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A. Introduction
• Dark century in Europe
–Political chaos
–Cultural decline
–Violence and terror
• Political climate gradually stabilized
–Rising economic conditions
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–Social and political order

–Military strength
–Renewal of cities

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A. Introduction
• Scandinavians began to dominate by
conquests, alliance & marriage to many of
Charlemagne’s ruling class
• Ottonian rule took Germany out of the dark
ages
• Threat of Islam in the south waned
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• Viking raids subsided -- they settled in areas

such as Normandy (William I, England)
• Most converted to Christianity and got civilized

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A. Introduction
• New prosperity
– Cultural revival
– New spirit of religious enthusiasm
– Seemed as if the whole earth where putting on
a mantle of white churches
• Plurality of kingdoms emerged
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– France
– England
– Burgandy
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A. Introduction
• Monasteries -- supported / protected by
powerful families played a major role – in
spiritual & economic aspects
• Some monasteries ran inns, hospitals,
schools and other sound services
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• Started in and around Paris, France

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A. Introduction
• The Romanesque period has been
dubbed the "Period of the Church
Triumphant."
• The Catholic Church was able to unify
Western Europe in a manner unparalleled
since Roman times.
• Age of Monasticism, when vast monastic
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settlements like Cluny were becoming the

focus of both the religious and scholarly
life of the Romanesque populace.

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A. Introduction
• Age of the Crusades, when Western
Christians sought to "liberate" the Holy
Lands.
• Both monasticism and the Crusades
spurred the economy, for the churches
required mighty building campaigns and
the Crusaders (as a consequence of their
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mobility) opened up new trade routes

and spurred commerce.

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B. Arch’l Character

Orderly, majestic & overpowering.

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B. Arch’l Character
Innovations in architecture
• In contrast to the central plan favored in
Constantinople & E. Mediterranean, buildings
had strong axial emphasis.
• Romanesque churches seem to be conceived in
terms of repetitive rectangular units along the
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nave. General effect: orderly, majestic &

overpowering
• Vault over nave

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B. Arch’l Character
• Romanesque is the first international style since
the Roman Empire.
• Competition among cities for the largest
churches, which continues in the Gothic period
via a “quest for height.”
• Masonry (stone) the preferred medium. Craft of
concrete essentially lost in this period.
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• Rejection of wooden structures or structural

elements.
• East end of church the focus for liturgical
services. West end for the entrance to church.
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 B. Arch’l Character
• Combination of masonry, arch and piers is the
basis of the style.
• The main concept for buildings was the
addition of pure geometrical forms.
• The new concept of stone vaulting required
stronger walls for support. Because of the lack
of knowledge of the building statics it was
necessary to build strong, thick walls with
narrow openings.
 B. Arch’l Character
• The pier is a better solution for masonry walls,
than the column. Columns are subsequently
replaced by piers, or transformed to better
support the masonry arches.
• Geometrisation and rigidity in Romanesque
architecture is evident in the transformation of
column capitals from Corinthian to cubic capitals,
as found in the church of St.Michael, Hildesheim.
• There is also one new element in the capitals
developed during Romanesque period - the
impost. It's a trapezoid form which stands
between capital and arch.
 B. Arch’l Character
• Church portals as “billboards” for scripture or
elements of faith.
• Cruciform plans. Nave and transept at right
angles to one another. Church as a metaphor for
heaven.
• Elevation of churches based on basilican forms,
but with the nave higher than the side aisles.
• Interiors articulated by repetitive series of
moldings. Heavy masonry forms seem lighter
with applied decoration.
• Bays divide the nave into compartments
• Round-headed arches was the norm.
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Arch’l Character
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Arch’l Character

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Arch’l Character

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Arch’l Character

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IMPORTANT
INNOVATIONS
1. Development of
pier forms –
stressing bay
divisions and thus
articulating the
interior elevations;
started with the
projection of pier
beyond the wall
plane, and taking
the full height of
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the interior
elevation.

