from a
holistic perspective

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 Lesson

1 What is Philosophy?

More than 2500 years ago a sage in South Asia named Gautama Buddha
declared that “Life is suffering.” This is the first of his Four Noble Truths. And
indeed, if you look at your life you will see that it is a series of challenges that
you have to overcome if you want to survive. It feels like you are competing in
a race in which you are required to successfully jump hurdles in order to win.
And each challenge in life is really a question or a bunch of questions that you
have to answer. If you are not feeling well for example you might ask, why am I
feeling this way (cause)? How can I overcome it (process)? How it will affect my
life and the people around me (consequence)?
Philosophy, our subject matter for this course, is really all about questions and
answers. And since by now you already asked and answered hundreds of
questions your life experienced already prepared you to take our philosophical
journey starting now.

WHAT’S NEW

Imagine that a vaccine for Covid -19 is already available

and therefore the community quarantine was lifted
throughout the Philippines. Freedom at last! You decided to
travel the country. However, during one of your travel
adventures you come upon an unfamiliar area and therefore
as much as you hate to admit it you have to accept the truth:
you are lost.
Obviously the very first question you want to answer is
the question Where am I? However, to answer this question
another question needs answering: How can I discover it? or How do I know
it? Should you ask a stranger for directions?
Should you consult Google Map? Should you look for clues on road signs
and street names? Answering these questions are important because knowledge
is not automatic. There is a method in knowing something including knowing
your present location.

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 When you answer the first two
questions successfully you will
discover your location. You are no
Where am I?
longer lost. Still you need to
How do I know it? answer one remaining question:
What should I do? What should I do? Should you
walk, take a bus, wait for someone
to fetch you? You need to take one
of these actions to arrive
successfully at your destination.
You might not realize this but you are already doing philosophy when you
are answering these three questions:
-Where am I?
-How do I know it?
-What should I do?
The reason is that these three questions are the primary questions of
philosophy.
Let us now turn our attention to philosophy.

WHAT IS IT

I. The Nature and Functions of Philosophy

DEFINITION OF PHILOSOPHY
Traditionally philosophy is defined as love of wisdom because it came from
two Greek words philos (love) and Sophia (wisdom). You might find it strange to
connect love to philosophy. You might think of philosophy as a purely
intellectual discipline which has nothing to do with love. You might believe love
is romance, poetry, intense passion in which you are willing to lay down your
life. But you will see that philosophy can also be pursued passionately. In fact,
some people like Socrates died for truth. It is this centrality of love to philosophy
that we call people who engages in philosophy as philosophers (lovers of
wisdom).

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ORIGIN OF PHILOSOPHY
Greece is the birthplace of philosophy in the West. To
be more precise it is the ancient Greek city of Miletus in the
Western coast of what is now Turkey that gave birth to
philosophy. It is in this city that the first philosopher in the
West, Thales, lived. Thales is the Father of Philosophy in the
Western civilization. He lived between 624 and 546 BCE a
contemporary of the Lydian king Croesus and the
statesman Solon (Stumpf and Fieser,2008).
THALES
What made Thales a philosopher is his desire to know
the ultimate stuff that makes up the different things we perceived. You see when
we look at the world we encounter different things: people, trees, clouds,
mountains, rivers, etc. Now Thales believed that despite the different things we
encounter there is one underlying stuff or substance in which everything is
composed. He believes that there is One in the Many. Thales was the first
individual who tried to reduce the multiplicity in to a unity (Jones,1969).
But his explanation of natural phenomena is devoid of gods and goddesses
of the old religion of Greece. It is completely rational. It represents a departure
from the mythological religion of Greece. Thales approach highlights the
difference between religion and philosophy. Religion rests on faith while
philosophy rests on reason.

PHILOSOPHICAL ACTIVITY
Thales greatest contribution to philosophy is not his identification of water
as the ultimate stuff of the universe. His greatest contribution is the problem
he posed “What is the ultimate stuff of the universe?” and his approach in
solving that problem. Studying Thales makes us realize that philosophical
activity is characterized by three things:
First in terms of scope philosophy involves the widest generalizations (Rand,
1982). While people concern themselves with shoes and clothes, the latest
gossip about their favorite celebrities, their crushes, philosophers concern
themselves with big issues pertaining to the truth, , the good, the just, the
beautiful, and the existence of practically all things. While scientists concern
themselves with scientific knowledge, historians with knowledge of the past,
economists with knowledge of supply and demand, philosophers concern
themselves with the nature of knowledge as such (which embraces all types of
knowledge previously mentioned and more).

