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Ideal Gas Processes PDF Free
Ideal Gas Processes PDF Free
OBJECTIVES
The study of this lesson will enable the students to:
1. know the different types of processes of ideal gas;
2. able to sketch pV and TS planes of different processes of ideal gas;
3. know the relationship of the different thermodynamic properties involved in the processes of
ideal gas;
4. solve problems related to the processes of ideal gas.
INTRODUCTION
If any one or more properties of a system change, the system is said to have undergone a
process; there has been a change of state. Some of the processes have names and others have none. In
this lesson, we shall present a few named ones.
As discussed in previous lessons, process may be reversible and irreversible. Reversible
processes are the ideal prototypes that actual processes approach or processes that we wish real
processes would closely approach.
Remember to possess the habit of sketching each simple process on the p-V and T-S planes for
this will provide the skill for more complex situations later. Solve each problem using charts, tables, and
thermodynamics laws appropriately. It is very important to relate the defined processes with definitions
and conservation of energy. Avoid memorizing the equations for it well mislead you. Observe how the
thought process starts with the basic energy equations followed by an energy diagram and hence the p-V
and T-S diagrams.
The fluid that we will be handling in this lesson is concentrated to ideal gas only both closed
(nonflow) and open systems.
ENTROPY
It is an extensive property of a system; a change of which measures the degree of heat
transferred from one equilibrium state to another with respect to the system’s absolute temperature. Thus,
if no amount of heat is transferred, this property remains constant.
dQ 2 dQ
dS
T
S
1 T
2 dT 2 dT T
S
1
mC
T
S mC 1 T
mC ln 2
T1
ENTROPY CHANGE EQUATIONS FOR THE IDEAL GAS, S
mRT
p
V
P T
P2 2
2
ΔU
V=C
1
P1 1 Q Q
V 1 = V2 V S1 S
S2
Take Note:
For reversible non-flow process, Wn = 0
For Irreversible non-flow process, Wn 0
Example:
1. A perfect gas has a value of R = 58.8 ft-lb/lboR and k = 1.26. If 20 BTU are added to 5 lb of this
gas at constant volume when the initial temperature is 90 oF, Find (a) T2; (b) ∆H; (c) ∆S; (d) ∆U;
and (e) Work for a non flow process.
2. A reversible, non flow, constant volume process decreases the internal energy by 316. kJ for
2.268 kg of gas for which R = 430 J/kg.K and k = 1.35. For the process, determine (a) the work,
(b) Q, and (c) S. The initial temperature is 204.4 oC.
T W
P
1 2 T2 2
V=C V=P ΔU
T1 1
Q
Q
V S
V1 S1
V2 S2
P T
1 1 2
pV=C
2 Q
pdV
V S S
V1
1
V2 S
P-V and T-S of ISOTHERMAL PROCESS2
Example:
1. Four pounds of air gain 0.491 BTU/oR of entropy during the a non flow isothermal process. If P1 =
120 psia and V2 = 42.5 ft3, find (a) V1, (b) T1 (c) W, (d) Q, and (e) ∆U.
2. If 10 kg/min of air are compressed isothermally from P1= 96 kPa and V1 = 7.65 m3/min to P2 =
620 Kpa, find the work, the change of entropy and the heat for (a) non flow process and (b) a
steady flow process with υ1 = 15 m/s and υ2 = 60 m/s.
KE1 + h1 = KE2 + h2
If the Kinetic energy is assumed to be equal, then the equation becomes;
dh = 0 h1 = h 2 or Cp(T2-T1)
This equation indicates that the throttling process of an ideal gas though at constant temperature,
is not an isothermal process. Boyle’s Law applies for a throttling process of an ideal gas using either
equation;
p1V1 = p2V2
V2 p1
also, ΔS = m R ln ; ΔS = m R ln
V1 p2
and the change in entropy is always greater than zero. Throttling process analysis could be well explain if
attention will be in process of vapor system.
An isentropic process is a reversible adiabatic process, being adiabatic indicates that there is no
heat transfer for this process.