• Ex. San Martin du

Canigou

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• Introduction
of half
columns

• Ex. Santiago
de
Compostela,
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Spain

Santiago de Compostela

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Santiago de Compostela
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• Later,
nook
shafts,
which
carry the
outer
orders of
the main
arches
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• Ex. St.
Etienne,
Caen,
France.
St. Etienne, Caen

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• In Germany,
EC
colonnades
remained
popular.
But later,
alternating
columns &
piers was
used.

• Ex. St.
Michael
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Hildesheim,
Germany

St. Michael, Hildesheim

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Santiago de Compostela

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2. Introduction
of triforium
gallery --
first used in
western
Europe in
the church
of St.
Cyriakus,
Gemrode,
but not
popular in
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Germany
where it
started.
Instead it
was more
popular in
France.
St. Cyriakus, Gemrode

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St. Cyriakus

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• Gradually
acquired
more
importance
in the
elevation,
growing
from twin
arches.
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• Ex. St.
Etienne,
Caen,
France

St. Etienne, France

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3. Regular
crossing –
during Romq,
transept was
made a
regular
crossing; a
square or
nearly-square
bay bordered
on each with
an arch of
equal size
correspond-
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ing to the 4
arms of the
church.

St. Cyriakus

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• Crossing
normally
surmounted
by a tower.

Ex. St. Sernin,

Toulousse,
France
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St. Sernin, France

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St. Sernin, France

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IMPORTANT INNOVATIONS
4. Inclusion of wall passage -- wall passages
contained within the thickness of the walls were
common in Germany, Italy, Britain & Normandy,
the purpose was to articulate the wall surface.
– Usually confined to the uppermost sections
of walls where the loss of mass is not
detrimental to stability
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– In Germany & Italy, they opened outwards

and decorated the exterior. Ex. Speyer
Cathedral

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Speyer Cathedral

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Speyer Cathedral

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• In Britain &
Normandy,
they opened
inwards,
passing in
front of the
clerestory
windows.
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• Ex.
Peterborough
Abbey

Petersborough Abbey

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5. Ambulatories
w/ radiating
chapels --
usually a
number of
chapels are
attached.

• Ex Santiago
de
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Compostela

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St. Etienne, Caen
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• presence of wheel window to light the nave

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• Interior
has nave
arcade,
no
triforium
but a
clerestory
and a
wooden
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ceiling of
trefoil
form.

St. Etienne, Caen St. Etienne, Caen

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St. Etienne, Caen St. Etienne, Caen

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St. Etienne, Caen St. Etienne, Caen

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Church of Saint-Pierre
Moissac, France
South Portal
ca. 1115-1130

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Modifications made in Romanesque
churches to accommodate the large crowds:
Three pilgrimage churches
They were built at a larger scale.
that had similar plans:
The length of the nave was increased.
Saint-Sernin at Toulouse
The side aisles were doubled.
Saint James at Santiago
A transept, ambulatory, and radiating
de Compostela
chapels were added.
Saint Martin at Tours

plan of Saint Etienne

Vignory, France
ca. 1050-1057
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E. Examples
1. Italian Romanesque
a. Pisa Cathedral (1063-1118 & 1261-1272) -- Basilican
in plan with long narrow columns connected by double
aches, double aisles, and a nave which has timber roof
– Entrance facade with tiers of wall passages rising to the
gable
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– Apse on each transept as variation of the basilican plan

– Elliptical dome over crossing a later addition

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Cathedral of Pisa

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b. Campanille, Pisa
(1174 – 1271) --
circular tower 16m
diameter rising
in 8-storeys of
encircling arcades
• its inclination
due to
subsidence in
the
foundations
• Upper tower
now overhang
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its base more

than 4.2m
• Bell stage
added in 1350

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1265) -- designed by
DIOTI SALVI
• Circular in plan
18.3m in diameter
with central space
or nave, separated
by 4piers &
8columns from the
surrounding 2-
storey aisle, making
the bldg 39.3m in
diameter.
• Externally
surrounded on a
lower storey by half
columns connected
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by semi-circular
arches
• Structure crowned
by an outer
hemispherical roof
thru which
penetrates a
truncated cone
capped by a small
dome
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d. San Zeno
Maggiore,
Verona
(1123) --
has a simple
facade
• Projecting
porch has 2
free
standing
columns
that rest on
the backs of
crouching
bests &
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support a
semi-
circular
vault, over
which is a
gabled roof.

