FACTORS INFLUENCING LEGAL MANAGEMENT STUDENTS IN CHOOSING

THEIR DEGREE PROGRAM WITHIN SAN SEBASTIAN COLLEGE-

RECOLETOS MANILA

A Research Paper presented to the

College Department of San Sebastian College

– Recoletos, Manila

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Degree in Bachelor of Science in Business Administration

Major in Legal Management

Carandang, Liezel O.

Cristobal, June Mikhail Joseph

Medina, Jericho

2021

1
Introduction

Choosing the right career path is increasingly important for today's young learners.

When choosing a career and course of study, students need to pay attention to many things. The

main objective of this study was to examine the factors influencing the decision of legal

management students in choosing their degree program within San Sebastian College. There

are several factors that can influence the decision of students and can be a good source of

information for private higher education institutions, to provide quality services that meet the

needs, expectations, and demands of the community. The courses offered by private colleges

and universities, which are nearly identical programs, make diversification difficult.

Therefore, competitive advantage, uniqueness, and quality in educational marketing

must be established through image building and, at the same time, parents must be supported

and guided in realizing their desire for success for their children. Deciding on a good career

depends on how students perceive the world and their future. Some of them may not have

enough knowledge and awareness of how to process personal, social, economic, political,

spiritual, and environmental information to put it in context and achieve a successful career.

Private universities are struggling to continue increasing student enrollment, simply

because of the many educational opportunities available to undergraduate students and public

universities that offer the same program. Focusing on increasing the enrollment rate in Legal

Management Program requires a fully coordinated effort and often new approaches to the

programs offered at the school. This study serves as the eye-opener of information to

strengthen the services of the academic institution with an aim to realize its mission, vision,

goals, objectives, and meet the expectations of the students.

2
Background of the Study

Choosing a degree is one of the major concerns and an integral part of each student's life,

there are many factors that they would consider, ranging from childhood dreams to financial

stability to skills to economic and socio-cultural differences as well as the pressure of peoples’

expectations of you. According to Carnevale, Cheah, & Hanson (2011), the importance of a

major is powerful. Bachelor's degree holders in some majors can earn more than those with a

graduate degree.

But through the years many still shifting to another course and many still are indecisive

and confused about what they are going to take up in college especially a degree course that they

believe to elevate their current social standing or prepare for a better future. Academic

institutions sought to observe the requirements of the customers, prospective students, and other

clients like industry partners when preparing an educational program (Hrnciar & Madzík, 2013).

Degree programs and other student services are being developed to promote the image of the

university (Nadelson, Semmelroth, Martinez, Featherstone, Fuhriman, & Sell, 2013).

To battle this type of problem many researchers have already come to light explaining

these factors of decision making and what are the influencers that impact one’s judgment to a

certain degree. Many models such as rational decision making, bounded rationality decision

model, career awareness decision-making model, and the likes, help the people achieve in

enlightening or guiding the path these students would make. Through this, we are able to

understand an individual thinks to make a call of action. Though many of these models have

shortcomings. To address somehow these shortcomings as well as to help academic institution’s

identity, the factors affecting the decision of the legal management students in choosing their

3
degree program and to strengthen their services towards the realization of its mission, vision,

goals, objectives, and fulfillment of the expectations of parents, students, and other clients.

Objectives:

The general objectives of this study are to know the factors that influence legal management

students in choosing their degree program at San Sebastian College-Recoletos Manila

specifically, this adheres to meet the following:

● To determine why San Sebastian College students, decide to choose Legal Management as

their course.

● To understand the perception of students towards Legal Management.

● To collect precise data showing the dilemma faced by the student.

● To establish a new marketing method based on the data gathered.

● To help the school or organization in promoting the Legal Management program.

Statement of the Problem

There are different factors that influence the decision-making of Legal Management students in

San Sebastian College-Recoletos Manila in choosing their Degree Program. In this research, an

effort is made to know how they are able to excel or learn from their experiences to reach their

desired path. This study aims to answer the following questions:

1. Demographics:
1.1 Name
1.2 Age
1.3 Gender

4
 1.4 Year Level
2. Why did the student take up Legal Management?
● Parents/ Guardian
● Financial Stability
● Distance of Institution
● Passion/ Dreams
● School Reputation
● Peer

3. What factor mostly influence the decision-making of the Legal Management student?

4. What is the dilemma faced by the Legal Management students in choosing their school

and degree program?