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 Second philosophy is all about fundamentals. A fundamental is the root
cause that explains almost everything in a given context. To understand this
imagine that knowledge is like a building with levels. Now the higher level
depends on the lower levels (Peikoff, 1991). If somehow the lower level crumbles
then all the higher levels that rest upon it will collapse. A fundamental is like
the lower floor that supports everything above it. That kind of support is exactly
what philosophy provides. If somehow philosophical ideas like consciousness
and existence disappear then knowledge of any kind will not make any sense
because there will be nothing to know (existence) and no one to know
(consciousness).
Third philosophy is driven by the desire to integrate things in to a one
coherent whole. As the celebrated philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
said “The true is the Whole (Peikoff, 1991).” If you notice Thales wants to reduce
the multiplicity of things into a single stuff. He desires to find the One in the
many.

BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
Since philosophy’s concern is vast, we have to divide it into different
branches. Each branch will focus on a specific area of philosophy. To
understand the branches of philosophy let us return to the three central
philosophical questions we explored earlier.
First the question, Where am I? By the time we reached adulthood we believe
we know the answer to this question. In fact, we believed that the answer is
obvious that we don’t bother to look closely at the question itself. Where am I?
Well let’s say I’m in Manila. You don’t need philosophy to answer that one. But
if you ask a series of where questions (Where is Manila? Where is the
Philippines? etc.) which at first seems childish you eventually end up with the
universe. And here we have to stop asking the where question (Where is the
universe is an absurd question. The universe does not exist in a place). What
kind of place is the universe? Is it governed by laws? If so what laws? The study
of the universe as a whole is the province of metaphysics. Metaphysics is
further subdivided into ontology which studies existence as such and
philosophical anthropology which deals with the fundamental and essential
characteristics of human nature (Gotthelf and Salmieri, 2015).
The second question, How do I know it? concerns the nature of human
knowledge and the way to obtain it. How do we obtain knowledge? Do we obtain
knowledge by revelation, intuition, instinct or reason? Can we achieve certainty
or are we doomed to suffer perpetual doubt? Is knowledge based on the things
we perceive or from something else? This is the concern of epistemology which

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can be defined as the “branch of philosophy that studies the nature and means
of human knowledge.” We need epistemology to guide us in knowing since we
make mistakes from time to time.
The first two branches of philosophy, metaphysics and epistemology, are
called cognitive branches. These branches provide a description of being
(existence) and knowing. They are the foundations of understanding any
philosophical system.
The next three branches of philosophy (ethics, politics and aesthetics)
can be classified as the normative branches of philosophy because they are
concerned with the standard of the good. If the cognitive branches are
concerned with what “is” the normative branches are concerned with what
“ought” to be.
The most basic normative branch of philosophy is ethics or morality (I
used these two concepts interchangeably). It is concerned with the last of the
three questions central to philosophy: What should I do? Ethics can be regarded
as the technology of philosophy (I owe this analogy to the philosopher Ayn Rand)
because it tells us how human beings ought to function as a human being. But
in order to describe how human beings ought to act we must first know what a
human being is. These last is provided by metaphysics and epistemology. (This
is especially true of philosophical anthropology a sub-branch of metaphysics
which studies the metaphysical nature of man (see discussion above).
Metaphysics and epistemology are the foundations of ethics.
What then is ethics or morality? According to Ayn Rand ethics or morality
is a branch of philosophy that provides a human being with a “code of values
to guide man’s choices and actions - the choices and actions that determine the
course of his life (Rand, 1964).” It is concerned with the values man ought to
pursue, the interrelationships of those values and the means to obtain them
(virtue).
The last two normative branches of philosophy, politics and aesthetics,
are derived from ethics. Ethics is concerned with the good for human being as
a human being. If we apply ethics in a social context then it becomes politics.
The concern therefore of ethics is broader than politics. It studies the “good” for
human beings in any setting (whether society is present or not). An individual
who is alone in an island still has to follow ethical principles if he wishes to
survive (Peikoff, 1991).
So, what then is politics? Again, following Rand’s definition politics is a
branch of philosophy “which defines the principles of a proper social system.”
According to Rand “proper” means proper for human beings which presupposes
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that one knows what a human being is. Since knowledge about human being
is provided by the cognitive branches of philosophy, the foundation of politics
ultimately rests on metaphysics and epistemology.
The last of the normative branch, aesthetics studies the nature of art. It is
concerned with the nature and the objective judgement of beauty.

