6.

Pengendalian trim, stabilitas dan tegangan

(Control trim, stability and stress )

1. For a container stowed in a position equidistant from the roll and pitch axes of a
ship, what will quarter the acceleration forces acting on it?
Doubling the roll period

2. How are ship's stability characteristics affected by Parametric Rolling?

By the constant change of underwater hull geometry as waves travel past the ship

3. What does heaving result in?

Vertical accelerations acting along container corner posts

4. What is the disadvantage of using High Tensile Steel (HTS) in ship construction?
Enhanced vibration in HTS areas

5. What is the primary cause of fatigue damage to the hull girder?

The number of repeated stress cycles

6. What roll amplitude is generally used by classification societies in calculating rolling

forces?
24 - 30 degrees

7. What would indicate the onset of Parametric Rolling?

When the wave encounter period approaches the natural roll period of the ship

8. When do vertical accelerations acting on containers reach their maximum values?

When a ship changes direction at its extreme angle of pitch

9. When does wind force cause heeling moments on a container ship?

When the on-deck containers present a certain profile to the wind direction

10. Why would a very large container vessel pitch more than a feeder vessel?
Because pitching varies with ship’s length

11. A Bulk Vessel is to load a cargo of grain; pre loading calculations show that IMO
stability criteria cannot be achieved; the vessel should do which of the following?
The grain surfaces in some or all of the cargo spaces must be secured

12. A loaded bulk carrier experiences heavy ice accretion on deck forward, what are the
major concerns of the changes in stability?
Reduction of metacentric height (GM) and loss of freeboard forward

13. After discharging a high density cargo a serious crack is found in an upper ballast
tank amidships of a Bulk Carrier; what must the Master do?
Inform Designated Person Ashore (DPA) and call in Classification Societ
 14. In a single side skin bulk carrier of 155m in length constructed in 2000 and carrying
cargo of density 1010 kg/cu.m., which cargo hold should be able to withstand
flooding?
Any cargo hold

15. In a single side skin bulk carrier of 180m in length constructed in 2001 and carrying
cargo of density 1,780 kg/m3, or above, which cargo hold is strengthened to
withstand flooding?
The foremost cargo hold

16. Large bulk carriers are more likely to suffer from cracks in structure in which of the
following parts of the vessel?
Around hatch corners and upper ballast tanks amidships

17. On a hold inspection of a Bulk Carrier it is noted that a number of transverse frame
beam knees are slightly distorted; what is the significance of this?
This indicates the vessel is suffering racking stress and is potentially serious

18. The vessel is instructed to load alternate holds when chartered to carry a high
density cargo. What reasons could be given by the master to refuse to do this?
IMO do not recommend alternate loading of cargo holds with high density cargoes.

19. What are the effects of a bulk vessel loading a high density cargo resulting in a
large metacentric height (GM)?
Have a fast roll period and possibly suffer racking stresses

20. What differences in design are there between a standard cargo hold and a cargo
hold which can also be used for ballast on a Bulk Carrier?
The ballast hold hatch cover must be fitted with additional securing devices

21. What must by carefully checked when loading a bulk carrier to maximum draft
The minimum bow height must be maintained

22. What would a cracked cross-deck plating found during a loaded passage on a bulk
carrier indicate?
That shear forces have been exceeded

23. Which of the below structures of bulk carriers are considered critical?
Upper and lower connection of main side frames

24. Which plan shows the position of the vertical and longitudinal centres of gravity for
each cargo compartment of a Bulk Carrier?
Vessel stability book

25. Which plan shows the position of the vertical and longitudinal centres of gravity for
each cargo compartment of a Bulk Carrier?
Vessel stability book
 26. A chemical tanker intended to transport products with appreciably severe
environmental and safety hazards which require significant preventative measures
to preclude escape of such cargo, usually of double-hull construction, with a variety
of tank sizes / capacities is rated as:
A type II chemical tanker, as per the IBC Code.