Hypothesis:

The researchers hypothesized that:

Ho1: There are significant differences between the factors that influence the decision-making in

the percent of legal management students.

Ho2: Among all the factors that influence students’ decision in choosing Legal Management,

parents or guardian, and passion have the most impact on them.

Conceptual Framework

For an efficient and effective measure of this study, the researchers employ the model of career

awareness in decision making.

5
 Fig. 1 shows the important aspects of career awareness in career decision-making are clarified

and set in proper relationship to each other and to their antecedents and consequences. The major

parts of the framework include (a) institutional influencers (e.g., family and school) on career

awareness and career choices; (b) the concept of career awareness and ways in which an

individual shows awareness of the routines, the requisites, and the returns of work; (c) the skills

of self-assessment and decision making; and (d) the making of actual decisions in career-forming

activities. 

Review of Related Literature

APA Format Article Summary Relation to the Topic Gaps from the
topic
It is said in an empirical study The article contains the This is specifically
Alonderiene, R. (n.d.). showed that when choosing the insights of students’ subjective through
Insights into Lithuanian course, both the personal choice of university and the perspective of
students’ choice of characteristics of the students and study program in Lithuanian
university and study the factors related to the study, such management and students’ that is
program in management as professional opportunities, the economics. There are why we cannot

6

and economics. Journal of
Contemporary
Management Issues, Vol.
18 No. 1, 2013. Retrieved
September 30, 2021, from
https://hrcak.srce.hr/10423
5 the reputation of the university and
Bueno, D. D. C., &
Briones, E. R.-. (n.d.).
Factors affecting the
decision of first-year
students in choosing their
degree program and
school. IMRaD Journal,
Issue 1 Vol. 2, 2019
Retrieved September 30,
2021, from
https://www.academia.edu
/39725925/Factors_Affect
ing_the_Decision_of_First
_Year_Students_in_Choos
ing_their_Degree_Progra
m_and_School
prestige of the students, etc., had also studies that explains assume this applies
the greatest influence. A review of how such factors all students, other
the scientific literature showed that influence or greatly factors such as
students behave like consumers affect decision-making cultural factors and
when choosing a university or which will be beneficial environmental
degree. When choosing a in our study. setting can be open
university, the highest marks were for consideration in
our study.
the city in which it is located.
The article recommended this study The article basically gave The discussion of
to the school administrators to emphasis on the human marketing of a
constantly implement a series of interpersonal relationship specific degree
activities for students which would impacts the choice of program and the
also help increase the students’ program decision making, implementation of
level of interest in the program. An since family and friends these marketing
enhancement program may be are the biggest influence techniques such as
proposed to further enhance the on student choice of testimonies, ads and
student interest towards the university and degree the likes. Though ads
program and to motivate the program. To include, the and marketing
students on the numerous emotional attachment or strategies also
opportunities waiting for them in interest to a certain subject influence interest but
their chosen field, and to make boosts their engagement not as specific and or
them more determined to do better. to a decision. enough for degree
According to the study, families program decision
and friends are the biggest making, which is not
influences in student choice of included in our study.
school and degree program.
Students who experience
heightened emotional interest are
pulled toward a subject because
they are energized, excited, and
emotionally engaged with the
material.
7
Bullock-Yowell, E.,
McConnell, A. E., & Researchers may pursue In regards to The article revolves
Schedin, E. A. (2014, June investigations into the effectiveness indecisiveness of college around how to
1). Decided and of career exploration courses with students to decision efficiently guide the
undecided students: undecided students presenting making of a degree indecisiveness of
Career self-efficacy, specific needs such as gaining self- program. Career students in choosing
negative thinking, and knowledge and accurate and guidance also makes an a career path but
decision-making consistent information. They can impact in choosing a does not explain the
difficulties. NACADA also address ways such classes offer desired and fit factors of the
Journal. Retrieved assessment, discussion, and bachelor’s course, which indecisiveness of
September 30, 2021, from psychoeducation that help students helps explains our the students which
https://meridian.allenpress efficiently make decisions. research. The are more important
.com/nacada- Although the regression methods implications for in our study.
journal/article/34/1/22/187 used to analyze the data reveal the advising, are clear:
029/Decided-and- variables that can be used by uncertain college
Undecided-Students- advisors to predict undecidedness students struggle in
Career-Self. on career concerns, advisors have areas that have been
no way of knowing whether career demonstrated to
decision self-efficacy, negative influence career
career thoughts, or career decision- decision-making, and
making difficulties influenced the intervention on these
advisee before or after they were critical variables may
undecided about careers or majors. assist the undecided
student in advance more
confidently in the
direction of decidedness.

