Republic of Education

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region VII, Central Visayas
DIVISION OF CEBU PROVINCE
COMPOSTELA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Poblacion, Compostela, Cebu

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Performance Task #2
THE INTRODUCTION

The first chapter of the Research Manuscript is called The Introduction. This includes the following but not limited
to the Background of the Study, Statement of the Problem, Significance of the Study and Scope and Delimitations.

1. The Background of the Study

a. The background of the study should include the following:
• Presentation of the problem. Describe the existence of an unsatisfactory condition or a problem that
needs a solution.
• Historical background of the problem - Give the historical background of the problem, if applicable.
• Geographical conditions of the study locale - If applicable, describe the geographical location of the
study.
• Rationale of the study - Give the reason(s) why the study should be conducted.

Example:

TRAVAILS OF MOTHERS IN HAVINGS CHILDREN WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER

According to the Autism Society (2014), about 1 percent of the world population has Autism Spectrum
Disorder. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurological and developmental disorder that begins early in
childhood and lasts throughout a person's life. It affects how a person acts and interacts with others, communicates,
and learns.

From the work of (Keh et al., 2011), children with mild autism were significantly different from other children
that have severe autism or normal children. The Electroencephalogram (EEGS) tracings, which are records of tiny
electrical impulses produced by the brain’s activity, of these children were very different from every other child. In
fact, another study conducted by (Hideo et al., 2015) presented that out of every 10,000 male children there are
27.2 that have Autism Spectrum Disorder, and out of every 10,000 female children there are 15.5 children that also
have ASD and a binet IQs of 20 to 85. An article written by (Jaymalin, 2014) also said that ASD is more common
among boys (1 in 42) than girls (1 in 189).

Here in the Philippines, the estimated cases of autism rose from 500,000 in 2008 to one million people at
present. A study from the Developmental Pediatrics department at the University of the Philippines discovered that
there is not a substantial amount of data regarding the prevalence of people with autism. The number of cases
reported still does not paint an accurate picture of the population who are on the autism spectrum (Alvarez, 2012).
Having ASD on the rise, parents of these children were now reported to be more emotionally stressed and
depressed. A study of (Bitsika et al, 2004) in the incidence and contributing factors in anxiety, depression and stress
in Victorian parents of a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) showed that over 90% of the parents reported
that they were sometimes unable to deal effectively with their child’s behaviour. The results also revealed that nearly
half of the participants were severely anxious and nearly two thirds were clinically depressed. Reported factors of
parents with high versus low levels of anxiety and depression were the following: access to family support, parents’
estimation of family caregivers’ expertise in dealing with the behavioral difficulties of a child with ASD, and parental
health.

Perceiving the struggle and burden of every parent with autistic child or children, here in Bacolod City, the
educational needs of the children with ASD have already been addressed by the Special Education Program. The
facilities were structured to focus in providing education for children with special condition and needs. As of 2013,
SPED Center Bacolod had 85 students enrolled where almost half of the enrollees were girls and the other half were
boys. This makes the school a very small facility. Through the Special Education (SPED) program by the government,
individuals with this special condition could now experience education just like any normal students, thus giving a
massive help to the part of the parents.
 2. The Statement of the Problem
a. This section is composed of the General Problem (Purpose Statement) and Specific Sub- questions.
b. In writing the statement of the Problem, the following should be observed:
• The general statement of the problem and the research questions should be formulated first before
conducting the research.
• Research questions should be stated in the interrogative and each should be clear to avoid
confusion.
• Each research question should be researchable separately from the other questions and must be
based upon known facts and phenomena which is accessible to the researcher.
• Answers to each research question can be interpreted apart from the answers to the other specific
questions and must contribute to the development of the whole research study.
• The summary of the answers to all the specific questions will give a complete development of the
entire study.
• The number of research questions should be enough to cover the development of the whole
research study.