27. A cofferdam, a pumproom or an empty tank, located between cargo tanks

containing cargoes or cargo residues which might react with each other in a
hazardous manner, are all acceptable methods of segregation in chemical tanker
stowage according to the IBC Code. For this purpose, it may also be acceptable to
have:
An intervening cargo tank containing a mutually compatible cargo or cargo residues.

28. As per IBC Code, the information contained in the loading and stability information
booklet, which must be supplied to the master of a chemical tanker, shall include:
Details of typical service and ballast conditions, provisions for evaluating other conditions
of loading and a summary of the ship's survival capabilities, together with sufficient
information to enable the master to load and operate the ship in a safe and seaworthy
manner.

29. As per the IBC Code, an independent tank on a chemical tanker is defined as:
One which is not contiguous with, or part of the hull structure.

30. Not counting actual capacity or structural and cargo specific limitations, the IBC
Code states that for a single tank on a type 3 chemical tanker:
There is no applicable filling restriction.

31. Since 1st January 2007, as per changes introduced by amendment to MARPOL and
IBC Code, it has become mandatory for vegetable oils to be carried in:
Double hull tankers.

32. The design pressure for a cargo compartment on a chemical tanker to meet the
definition and requirements of a “pressure tank” must be:
Greater than 0.7 bar gauge
.
33. The maximum quantity of cargo permitted to be carried in a single tank on a type 1
chemical tanker as per the IBC Code is:
1250 cubic metres.

34. The maximum quantity of cargo permitted to be carried in a single tank on a type 2
chemical tanker as per the IBC Code is:
3000 cubic metres

35. The minimum permissible distance measured horizontally between the ship's shell
plating and the outer side bulkhead of the first cargo compartment on a type II
chemical tanker is:
Not less than 760 mm.

36. A General Cargo vessel develops an angle of loll while loading a heavy item of
deck cargo alongside the jetty. You should immediately:
Stop cargo, reduce FSE in tanks, lower weights within vessel and fill small ballast tank on
low side of vessel.

37. A General Cargo vessel is deemed to be cargo worthy when:

The hatch covers and/or hatch pontoons are watertight.

38. A general cargo vessel is loading to its Summer Marks. Upon completion of
loading, the final level of the water would be at:
The top of the summer load line mark.

39. A general cargo with a large metacentric height (GM) would be expected to have:
A fast roll period and large righting levers (GZ Levers).

40. Prior to loading heavy lift cargoes on a General Cargo

Vessel, it must be ensured that:
There are minimum free surface moments in tanks.

41. The IMO Convention that is not applicable to a general

cargo vessel when it is carrying timber deck cargoes is:
The International Tonnage Convention.

42. The value of GZ is no longer able to be calculated using GM Sine Angle of Heel
formula at?
Larger angles of heel.

43. The value of the GZ lever at small angles of heel on a

General Cargo Vessel can be denoted by the formula:
KM - KG x Sin angle of heel.

44. When loading heavy lift cargoes on a general cargo

vessel, positive stability can be maintained by:
Completely filling the ship's double bottom tanks and
continuously monitoring the loading operation.

45. Which type of material is normally used in the construction of a cargo tank
designed for transporting LPG at atmospheric pressure?
Carbon-Manganese steel.

46. An Oil tanker experiences large bending moments and therefore the deck scantlings
must be maintained within "x" length amidships, where "x" is:
0.4 Length
 47. As per MARPOL, the formula for calculating the minimum draft amidships for
crude tankers in ballast condition is:
2.0 + 0.02L

48. Every oil tanker of 5,000 tonnes deadweight and above delivered on or after 1
February 2002 shall comply with intact stability whereby it must have a minimum
GM (metacentric height) in port of:
Not less than 0.15 m

49. The disadvantages of large double bottom tanks on a double hull oil tanker are:
Increased free surface effect and reduced transverse metacentric height.