P T
1
1
pVK=C
pV=
C
pdV
2
V S
V1 S1=S2
V2
T1 T2
k 1
T2 V1
T1 V2
2
2 2
W nf pdV CV k dV C
1
1
1
V k dV
1
2 2
1
Vdp Cp
1
k
POLYTROPIC PROCESS
A polytropic process is a quasi-static and internally reversible process during which
pV n C and p1V1 p 2V2 p iVi
n n n
1 1
pVn=C
pVn=C
pdV 2
Q
V S
V1 S1
V2 S2
P-V and T-S of a Polytropic Process
a) Relationship between Pressure and Volume
P1V1 n P2 V2 C
n
T1 T2
n1
T2 V1
T1 V2
c) Relation between Temperature and Pressure
n 1
T2 P2 n
T1 P1
b) Reversible Non Flow Work
p1V1 C, p CV n
n
2
2 2
W nf pdV CV n dV C
1
1
1
V n dV
2
V n1 cons tan t 1n
cons tan t
n 1
1 n
V2 V11n
1
P2 V2n V21n P1V1n V11n
1 n
Simplifyin g
P V P V (T T )
Wn 2 2 1 1 mR 2 1
1 n 1 n
c) The change in Internal Energy
U mCv T2 T1
d) The Heat Transferred
Q U Wn
mR T2 T1
mC v T2 T1
1 n
C nC v R
m v T2 T1
1 n
Cp nCv
m T2 T1 but Cv R Cp kCv
1 n
(k n)
m Cv T2 T1
(1 n)
m Cn T2 T1
where Cn often called the polytropic specific heat
e) The change in Enthalpy
H mCp T2 T1
1
2 2
1
Vdp
1
Cp n
1
Vdp
1 n
n pdV
1
h) Irreversible Non-flow constant Volume Process
From the General Energy Equation of Non-flow process
Q U PE KE Wn
Example:
1. A polytropic process of air from 150 psia, 300 oF, and 1 ft3 occurs to p2 = 20 psia in accordance
with pV1.3 = C. Determine (a) t2, (b) V2,(c) ∆U, (d) ∆H, (e) ∆S, (f) non flow work, (g) steady flow
work for∆K = 0.
2. The work required to compress a gas reversibly according to pV 1.30=C is 67,790 J, if there are no
flow. Determine ∆U and Q if the gas is (a) air, (b) methane. For methane, k = 1.321, R=518.45
kJ/kg.K, cv=1.6187, cp=2.1377.
Note: The isentropic curve on the pV plane is steeper than the isothermal curve and on the TS plane
the constant volume curve is steeper than the constant pressure curve when both are drawn between the
same temperature limits.
Effect of Varying n. Expansions are imagined to take place from some common point 1. Notice that all
positive values of n give curves in the second and fourth quadrants on the pV plane (a) that positive
values of n may produce curves in all four quadrants on the TS plane, (b) Notice too that curves with
values of n between 1 and k will fall in the second and fourth quadrants on the TS plane and within the
narrow region on the pV plane.
v s
IDEAL GAS FORMULAS
For constant mass systems undergoing internally reversible processes
Process Isometric Isobaric Isothermal Isentropic Polytropic
V=C P=C T=C S=C pVn = C
p1V1k = p2V2k p1V1n = p2V2n
T2 p 2 T2 V2 k 1 n 1
T2 V1 T2 V1
p, V, T
T1 p1 T1 V1
p1V1 = p2V2
relations T1 V2 T1 V2
k 1 n 1
T2 p 2 k T2 p 2 n
T1 p1 T1 p1
2 V2 p 2 V2 p1 V1 p 2 V2 p1 V1
pdV
1
0 p(V2 – V1) p1 V1 ln
V1 1 k 1 n
V k p 2 V2 p1 V1 n p 2 V2 p1 V1
2 p1 V1 ln 2
Vdp
1
V(p2 – p1) 0
V1 1 n 1 n
2
n pdV
1
2
m CvdT
2 2 2
U2 – U1
m CvdT
1
m CvdT
1
0
m CvdT
1 1
mCv (T2 – T1) mCv (T2 – T1) mCv (T2 – T1) mCv (T2 – T1)
2 2 2 2
Q
m CvdT
1
m CpdT
1
m TdS
1
m CndT
1
mCv (T2 – T1) mCp (T2 – T1) 0 mCn (T2 – T1)
V2
p1 V1 ln
V1
n ∞ 0 1 k -∞ to +∞
kn
Specific Cv Cp ∞ 0 Cn Cv
Heat, C 1 n
k C
2 2 2 2
H2 – H1
m CpdT
1
m CpdT
1
0
m CpdT
1
m CpdT
1
mCp (T2 – T1) mCp (T2 – T1) mCp (T2 – T1) mCp (T2 – T1)