Example:

TRAVAILS OF MOTHERS IN HAVINGS CHILDREN WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER

This study aims to determine the travails of the mothers in having children with Autism Spectrum
Disorder. Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions:
1. How did you feel when you know that your child has an ASD?
2. Where there any changes that happened in your lifestyle the moment you became aware of the condition of your
child? If yes, what are these?
3. What are the effects of these changes in your normal daily life?
4. What are the major difficulties you’ve encountered in having a child with ASD?
5. How do you cope with all forms of needs of your family despite the special condition of your child?

3. Scope and Delimitations

1. The scope of the research is the coverage of the research to be explored which includes the facts and
theories about the subject. The delimitation limits the scope and outlines the boundaries of the study.
These limitations include the following:
• Sample size. The research design and method will determine whether if it is small or large sample
size. The sample size will determine the quality of data and the relationships that will be identified
among the variables.
• Lack of available and/or reliable data.This will limit the scope of analysis and the ability of the
researcher to determine meaningful trends and relationships among the data.
• Lack of prior studies. This will limit the effectiveness of the literature review and initial
understanding of the research.
• Chosen data collection method. The quality of data collected must be clear to avoid erroneous
answers from the respondents.
• Nature of the information collected. Researcher should not rely on pre-existing data.
• Access. The amount and quality of available data will depend on the ability of the researcher to
access people, organizations, libraries, and documents.
• Time period. It is advisable to select a research problem and design
• Bias. The researcher should be aware of his or her personal biases .
• Language. This may have an effect on data collection, especially if the researcher is involved with
respondents that speak a variety of languages.
2. When writing the paper, the researcher should ensure that any delimitation factor is noted down at the
introduction, discussion, and conclusion sections. He or she should clarify why the study included and
excluded some delimitation.
Example:

National Identity Among Early Grades Children

The study is descriptive in nature and focused on early graders belonging to low-families as identified by
the National Statistical Coordination Board. The research sample is composed of forty (40) Grade 1 and Grade 2
students residing in two barangays in Quezon City. The primary data gathering method used was interview to
determine the children's perspectives of Pagka-Filipino based on their experiences and through their interactions
with ten (10) locally-published picture books written by Filipino authors. This research used purposive and
convenience sampling in which an equal representation for gender and grade level among the respondents was
applied. The gathered data were analyzed using frequency distribution and coding. Verbatim quotes from the
respondents were used.

The research data was based on interview of early grades children based on their experiences and
interaction with selected picture books. It focused on gender and grade level as variables in interpreting their
perspectives of pagka-Filipino.

The study is delimited to a group of Grade 1 and Grade 2 children coming from a socially-disadvantaged
group in an urban area. Perspectives on "pagka-Filipino" is delimited to early graders' everyday experiences on
games Filipino children play, food Filipino children eat, clothes Filipino children wear, animals in the Philippines they
know, famous Filipinos they know, things Filipino children use and activities Filipino children engage in; interactions
with the text and illustration of selected picture books.

In this research, Filipino icons were delimited to those identified by the National Commission for the Culture
and the Arts' Essential Knowledge on Philippine Arts, Culture and Heritage for the Basic Education Curriculum
(EKPACHBEC) for Grade 1 and 2 (See Appendix A) and Adarna House's 101 Filipino Icons Volumes I and II (2007,
2009). According to Wright (1998), there exists a politicization of "culture" wherein "there is a political process of
contestation over the power to define key concepts, including that of 'culture' itself" (Wright, 1998, p.14). In this
case, the researcher is aware of the politics involved in the identification of Filipino icons by a state institution and
a commercial publisher.

4. The Significance of the Study

a. This section discusses the purpose that the research will serve to society, the country, the government, the
institution, or agency concerned, the curriculum planners and developers, and the research community.
b. The researcher must identify specifically the beneficiaries who will directly gain from the results of the study
mentioning them in the paper according to the significance of the result. The specific benefits must also be
enumerated and explained if necessary.

