TOPIC: NUTRITIONAL FOOD INTAKE AND

DIETARY BEHAVIOR.

PRESENTED BY: NUSRAT JAHAN NISHAT

ID: 203-41-1214
Background:
Dietary behavior encompasses many aspects, terms for which are used
inconsistently across different disciplines and research traditions. This
hampers communication and comparison across disciplines and impedes
the development of a cumulative science. We describe the conceptual
analysis of the fuzzy umbrella concept “dietary behavior” and present
the development of an interdisciplinary taxonomy of dietary behavior.
Dietary intake and nutrition status

Dietary intake refers to the daily eating patterns of an

individual, including specific foods and calories consumed
and relative quantities. Nutrition status refers to the
availability of nutrients and calories in the
individual's diet compared to nutrition recommendations for
the individual's age group and overall health status.
Eating Behaviours
Information obtained through the 24-h recalls was used to identify four main
eating behavior's, including eating breakfast, having three meals daily,
eating meals outside of the home, and consuming fruits and vegetables
daily. Proportions of adolescents who ate breakfast and who ate three
meals on each of the 3 days of data collection were calculated. The number
of meals consumed outside of the home per day was also assessed. For this
study, a meal had to consist of food from the grains/roots/tubers, and
plantains food group (e.g. rice or bread) and at least one other food group.
The proportion of adolescents consuming at least 400 g daily of vegetables
and fruit was also assessed. Finally, the mean daily intake (g) of foods
coming from each food group was calculated and compared to the EAT-
Lancet reference diet
Estimating average intake of nutrients
• Specification of portion size
• Description of portion size – small, medium, large
• Information on frequency and serving size allows for estimating nutrient intakes
• Food list should contain foods that contribute to majority of the nutrients/specific
in the diet (represent 75% of the nutrient intake –selected nutrients)
• % adequacy of food groups
• % adequacy of RDA for energy and nutrients including micronutrients
• Used in epidemiological research to study diet disease relationships

Epidemiology is a study of the relationship between possible determining factors

and the
distribution of the frequency of disease in human populations
Recommended Dietary Allowance
• (RDA) - the average daily dietary intake of a nutrient that is
sufficient to meet the requirement of nearly all (97-98%)
healthy persons.

• This is the number to be used as a goal for individuals. It is

calculated from the EAR.
• Adequate Intake (AI) - only established when an EAR (and
thus an RDA) cannot be determined because the data are not
clear-cut enough; a nutrient has either an RDA or an AI.

• The AI is based on experimental data or determined by

estimating the amount of a nutrient eaten by a group of healthy
people and assuming that the amount they consume inadequate
to promote health.
• Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) - the highest continuing
daily intake of a nutrient that is likely to pose no risks of adverse
health effects for almost all individuals.

• As intake increases above the UL, the risk of adverse effects

increases
Ranges of nutrient intake goals (WHO/FAO, 2003)

Dietary factor Goal (% of total energy )

Trans-fatty acids: <1 percent of total energy
Total carbohydrate: 55 to 75 percent of total energy
Sugars: <10 percent of total energy
Protein: 10 to 15 percent of total energy
Cholesterol: <300 mg per day
<5 g salt per day (<2 g sodium
Salt (sodium):
per day), appropriately iodized
Fruits and vegetables: ≥400 g per day (about 1 pound)
Total dietary fiber: >25 g per day from foods
one hour of moderate-intensity
Physical activity: activity, such as walking, on
most days of the week
NUTRIENT INTAKE : Depends on actual food
consumption which is influenced by factors such as
economic situation, eating behavior, emotional climate,
cultural influences, effects of disease states on appetite
and the ability to absorb nutrients

NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS : are determined and

influenced by age, sex, BMR, physiological status,
activity patterns, physiologic stressors (infection,
disease)
Evolutionary considerations

Dietary habits are essential to survival Have played a central role

in the evolution of mankind “Closed” programs vs. “open” programs

The dilemma of omnivores:

• To explore the resources, but in a safe way.

• Dietary behavior differs from other health related everyday

behaviors.
To slow the spread of COVID-19, we
should:

wash your hands often with soap and water or alcohol-based hand
sanitisers
avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth
clean and disinfect surfaces you use often such as benchtops, desks
and doorknobs
clean and disinfect objects you use often such as mobile phones,
keys, wallets and work passes
increase the amount of fresh air by opening windows or changing
air conditioning