II. Philosophical Tools and Processes

Philosophy as a science is also a systematized body of knowledge but unlike

other sciences which employs observation and experimentation to prove their
theories, philosophy uses reason to arrive at a certain knowledge or truth. At
the onset Greek philosophers gave us a hint on how to use our intellect to
understand realities around us. The tools that they frequently utilized are the
following:

1. Philosophical Questions. Philosophy was born

because of ignorance. If one is ignorant, he asks
questions and if he keeps on questioning the more
knowledge he acquires. Once a person stops
questioning, he cease to become a philosopher. In
our daily struggles, one needs to ask questions
simple, serious and deep questions that we have to
grapple with. A philosopher is like a child who has
an inquisitive mind who never stops asking
questions and finding answers.
SOCRATES
Socrates went further not just asking questions
for himself but poses questions to people which is the beginning of series of
questions and responses from participants. This philosophical questioning can
be best described from an excerpt from Plato’s apology of Socrates below:
“…But let us examine each one of the parts of this charge. Now he asserts
that I do injustice by corrupting the young. But I, men of Athens, assert that
Meletus does injustice, in that he jest in a serious matter, easily bringing
human beings into trial, pretending to be serious and concerned about things
for which he never cared at all. That this is so, I will try to display to you as
well. Now come here, Meletus, tell; do you not regard it as most important how
the youth will be the best possible?” (Plato’s apology of Socrates, 24C)
His method is called dialectics. The Socratic Method, also known as
method of elenchus, elenctic method, or Socratic debate, is a form of
cooperative argumentative dialogue between individuals, based on asking and
answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to draw out ideas and
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underlying presuppositions. (Google.com/search) Aristotle said that it was the
pre-Socratic philosopher Zeno of Elea who invented dialectic, of which the
dialogues of Plato are the examples of the Socratic dialectical method.
According to Kant, however, the ancient Greeks used the word "dialectic" to
signify the logic of false appearance or semblance. Dialectics is a term used to
describe a method of philosophical argument that involves some sort of
contradictory process between opposing sides. As a dialectical method, it is a
discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a
subject but wishing to establish the truth through reasoned arguments.
18th century philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel expounded
dialectics which later influenced Karl Marx, the father of communism.
2. Logical Reasoning. In philosophy reasoning is the process of thinking
about something in a logical way in order to form a conclusion or judgement. It
has been the method institutionalized by the triumvirate Greek philosophers
specially Aristotle. Philosophy is about answering questions. Reasoning is the
method we use in doing philosophy. However, although it is necessary for any
competent engagement with philosophy, it is not the end all and be all of
philosophy. All branches of philosophy employ reasoning in explaining their
arguments. For example, the concept of right or wrong which is the domain of
Ethics based their arguments in human reason alone in contrast with theology
which is dependent from the Bible as the source of its moral teachings.
Reasoning however is the domain of one branch of philosophy which is
Epistemology. One type of logical reasoning is the deductive reasoning:
Example: Premise 1: All human beings are mortal
Premise 2: But the President of the Philippines is a human being
Conclusion: Therefore, the President of the Philippines is mortal.
Here we are taught to arrive at a certain truth or knowledge in a logical process.
In contrast, Inductive reasoning begins with a particular to universal
argument.
Example: Premise: Student A, B, C, D, E, F….. are wearing School ID.
Conclusion: Therefore, All students are wearing ID
The above examples show the logical process wherein by reasoning one arrives
at a certain truth or knowledge. Logic starts with the origin of ideas, terms,
propositions or premises, syllogism, etc. These terms are the basic structure of
argument. Unfortunately, this branch of philosophy is equivalent to one-subject
requirement in any course in the tertiary level.