50. The scantling draft of an oil tanker fitted with segregated ballast tanks is:
The draught for which the structural strength of the ship has been designed

51. What is the purpose of girders in the tank?

They support the stiffeners and also take up some of the sea forces

52. What are the main elements in a damage control plan?

Boundaries of the watertight compartments for decks and holds. Position of controls for
opening and closing of watertight compartments. Arrangement for correction of list due to
flooding.

53. What arrangement may be installed in passenger ships to reduce unsymmetrical

flooding in damaged condition?
Cross flooding arrangement

54. What is the full name of the International Convention dealing with stability of
passenger ships?
The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea
55. What is the result of a large metacentric height?
The ship will roll violently.

56. What measures regarding ship stability should be taken in order to make passenger
ships able to withstand critical damage?
Maintain sufficient intact stability

57. When cross-flooding arrangements to correct unsymmetrical flooding and

excessive heel angels in damaged condition are installed in passenger ships, what is
the maximum angle of heel after flooding but before equalization?
15 degrees

58. Who is responsible for maintaining the vessel's structural strenght?

The Shipping Company and the Classification Society

59. Achieving a good air flow through the various cargo compartment of a reefer vessel
 is a principal design aim of a Naval Architect. Which of the options given
represents the optimum cargo space shape?
A square space as would be found in a midships lower deck.

60. A long oblong space as would be found in an after upper deck. Conventional reefer
vessels are usually designed with fine lines and large flared bows. Consequently, in
adverse weather conditions, especially from forward of the beam, the navigating
officers need to be mainly aware of which of the given options?
This type of vessel is prone to large hull deflections which may result in structural damage.

61. Earlier cellular reefer vessels were constructed with a 'porthole system' for
supplying refrigerated air via ducting to containers. Modern vessels are designed to
supply only electrical power to integral containers. Select the main reason for this
change in design to the vessels and containers from the options given.
The 'porthole' system design was extremely complex and construction costs were high.

62. Earlier reefer vessels designed and built for liner trade usually had two or three
tween decks approximately 2 to 2.5 metres in height and deep lower holds
approximately 4 to 5 metres deep. Modern designs usually incorporate more decks
each approximately 2.3 metres in height. What is the main reason for this
fundamental design change?
There is an almost universal use of standard height pallets.

63. How is the size of a reefer vessel normally referenced?

By the cubic foot capacity.

64. In some reefer trades cargoes of chilled horse meat carcasses are stowed hanging
from deckhead rails in refrigerated locker spaces. What position should the centre
of gravity be assumed to be at when carrying out the stability calculations for a
vessel with such a stow?
At the deckhead of the lockers.
65. Select from the options given the one which best completes the following
statement. "Reefer vessels, loaded with a homogenous cargo, usually operate with a
small GM due to the fact that…
…they are designed with fine lines and the biggest cargo spaces are at the top of the
holds."
66. Two conventional reefer vessels are being considered for a charter that involves the
transhipment at sea, or at anchor, of a cargo of frozen squid, as weather permits.
Both vessels have 4 holds, vessel A has high speed, 10 tonne deck cranes and
vessel B has 5 tonne, union purchase derricks. Which of the vessels, if any, would
be best suited to this type of operation?
Vessel B would be more suitable as the derricks will give more control of the operation at
sea or at anchor.

67. If properly secured what benefits do high sided car carriers have over other ship
types regarding seaworthiness?
They can roll to very large angles without taking in water
 68. On a roro vessel, in addition to longitudinal, transverse and vertical accelerations
what else must be taken into account when calculating the external forces acting on
a cargo unit?
Longitudinal and transverse forces by wind pressure

69. What special design feature is attributed to roro vessels which are only car carriers?
A very large windage area

70. When will a ro-ro vessel pitch heavily?

When wave lengths are equal to the ship's length

71. Why are pure roro car carriers considered as being high risk design vessels where
their stability is concerne
Because they can easily capsize if there is ingress of water or ballast operations are not
handled correctly

72. Why is it important in a roro vessel to ensure that cargo is loaded in a uniform way
To prevent high sheer forces and bending moments on the vessel during the loading /
discharge operations

73. What is the result of a "high metacentric height"?

The vessel will roll violently?