San Zeno, Maggiore

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Interior, Church of Sant Vincenc, Cardona 1020s – 1030s

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Church of Sant Vincenc, Cardona 1020s – 1030s

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e. Fondaco dei Turchi, Venice -- a mercantile palace on the Grand Canal.

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Fondaco dei Turchi

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Fondaco dei Turchi

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f. Cefalu Cathedral (1131-1240) – founded by Count Roger (King Roger II of

Sicily) as a royal pantheon
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Cefalu Cathedral

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Cefalu Cathedral

2 western towers enclose a columned porch

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Cefalu Cathedral

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Cefalu Cathedral

• Basilican nave
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Cefalu Cathedral

Cefalu Cathedral

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Cefalu Cathedral

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Groined vault
St. Etienne, Caen

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Abbey of Senanque, Provence

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Church of San Ambrogio, Milan

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San Frediano, Lucca, Italy

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San Frediano, Lucca, Italy

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French Romanesque

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2. French Romanesque
South
• Cruciform plan & had naves covered w/ barrel vaults
• Cloisters are treated w/ utmost elaboration
• Circular churches rare, but devt of the semi-circular east
end as an ambulatory w/ radiating chapels is common in
N & S France.
• Aisleless-churches often have blind nave wall arcades
while cloister arcades are elaborated w/ coupled columns
in the depth of the walls
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• W portals of churches like S. Trophine, Arles & S. Gilles

recall the columns & horizontal entablatures of the
Romans, but in other cases, doorways have recessed
jambs

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2. French Romanesque
• Narrow windows w/ semi-circular heads & wide
splays internally suffice to admit light and air

North
• W facades especially in Normandy are distinguished by
the introduction of 2 flanking towers
• Plain massive side walls w/ flat buttresses emphasize
the richness of the facade
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• Naves usually had wooden ceilings until the

introduction of the rib vault in early 12th c
• Compound piers also evolved and was first introduced
at Auxerre Cathedral after the fire in 1023

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St. Philbert, Tournus

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a. St. Philbert,
Tournus (950-
1120) -- an
early
Romanesque
abbey church
embellished
later with
vaults, a
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transept &
towers

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St. Philbert, Tournus

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St. Philbert, Tournus

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St. Philbert, Tournus

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St. Philbert, Tournus

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St. Philbert, Tournus

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St. Philbert, Tournus

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St. Philbert, Tournus

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St. Philbert, Tournus

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St. Philbert, Tournus

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b. St. Sernin, Toulouse (1077-1110) – cruciform w/ nave, double

aisles & transepts
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St. Sernin, Toulouse

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St. Sernin, Toulouse

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St. Sernin, Toulouse

•The central octagonal tower (250) w/ a spire (1478) 66meters high is Gothic.
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St. Sernin, Toulouse

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St. Sernin, Toulouse

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St. Sernin, Toulouse
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• St. Sernin choir & organ

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•
Crypt
St. Sernin, Toulouse

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St. Sernin, Toulouse

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St. Sernin, Toulouse

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St. Sernin, Toulouse

• Nave with semi-circular barrel vault, the high triforium chamber has
windows providing light in the nave in the absence of a clerestory.
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St. Sernin, Toulouse

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St. Sernin, Toulouse

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St. Sernin, Toulouse

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St. Etienne, France

c. St. Etienne, Caen (1060-1081) -- begun by William the Conqueror

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St. Etienne, France

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St. Etienne, France

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St. Etienne, France

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St. Etienne, France

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d. Abbey of St. Denis, (1135-1144) -- built by Abbot Suger. Served as burial

place for French kings.
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Abbey of St. Denis