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III. Philosophical Reflection
In the midst of our present crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic, consistently,
the government kept on reminding us the ‘essentials’ of things and concerns
that are necessary during the quarantine period whether under ECQ, GCQ, or
MECQ. In our case, we changed our competencies and emphasized the most
essential ones. This is the essence of philosophy. It tries to separate the
essences of things versus accidentals and necessary versus contingent. It is
concern of what is the substance and ultimate causes of things.
When we venture into philosophizing we see the greater perspective of all
things and see the ultimate purpose or reasons for our existence. Most of us
are so engross with individual trees and we miss the whole forest as the saying
goes. We are always predispose to attend to the details of the problem rather
than look at the situation as a whole. This is true in our understanding of the
objects, events, realities and situations around us. Reflection is the process that
would aide in understanding the holistic point of view of what is going on
around us.
Reflection is an activity that requires a person to examine his or her
thoughts, feelings and actions and learn from experience. (Abella, 2016). .
Philosophers always search for the essence of things and the ultimate reasons
for our existence.
Its trajectory is to see the bigger picture about everything. This process is called
philosophical reflection. According to Gabriel Marcel, philosophical reflection
is the act of giving time to think about the meaning and purpose of life. He
mentioned two types, namely: Primary Reflection- which is the ability to think
logically. The ability of the mind to construct and evaluate arguments. It
examines its object by abstraction, by analytically breaking it down into its
constituent parts. It is concerned with definitions, essences and technical
solutions to problems. The second type is Secondary reflection. According to
Marcel this type of reflection enables us to look deeper into our experiences and
see the bigger picture of reality. It integrates the fragmented and
compartmentalized experience into a whole. It is the idea that various systems
(e.g. physical, biological, social) should be viewed as wholes, not merely as a
collection of parts. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holism In effect we see the
broader perspective of life.
Reflection is not exclusive for philosophy in fact it is employed in any
endeavour, research or disciplines. In research it is called methodological
approach. Moral theology employs the STOP sign as guidepost of moral
decision making. S= Search out the facts. It is necessary that all means should
be exhausted to better understand the issue. T=Think, reflect and analyse the

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facts, its negative or positive effects, advantages or disadvantages. O= How it
affects Others. We should always consider others in every decision that we
make. Every action that we take has always a social dimension. It affects
ourselves, others and community where we belong. Lastly P= stands for Pray.
We are human beings with limitations. If our best effort are not enough, then
there is no way but look up for divine or God for enlightenment and guidance.
Praying is a unique tool of theology which is in the realm of faith but
philosophy’s reasoning helps in undergoing a theological reflection as St.
Anselm said, “its faith seeking understanding.” St. Thomas Aquinas, one of the
great theologian of the church quoted in latin the relationship between
philosophy and theology; ‘philosophia ancilla theologiae’ or philosophy is the
handmaid of theology the former is there to serve theology. Reason is also
important in theology not just faith. Whether in philosophy, sociology or other
sciences, reflection is very useful in understanding our daily experiences to
broaden our perspective of life.
In order to reflect philosophically we need to use a framework. A framework
is a conceptual map consisting of our views and beliefs which affects the way
we view the world (Abella 2016). The framework was going to used is called
AQAL. It is an acronym that stands for All Quadrants All Levels first formulated
by an American philosopher/psychologist Ken Wilber. Wilber first introduced
AQAL to the world in his book Sex, Ecology, Spirituality.
According to Wilber everything can be analyzed using a vertical line.

The line above divides space into two sides: left and right. The left side
represents the interior, subjective, aspect of everything. The right side
represents the exterior, objective, aspect of everything. The interior (or “loob” in
Filipino) if applied to human beings, includes one’s values, dreams, ideas,
emotions, beliefs. It basically consists of one’s inner life. It cannot be seen or
measured but can be experienced directly. The exterior side of everything are
the things that we can see, measure and touch. They include the physical
objects around us including our own bodies.
A simple example of this inside/outside distinction is when a person smiles
at you. You see the big smile so it is the exterior aspect of an event. But at the
same time there is a subjective meaning behind that smile: let’s say the person
is happy. This is the interior, subjective, aspect of the event. So you see two

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strands are interwoven behind any human event: the objective and the
subjective, the interior and the exterior.
Another basic distinction was introduced by Ken Wilber using a horizontal
line that divides space into above and below:

Above the line represents what is singular, individual, one. The space below
represents what is plural, collective, many. For example you are an individual
but you belong in a family, community, class (all instances of the collective).
An interesting thing happen when we combine the two lines.

