FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev.

0 10-July-2020

Study Guide in Prof. Ed. 102 Child and Adolescent Learners and Learning Principles Module No. 6

STUDY GUIDE FOR MODULE NO. 6

Developmental Theories and other Relevant Theories:

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
MODULE OVERVIEW

In this module, the developmental theories of Freud and Piaget will be discussed.

Freud’s views about human development are more than a century old. He can be considered the
most well-known psychologist because of his very interesting theory about the unconscious and
also about sexual development. Although a lot of his views were criticized and some considered
them debunked, (he himself recanted some of his earlier views). Freud’s theory remains to be one
of the brilliant minds of other theorists and thus became the starting point of many other theories,
notable of which is Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory.

On the other hand, Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Theory of Development is truly a classic in the field of
educational psychology. This theory fueled other researches and theories of development and
learning. Its focus is on how individuals construct knowledge.

MODULE LEARNING OBJECTIVES

In this module, challenge yourself to:

 Explain Freud’s view about the child and adolescent development.

 Draw implications of Freud’s theory to education.
 Describe Piaget’s stages in your own words.
 Conduct a simple Piagetian Task interview with children.
 Match learning activities to the learners’ cognitive stage.

LEARNING CONTENTS : FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

As a person grows, the personality is also formed. Many psychologists

present different views about how personality develops. As mentioned,
Freud presents a very interesting theory about personality, its
components and development.

Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development

1. Oral Stage (birth to 18 months). The erogenous zone is the
mouth. During the oral stage, the child is focused on oral
pleasures (sucking). Too much of little satisfaction can lead to an
SIGMUND FREUD
Oral Fixation or Oral Personality which is shown in an increased
focus on oral activities.
2. Anal Stage (18 months to 3 years). The child’s focus of pleasure in this stage is the anus.

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Study Guide in Prof. Ed. 102 Child and Adolescent Learners and Learning Principles Module No. 6

The child finds satisfaction in eliminating and retaining feces. Through society’s
expectations, particularly the parents, the child needs to work on toilet training.
3. Phallic Stage (ages 3 to 6). The pleasure or erogenous zone is the genitals. During the
preschool age, children become interested in what makes boys and girls different.
Preschoolers will sometimes be seen fondling their genitals.
4. Latency Stage (age 6 to puberty). It’s during this stage that sexual urges remain
repressed. The children’s focus is the acquisition of physical and academic skills. Boys
usually relate more with boys and girls with girls during this stage.
5. Genital Stage (puberty onwards). The fifth stage of psychosexual development begins at
he start of puberty when sexual urges are once again awakened. In the early stages,
adolescents focus their sexual urges towards the opposite sex peers, with the pleasure
centered on the genitals.

Freud’s Personality Components

Freud described the personality structures as having three components, the id, the ego and the
superego. For each person, the first to emerge is the id, followed by the ego, and last to develop is
the superego.

For more details, read on:

https://www.verywellmind.com/the-id-ego-and-superego-2795951

LEARNING ACTIVITY 1

Visit the Library of Congress in Washington D.C., through its virtual museum. Visit the walls that
contain very interesting pictures, documents, and information about the most controversial
psychologist of all time, Sigmund Freud!
You won’t need a passport, just follow these steps:
1. Go to www.loc.gov
2. Click “Exhibitions”
3. Click “View all Exhibitis”
4. Go to “Sigmund Freud: Conflict and Culture”
5. Seat back and enjoy the virtual tour! The pictures and write-ups are so interesting!!!

As in any visit to a museum, it would be good to take some notes. Make notes of the following and
add your own ideas and comments as well…

Describe Freud’s family background. Describe the composition of his family. What do you think was
it like for Freud growing up in this family? Make a reaction paper about your virtual tour and life of
Freud. (150 words) 20 POINTS

LEARNING CONTENTS : PIAGET’S STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

For sixty years, Jean Piaget conducted research on cognitive development. His
research method involved observing a small number of individuals as they
responded to cognitive tasks that he designed. These tasks were later known as
Piagetian Tasks.
LEARNING ACTIVIT
Piaget called his general theoretical framework “genetic epistemo-logy” because
he was interested in how knowledge developed in human organisms. Piaget was
initially into biology and he also had a background in philosophy. Knowledge from
JEAN PIAGET
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Study Guide in Prof. Ed. 102 Child and Adolescent Learners and Learning Principles Module No. 6

both these disciplines influenced his theoiries and research of chuld development. Out of his
researches, Piaget come up with the stages of cognitive development.

Basic Cognitive Concepts

1. Schema. Refers to the cognitive structures by which individuals intellectually adapt to and
organize their environment. It is an individual’s way to understand or create meaning about a
thing or experience.
2. Assimilation. The process of fitting new experience into an existing or previously created
cognitive structure or schema.
3. Accommodation. The process of creating new schema.
4. Equilibration. It is achieving balance between assimilation and accommodation.

Piagets’s Stages of Cognitive Development

Stage 1. Sensori-motor Stage (from birth to infancy)

Stage 2. Pre-Operational Stage (from about two to seven years old)
Stage 3. Concrete-Operational Stage (approximately between 8-11 years or the elementary years)
Stage 4. Formal Operational Stage (between 12 and 15 years)

Read more on:

https://www.simplypsychology.org/piaget.html

LEARNING ACTIVITY 2

This activity focuses on a story involving the interaction of family members. Choose a story you
want to use for this activity. It can be from a story you have read or a movie or “telenovela” that you
watched or plan to watch. Use the matrix below to relate the characters to Piaget’s Stages of
Cognitive Development. (50 POINTS)

Title of Story/Movie: ____________________

Write a brief summary of the story:

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

Character Description Piagetian Connection

Father What is his stage of cognitive development?
Examples: Cite instances why you say he is in this stage (what he
thought of, how he though, his/her reactions and attitudes)
Mother What is her stage of cognitive development?
Examples: Cite instances why you say she is in this stage (what she
thought of, how she though, his/her reactions and attitudes)
Children What is his/her stage of cognitive development?
1. Examples: Cite instances why you say he/she is in this stage (what
2. he/she thought of, how he/she though, his/her reactions and attitudes)
3.
Other characters What is his/her stage of cognitive development?

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Study Guide in Prof. Ed. 102 Child and Adolescent Learners and Learning Principles Module No. 6

Examples: Cite instances why you say he/she is in this stage (what
he/she thought of, how he/she though, his/her reactions and attitudes)

SUMMARY

Freud's theory provides one conceptualization of how personality is structured and how the
elements of personality function. In Freud's view, a balance in the dynamic interaction of the id, ego,
and superego is necessary for a healthy personality.

While the ego has a tough job to do, it does not have to act alone. Anxiety also plays a role in
helping the ego mediate between the demands of the basic urges, moral values, and the real world.
When you experience different types of anxiety, defense mechanisms may kick in to help defend
the ego and reduce the anxiety you are feeling.

The influence of Piaget’s ideas in developmental psychology has been enormous. He changed how
people viewed the child’s world and their methods of studying children. He was an inspiration to
many who came after and took up his ideas. Piaget's ideas have generated a huge amount of
research which has increased our understanding of cognitive development.

REFERENCES

Brenda B. Corpuz, Ph.D, et. al. (2018). The Child and Adolescent Learners and Learning Principles.
Lorimar Publishing Inc.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sigmund-Freud/Psychoanalytic-theory

https://www.verywellmind.com/the-id-ego-and-superego-2795951

https://www.simplypsychology.org/piaget.html

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