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• West end, though still retaining many Romanesque features, is probably the
earliest truly gothic structure.
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Abbey of St. Denis

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Abbey of St. Denis

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Abbey of St. Denis

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Abbey of St. Denis

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Abbey of St. Denis

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Abbey of St. Denis

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Abbey of St. Denis

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Abbey of St. Denis

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Conques Abbey,

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Cerise le Foret Abbey

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English Romanesque

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Durham Cathedral, England

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Ely Cathedral
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Malmesbury Abbey

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Tewkesbury Abbey
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Worms Cathedral, England

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Tower of London, England

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Peterborough Cathedral, England

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Canterbury Cathedral, England

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Canterbury Cathedral, England

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Central Europe Romanesque

• External massing and formal arrangement
• Combination of Carolingian tradition and Lombard
influence
– Carolingian: plan with choir at the west, often at
the western apse but occasionally provided with a
square west end with either transept or tribune
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– Lombardic: western high choir commonly built over

a crypt.

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Nivelles, Belgium

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Tum Colegiata, Poland

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• In Germany, the westwerk was supplemented
by the traditional narthex and both transepts
with crossing towers and cylindrical staircase
towers.
– Trefoil form of apse
– Arcaded exterior wall passages to apses, towers and
aisles are carried to the sides of the church
– Naves usually roofed in timber, square towers
divided into storeys by moulded courses
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– Helm roof (pyramidal roof) with 4 diamond shaped

sides meeting at the apex
– Polygonal towers also have helm roofs but w/ valleys
between the gables

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– Pilaster strips on plain wall surfaces

– Doorways are frequently in the side aisles instead of
in the western front or transepts, and have recesses
w/ nook shafts.
– Windows usually single, but sometimes grouped &
sometimes have a mid-wall shaft in the interior
– Sculpture is often well executed, as seen in the
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bronze doors of Hildesheim Cathedral w/c are

wrought in detail to represent the Creation, the Fall
and the Redemption.

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1. St. Michael, Hildesheim (1010-1033) -- has a pair of regular crossings surmounted

by towers
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St. Michael Hildesheim

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2. Speyer Cathedral -- major imperial church
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Speyer Cathedral

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Speyer Cathedral

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Speyer Cathedral

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Speyer Cathedral

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Speyer Cathedral

Inner faces of the piers of the main arcade have half-columns rising to carry the
arches over clerestory windows (early compound pier model).
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Speyer Cathedral

In early 11th c, groin vaults replaced the wooden roof & every alternate pier
was widened to carry the transverse arches.
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Speyer Cathedral

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Speyer Cathedral

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Speyer Cathedral

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3. Church of the Apostles, Cologne (1190) -- trefoil plan, has a broad nave, aisles half
its width, west transepts, and over the crossing a low octagonal tower.
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Church of the Apostles

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Church of the Apostles

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Trier Cathedral

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Mainz Cathedral

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Spanish Romanesque
1. Asturian (Galician style) -- named after the
Visigoth-Kingdom of Asturia in 718 w/c lasted
300 years
– By 780 a national school of church architecture,
painting and sculpture developed achieving a
stature independent but comparable w/ that of
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contemporary Lombardy or Saxon England

– Most typical form of Asturian churches is basilican
w/ lateral projections like a transept
– Greek cross form also used

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– East end has sanctuary & square-flanking chapels,

the apse is unknown
– Development of horseshoe arch
– Brick round arches springing from piers instead of
from columns & decorative sculpture was confined
to the sanctuary
– Decor devices include mouldings & other motifs
(rosettes, circumscribed stars)
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2. Mozarabic style -- stand apart from Asturian

churches, but the horseshoe arch was still
widely used

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3. Continental Romanesque (Catalan Romq) --

initiated in Lombardy soon after 900,
imported into Catalan monastic church
building.
– Nave & aisles covered w/ continuous barrel
vaults, supported by massive rectangular piers
instead of columns
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– Transverse arches inroduced in 11th c; basilican