We created what Wilber calls the quadrants. According to Wilber quadrants

are “the inside and outside of the individual and collective (Wilber 2006).”

There are many ways to describe the quadrants. We can use the simple
location of each of the quadrant. So the interior of the individual is the upper
left quadrant (UL), the exterior of the individual is the upper right quadrant
(UR), the interior of the collective is the lower left quadrant (LL) and the exterior
of the collective is the lower right quadrant (LR).

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 We can also use pronouns to label the quadrants as shown below:

Quadrants expressed in language

But what we are interested is when we apply this to human beings. The inside of the
individual becomes the mind, the outside of the individual becomes the body, the inside of
the collective becomes culture and the outside of the collective becomes society.

Quadrants as applied to human beings

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 Now when we reflect on the nature of any concrete issue like poverty,
corruption, prostitution, global warming we can just put the issue at the center
of the quadrant and analyzed its mental, physical, cultural and social
components. This is looking at an issue from an all quadrant, multiple and
holistic perspective.

Multiple Perspectives

Let’s take for example the issue of poverty. How do we reflect on the issue
using the AQAL framework? Well we know that poverty has a psychological
aspect (UL quadrant) to it. It affects the way we think, feel and even what we
value. But it does not stop there. Poverty also affects bodies (UR quadrant). It
affects our nutrition, our medication and immune system. Some children have
stunted growth due to poverty. And who could deny that poverty also affects
the culture such as arts, religion and even the way we dress. Religious feast
such as the procession of the Black Nazarene is in part motivated by poverty.
And of course it is obvious that poverty has an economic, political and even
technological components (all parts of the social LR quadrant).

Malnutritio
Self-pity
n

POVERTY

Collective Inflation
aspiration for a
better life

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 WHAT’S MORE

ACTIVITY 1
Inquire and Discover
1. Read the following passages for ten (10) minutes.
a) Quotation from Plato’s Apology (38a): “The unexamined life is not worth
living.”
b) Excerpt from Sapagkat ang Pilosopiya ay Ginagawa ni Roque Ferriols, S.J.

“May mga taong gusto raw matutong lumangoy. Nakasuot-panlangoy na

sila at sama-sama silang nakatayo sa tabi ng swimingpul. May notbuk at
bolpen ang bawat isa.

Nagsalita ang guro. “Una sa lahat,” aniya, “magsanay ka munang

magtampisaw sa tubig, Tapos huwag huminga pero idilat ang mga mata
at magpasailalaim sa tubig. Tapos basta’t dumapa. Huwag matakot.
Lulutang ka. Tapos, matutong gumalaw ng paa, matutong gumalaw ng
kamay. Matutong huminga. At paulit-ulit na pagsikapan at pagtiyagaan
ang praksis.” Habang siyaý nagsasalita, masipag nilang sinusulat ang
lahat ng sinabi niya.

“At ngayon,” patuloy niya, “eto ang swimingpul. Oras nang magsimula.
Lundagin mo beybe!” Walang lumundag, pero sulat nang sulat pa rin sila.
“Hoy, sa tubig na kayo! Walang kabuluhan ang sulat-sulat niyo kung hindi
ninyo ginagawa.” Wala pa rin lumulundag. Sulat pa rin sila nang sulat.”

1. Did you enjoy reading the quotations? If so, you might consider
answering the following questions:
a) What does Plato mean when he says “unexamined life”?
b) Based on the Ferriols’ text, what do you think the students are
thinking when they are diligently copying the instructions given
by the teacher instead of diving into the pool?
c) Why is the teacher so keen on making the learners jump in the
swimming pool instead of just taking down notes on how to swim?
2. Write the following terms on your paper: a) day-to-day life,
b) reflection, and c) application
3. In reference to question #3, do the following:
a) Define what each term refers to.
b) Share a belief narrative where they encountered the three
moments in their own life.
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 c) Give insights as to the importance of reflection and application in
one’s day-to-day life.

WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

ACTIVITY 2

IMPORTANT POINTS TO PONDER

Direction: Complete the statements below:

I learned that Philosophy is__________________________________________________

I feel that Philosophy is important because___________________________________

I commit to apply Philosophy in _____________________________________________

WHAT I CAN DO

ACTIVITY 3

Direction: Do a quadratic analysis on COVID-19 pandemic using the diagram

below:

Covid-19
Pandemic

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 ASSESSMENT

Direction: Choose the letter that corresponds to your answer from the
statements below. Write your answers on the sheet of paper.
_____1. It is an activity that requires a person to examine his or her thoughts,
feelings and actions and learn from experience.
A. reflection C. wondering
B. questioning D. reasoning
______2. What is the science and art of correct thinking?
A. Ethics C. Metaphysics
B. Aesthetics D. Logic
______3. The type of philosophical reflection which trains the mind to think
logically. Also, it is the ability of the mind to construct and evaluate
arguments
A. Secondary reflection C. Primary reflection
B. Tertiary reflection D. all of the above
______4. One of the triumvirate Greek philosophers who pioneered a method
of argument called dialectic.
A. Plato C. Pythagoras
B. Socrates D. Aristotle
______5. It is considered as the process of thinking about something in a
logical way in order to form a conclusion or judgement.
A. reasoning C. argument
B. Proposition D. Reflection
_____6. In our daily lives we encounter events, situations or issues that we
need to ponder and think deeply. This activity which requires a person to
examine his or her thoughts, feelings and actions and learn from experience
is related to the concept of:
A. philosophical reflection C. philosophical wondering
B. philosophical questioning D. philosophical reasoning
_____7. Imagine that you are in Boracay walking with Thales. He is convincing
you that the only reality is water. Would you believe in him?
A. No, because I had my own belief.
B. Yes, because Thales belongs to the school of monists which
believes that only one kind of stuff exists.
C. Either yes or no, I will have my own investigation that is based
on the data and reason presented.
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 D. Neither yes nor no until it is proven true.
______8. According to Gabriel Marcel this type of reflection enables us to look
deeper into our experiences and see the bigger picture of reality.
A. Secondary reflection C. Primary reflection
B. Tertiary reflection D. all of the above
_____9. Identify which statement describes the difference between holism and
partial thinking.
A. Holism is a perspective that looks at the “big picture” while
partial thinking focuses on the specific aspect of the situation.
B. Holism is a perspective that looks at the specific aspects of the
situation while partial thinking looks at the big picture.
C. Holism requires us to focus on a certain aspect of the problem
while partial thinking requires us to have an open mindset.
D. All of the above
_____10. According to the importance of studying philosophy, what can it offer
us?
A. Know the different philosophers and their philosophies in life?
B. See the downs and lows in the development and history of
philosophy.
C. Survey the achievements of the different philosophers in
various periods of history.
D. Enhances our minds, understand what we encounter every day,
and value our judgement.

References
Books
Abella, Roberto M.Div., D. Min. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. C& E
Publishing, Inc., Quezon City, 2016.

Binswanger, H. (2014). How We Know. New York: TOF Publication

Cornejo et al. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. Mindshapers Publishing, Inc.

Gotthelf, A. and Salmieri, G (2016). A Companion To Ayn Rand. MA: John Willey and Sons

Gracia, Jorge J E Noone: A Companion of Philosophy in the Middle Ages. Oxford Blackwell.2003.
ISBN 9780631216728

Jones, W. T. (1969). The Classical Mind. New York: Hartcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc.

Peikoff, L. (1991). Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand. New York Dutton.

Rand, A. (1982). Philosophy: Who Needs It. New York. Bobbs-Merrill.

Stumpf, S.E. and Fieser J. (2008). Socrates To Sartre And Beyond. New York, N.Y.: Mc Graw Hill

Wilber, K. (2001). Sex, Ecology, Spirituality (Revised Edition). Boston, MA: Shambhala.

Wilber, K. (2006). Integral Spirituality. Boston, MA: Shambhala

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Websites
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (May 2020) Gabriel Marcel (1889—1973).
Retrieved from https://www.iep.utm.edu/marcel/
PHILO notes WHITEBOARD (2 years ago). Doing Philosophy: Introduction to the Philosophy of the
Human Person. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=reflection+as+a+tool+in+phil osophy

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (May 2020) Socrates. Retrieved from

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/socrates/

Wikipedia (May2 020 Holism. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holism

LEONA G. ALICPALA
Subject Teacher

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