74. What is usually the effect on G when the ship is damaged?

It is unchanged

75. What type of dynamic forces may cause indent in plating on forecastle deck and
main deck in way of pillars inside forecastle?
Pressure forces caused by green water on deck

76. Which of the following requirements regarding on board stability data corresponds
to present regulations? (NSCL 4/12.1)
A calculation example showing the use of "KG" limitation curves.

77. Which of the following requirements to ships stability for normal operation
corresponds to present regulations? (NSCL 4/12.2)
The ship is loaded in such a manner that adequate stability is achieved in all loading
condition.

78. Who is responsible for maintaining the vessel's structural strength?

The classification society.

79. A bulk vessel loads a full cargo to summer marks of a high density bulk cargo
such as iron ore concentrate; what would be the possible stability conditions
produced?
The vessel will normally have a large intact metacentric height (GM) and have a fast roll
period
80. What specific data must be displayed on the loading instruments carried on bulk
 carriers of 150m or more in length?
The shear forces exerted on the hull structure associated with the entered loaded weight
distribution

81. Where are cargo hold water level detectors required to be fitted on bulk carriers?
At the after end of each cargo hold

82. Which of the following describes the term couple?

Two equal forces acting on a body in opposite directions along the centerline of the Vessel

83. The side to side, bodily motion of a vessel is known as .

Yawing

84. Which motion of the vessel does a ship’s officer most easily control through
transverse stability stowage?
Rolling

85. In the diagram on the right, which of the following represents the righting arm?
GZ

86. In the diagram onthe right, the distance between the points B and M is known as:
Buoyancentric Metadistance

87. Which of the following is true of a vessel in a neutral stability condition?

G is at the same height as M

88. An inclination of a vessel due to negative stability is known as .

Angle of Heal

89. The geometric center of the underwater volume of a floating vessel is the center of
Buoyancy

90. The ratio of the volume of displacement to a block having length, breadth and draft
of the vessel Is known as the vessel’s
Area of the water plane

91. Morrish’s Formula is used to determine

Metacentric Height

92. Which of the following best describes the moment of inertia about the longitudinal
axis?
The measure of a ship’s resistance to heaving.

93. At large angles of inclination, the transverse metacenter will .

Remain fixed on the transverse centerline.

94. On the attached hydrostatic curves, what is the value of KM when the draft is 18
feet?
9.5 feet

95. Which of the following is true of synchronous rolling?

It occurs when the natural rolling of the vessel is the same as the ocean wave perio

96. The point at which all vertically downward forces of weight are considered to be
concentrated is the.
Metacenter

97. When a cargo with a KG above the KG of the vessel is discharged, the vessel’s
center of gravity will
Move downward

98. One long ton is equivalent to 2240 pounds

99. A vessel with a GM of 4 feet is inclined to 10 degrees. What is the value of the
righting arm?
0.7 feet

100. If a vessel is inclined due to an external force, assuming that weight on the vessel
remain fixed, you would expect .
G to remain fixed and B to move.

101. Which of the following would represent the height of the center of gravity
on a vessel?
KM –GM

102. The metacentric height of a vessel is the distance from:

The center of gravity to the metacenter

103. What measures the stability of a vessel at all angles of inclination?

The righting moment

104. The number of long tons necessary to change the mean draft of a vessel 1
inch is known as the
Moment to trim 1 inch

105. If a load is suspended from the hook of a crane. What effect does that have
on a vessel’s stability?
The weight acts upon the vessel at it’s actual height above the keel.
106. Which of the following is a characteristic of a “stiff ship?”
A large GM