plan w/ some form of transept projection

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4. Franco-Romanesque -- developed in northwest &
central Spain in 1050, carried by pilgrims to Santiago
de Compostela by Cluniac monks & by French
craftsmen
– Simple churches w/o aisles, only the sanctuaries were
barrel vaulted
– Polygonal eastern apse
– Later works made of bricks w/ basilican plans, eastern
apses & external blind horseshoe arcading
– By the start of 13th c, arcades became pointed & cusped,
though the architecture is still predominantly
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Romanesque in character
– Pilgrimage churches’ general form was aisled w/ barrel-
vaulted nave, barrel/groin vaulted aisles & either no
clerestory or a low one
– Sometimes barrel-vaulted transepts occur & parallel
eastern apses were usual

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SECULAR ARCHITECTURE
• Earliest castles & town walls in Andalusia related to
Moorish work
• Christian work is very similar except that stonework
was rubbled w/c had difficulty w/ quoins
• Curtain walls w/ circular towers & battlements usually
or Islamic form – having a single block surmounting
each merlon, weathered to a pyramid form
Ex. Castle at Loarre in Aragon, incorportes an important
Augustinian church
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City Walls of Avila (1088-1091) are of granite, built by

Raymond of burgundy
– With 86 identical semicircular towers & 10 gates
– The fortified eastern apse of the cathedral was later
incorporated.

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1. S. Maria de Naranco (848) -- built by RAMIRO 1 near his palace in Oviedo

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2. Monastery of S. Martin du Canigou, French Catalonia; has a church of “hall” form w/ both
aisles & nave barrel-vaultd over a vaulted crypt.
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3. Monastery of Santiago de Compostela (1078-1124)

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Santiago de Compostela

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 Pilgrimage Churches
• The growth of a cult of relics and the desire
to visit shrines such as Saint Peter’s in Rome
or Saint James in Spain inspired people to
travel on pilgrimages. Christian victories
against Muslims also opened roads and
encouraged travel.
Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem
Plan of
Cathedral of
Saint James,
Santiago De
Compostela
Durham Cathedral Durham, England early 12th century
 Reliquary Statue of St. Foy from the Auvergne region,
France Silver gilt over wood core, with gems and rock crystal
Late 9th century with later additions
Church of Saint-
Étienne
Caen, France
1067-1120
Church of Sant’Ambrogio, Milan, Italy (1080-1117)
 Creation and Fall
Wiligelmus, sculptor
Modena Cathedral
Modena, Italy
1106-1120
Cathedral of Saint-Lazare West Portal Last Judgment
Church of Saint-Pierre
Moissac, France
South Portal
ca. 1115-1130
Trumeau
figure—
the
Prophet
Jeremiah
 Virgin and Child
from the Auvergne
region of France
Painted wood
late 12th century
 Batlló Crucifix
from Catalonia,
Spain
Painted wood
mid 12th century
Church of Saint-Savin-sur-
Gartempe
France
ca. 1100
Christ in Majesty Church of San Clemente, Lérida, Spain
Fresco ca. 1123
 The Bayeux Tapestry
England or France
wool embroidery on linen
ca. 1066-1082
The Bayeux Tapestry - detail
Cast bronze
baptismal font by
Renier de Huy,
1107–18. In the
church of Saint-
Barthélemy, Liège,
Belgium. Height 64
cm.
Se_de_Lisboa_Frente
Tournus Abbey, France
Angouleme Cathedral
Aachen
St. Michael, Hildesheim
San Gimignano
Vestre Slidredomen
Senanque Abbey, Provence, Italy
Celles Abbey
Trier Dom
Holy Sepulcher
Krak de Chevaliers
Abbatiale de Conques
San Vittore Alle, Genga
Cerise le Foret Abbey
St. Alban’s Cathedral
Notre Dame de Puy
Nivelles, Belgiun
Worms Cathedral
Abbey of St. Pierre
Mainz Cathedral
Malmesburry Cathedral