Example:

The Effects of Computer-assisted Instruction in the Performance of Students in Asian History and
Civilization

The findings of the study may provide deeper insights on how teaching can be made easier and more meaningful
by the use of computer-aided instruction. The study determined the significant effects of slide presentation in
instruction, a form of computer instruction on the performance of the students in the subjects Asian History and
Civilization.

To the students, the results may serve as an inspiration for them to continuously improve their skills in using
computers because they will realize the comfort that computer skills offer in complying with the requirements of
major subjects in the coming years.

To the administrators, the results may serve as a guide in the program-planning and implementation of the IT
department so that they can be of great help to the teachers of the university.

To the teachers, the results may serve as an eye opener for those who are not comfortable on the use of computers
in their class lesson presentations. The findings of this study may encourage more of them to apply computer-aided
instruction in teaching.
Instructions:

1. Format
a. Font Size- 12;
b. Font Style- Arial, Tahoma, Calibri, Times New Roman or any other font that is formal.
c. Margin- 1 inch in all sides
d. Alignment should be JUSTIFIED (CTRL+J) except for the Chapter Number and Section Title.
e. Paragraph Spacing- 2
f. Paper- Short
g. Chapter Number (CHAPTER I etc.) should all be capital, bold and aligned at the center.
h. Section Title (e.g. Background of the Problem) should be all be capital and aligned at the center.
i. In case a section does not consume the whole page, continue with the next section on the same page.
Example, the introduction consumes 1 and a third of page, continue the statement of the problem on
the same page. If the Section Title is the only line that will fit on that page, write the statement of the
problem on the next page.

2. In- text Citation

a. If the group has copied information from newspapers, internet articles, published research journals, in-
text citations should be applied.
b. Include an in-text citation when you refer to, summarize, paraphrase, or quote from another source.
For every in-text citation in your paper, there must be a corresponding entry in your reference list.
c. APA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of publication, for example: (Field,
2005). For direct quotations, include the page number as well, for example: (Field, 2005, p. 14). For
sources such as websites and e-books that have no page numbers, use a paragraph number, for
example: (Field, 2005, para. 1). More information on direct quotation of sources without pagination is
given on the APA Style and Grammar Guidelines web page.

Example:

A few researchers in the linguistics field have developed training programs designed to improve native speakers'
ability to understand accented speech (Derwing et al., 2002; Thomas, 2004). Their training techniques are based
on the research described above indicating that comprehension improves with exposure to non-native speech.
Derwing et al. (2002) conducted their training with students preparing to be social workers, but note that other
professionals who work with non-native speakers could benefit from a similar program.

3. References:
a. The reference list should be written in a separate page and should follow the APA format.

Example:

Derwing, T. M., Rossiter, M. J., & Munro, M. J. (2002). Teaching native speakers to listen to foreign-accented speech.
Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 23(4), 245-259.

Thomas, H. K. (2004). Training strategies for improving listeners' comprehension of foreign-accented speech
(Doctoral dissertation). University of Colorado, Boulder.

4. Submission
a. The group shall immediately start working with the Chapter I once their Research Title has been
approved by the teacher.
b. Deadline of Submission shall be on May 31, 2021.

5. Revision
a. Upon submission of the paper to the Google Drive, the teacher will proofread the paper and omit
irrelevant and unnecessary phrases, sentences, and paragraphs.
b. If there is a need for the group to add information, the teacher will ask them to.
c. The group may edit their file once the teacher has uploaded the proofread file on the drive.
d. Acceptable PERCENTAGE OF PLAGIARISM should be only up to 30%. If the group has copied more
than 30% of their work from the internet or any other sources without proper citation, the paper should
be revised.
6. Grading
a. To ensure fair grading among members, the members of the group will rate their groupmates from 1-
10, 1 being the lowest and 10 being the highest, in terms of their USEFULLNESS and CONTRIBUTION
in the group task.