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MÁS INFORMACIÓN ENTENDIDO
1. Stay bracing. This method (Fig. 2.31) is used for supporting the sides or a bench
excavated in fairly firm soil, when the depth of excavation does not exceed about 2 metres.
The method consists of placing vertical sheets (called sheathing) or polling boards opposite
each other against the two walls of the trench and holding them in position by one or two
rows of struts. The sheets are placed at an interval of 2 to 4 metres and generally, they
extend to the full height of the trench. The polling boards may have width of about 200 mm
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and thickness of 44 to 50 mm. The struts may have size 1OO x 100 mm for trench upto 2 m
wídth and 200 x 200 mm for trench upto 4 m width. Search
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FOUNDATIONS (134) STRUCTURES (63)
PILES (61) WATERPROOFING (58) SOILS (47)
FOOTINGS (30) SITE EXPLORATION (30)
BUILDING (29) PAD FOUNDATIONS (18) STRIP
FOUNDATIONS (18) CONCRETE (15) RAFT FOUNDATIONS
(14) DRILLED PIER FOUNDATIONS (13) RETAINING
WALLS (10) EXCAVATIONS (9) SURFACE SPREAD
FOUNDATIONS (9) DRILLED SHAFTS (6) MAT FOUNDATIONS
(5) SHEET PILE (5) WALLS (5) SLABS (4) SLIP CIRCLES AND
UNDERPINNING (4) STRUCTURAL DESIGN (4) STEEL (3)
BULKHEADS (2) FLOOR (2) MASONRY (2) ROOF (2) STONE (2)
COLUMNS (1) DOORS (1) PIPES (1) TIMBER (1) TIMBER PILES (1)
VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION STRUCTURES (1) WINDOWS (1) WOOD
FIG. 2.31 STAY BRACING. CONSTRUCTION (1)
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2. Box sheeting. This method is adopted in loose soils, when the depth of excavation does
not exceed 4 metres. Fig. 2.32 (a) shows the box like structure, consisting of vertical Entradas populares
sheets placed very near to each other (sorne times touching each other) and keeping them in
position by longitudinal rows (usually two) of wales. Struts are then provided across the COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING: Substructure and Super
wales. structure.
A building has two basic parts: (i) Substructure or
Another system of box sheeting, shown in Fig. 2.32(b), is adopted for very loose soils. In foundations, and (ii) Superstructure. Substructure or
this system, the sheeting is provided longitudinally, and they are supported by vertical wales Foundation is the lower p...
and horizontal struts [Fig. 2.32 (b)]. If the height is more, braces are also provided along
Design Example 3: Reinforced Strip
with struts.
Foundation.
The loadbearing wall of a singlestorey
building is to be supported on a wide
reinforced strip foundation. A site
investigation has revea...
Example: Pile cap design.
A pile cap is required to transfer the load
from a 400 mm × 400 mm column to four
600 mm diameter piles, as shown in Fig.
14.30 . Pile caps...
BORING METHODS SITE EXPLORATION.
The following are the various boring
methods commonly used: (i) Auger boring.
(ii) Auger and shell boring. (iii) Wash boring.
(iv) Percus...
FOUNDATIONS FOR BLACK COTTON SOILS.
Black cotton soils and oher expansive soils
have typical characteristics of shrinkage and
swelling due to moisture movement through
them. Du...
TIMBERING OF TRENCHES SOILS.
When the depth of trench is large, or when
the subsoil is loose, the sides of the trench
may cave in. The problem can be solved by
adopting...
Design Example 5: Pad base – axial load plus
bending moment (small eccentricity).
A column pad base is subject to an axial load
of 200 kN (dead) plus 300 kN (imposed),
and a bending moment of 40 kNm. To suit
site constrai...
TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS: Shallow
foundation, Deep Foundations.
Foundations may be broadly classified under
FIG. 2.32 BOX SHEETING. two heads: (a) Shallow Foundations (b)
Deep Foundations. According to Terzaghi, a
3. Vertical sheeting. This system is adopted for deep trenches (upto 10 m depth) in soft foundat...
ground. The method is similar to the box sheeting [Fig. 2.32 (a)] except that the excavation
Driven Piles: Advantages and Disadvantages.
is carried out in stages and at the end of each stage, an offset iS provided, so that the width
of the trench goes on decreasing as the depth increases. Each stage is limited to about 3 m in Piles may be of timber, steel or concrete. When the piles
height and the offset may vary from 25 to 50 cm per stage. For each stage, separate vertical are of concrete, they are to be precast. They may be
sheeting, supported by horizontal wailings and struts are provided (Fig. 2.33). driven either vertically or...
LIVE LOADS IN A BUILDING: on floors, on
4. Runner system. This system is used in extremely loose and soft ground, which needs roofs.
immediate support as excavation progresses. The system is similar to vertical sheeting of box
Live loads, also called as superimposed
system, except that in the place of vertical sheeting, runners, made of long thick wooden
loads, consisi of moving or variable loads,
sheets or planks with iron shoe at the ends, are provided. Wales and struts are provided as
due to people or occupants, their furniture,
usual (Fig. 2.34). These runners are driven about 30 cm in advance of the progress of the
temporary ...
work, by hammering
Blogs de Interés:
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► 2015 (11)
► 2014 (29)
► 2013 (158)
▼ 2012 (304)
► December (121)
► November (134)
FIG. 2.33 VERTICAL SHEETING. FIG. 2.34 RUNNER SYSTEM.
▼ October (49)
EXCAVATIONS IN GROUND WITH SUBSOIL WATER.
5. Sheet piling. This method is adopted when (i) soil to be excavated is soft or loose (ii)
depth of excavation is large (iii) width of trench is also large and (iv) there is subsoil water. TIMBERING OF TRENCHES SOILS.
Sheet piles are designed to resist lateral earth pressure. These are driven in the ground by
EXCAVATION AND TIMBERING OF FOUNDATION.
mechanical means (pile driving equipment). They can be used for excavating to a very large
depth. SETTING OUT FOUNDATION TRENCHES.
Categories: SOILS CAUSES OF FAILURES OF FOUNDATIONS AND
REMEDIAL MEA...
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SOILS PRESSURE OF SOIL...