Crisp, G., Palmer, E.,

Turnbull, D., Nettelbeck,
T., Ward, L., LeCouteur,
A., Sarris, A., Strelan, P.,
& Schneider, L. (2008,
November 30). First-year
Student Expectations:
Results from a University-
wide Student Survey.
Journal of University
The alignment can be facilitated by What I can relate to this Revolving around
changing student expectations to isn’t just about choosing expectations
better reflect the reality of the the desired program but doesn’t benefit or
college experience, or by having the how to stay in the explain the factor of
institution change some of its program. Expectations of choosing the
approaches to student engagement their preferred program program but rather
to better meet student needs. Smith must be met. an experienced
& Wertlieb compared first-year comment as a
students' academic and social university student

8

Teaching and Learning
Practice. Retrieved
September 30, 2021, from
https://eric.ed.gov/?
id=EJ867293.
Lam, M. C.-K. (1970,
January 1). Effects of a
career course on students'
career decision-making
self-efficacy, indecision,
and difficulties. British
Library EThOS - Search
and order theses online.
Retrieved September 30,
2021, from
https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderD
etails.do?
uin=uk.bl.ethos.694393.
Nulty, D., & Müller, M.
(2017, May 3). "In the
eye of the
BEHOLDER":
Exploring first YEAR
expectations to their mid-year and as a whole which
end-of-year experiences in the can be broad
United States. In particular, it enough for our
highlights areas where student research, we are
expectations may not necessarily finding to be more
coincide with the realities of specific.
available resources or normal
university practices. It also provides
an opportunity for college
professors to properly meet, reflect,
and ultimately determine student
expectations with available
resources.
This study looked at a career Career intervention Focuses on career
intervention for students who were programs are one probable intervention and
about to make important study and factor in decision making different
career decisions. The present study for a degree course. intervention
relies heavily on repeated measures Though the intervention programs that helps
ANOVA to statistically test for program could be further analyze the
change over time, in particular by enhanced by including efficiency of these
examining the effects of the activities that would make techniques is not
intervention on the three constructs. a difference in reducing the factors needed
Future studies could include three difficulties associated with in our research.
measurement points during the a lack of motivation to
intervention and explore the use of make career decisions and
LGM to analyze the effects of dysfunctional beliefs
interventions. which we think is relevant
in explaining the impact
of influence in our
research.
The Student interest in the unit as Generic preparation to a The aim of the
the primary factor in choosing a college that includes study was to collect
course, the high number of students communication skills, information that
having an intrinsic interest in the problem-solving skills, could be used to
foundation course topics 50% is a critical thinking and make improvements
9
students' motives for
choosing a Particular
foundation course.
Home. Retrieved
September 30, 2021,
from https://research-
repository.griffith.edu.au
/handle/10072/29490
Oberrauch, A., Mayr, H.,
Nikitin, I., Bügler, T.,
Kosler, T., & Vollmer, C.
(2021, July 24). "I wanted
a profession that makes A
DIFFERENCE"-AN
online survey of FIRST-
YEAR Students' study
Choice motives and
Sustainability-Related
Attributes. MDPI.
Retrieved September 30,
2021, from
https://www.mdpi.com/20
71-1050/13/15/8273
Soiferman, L. K. (2016,
November 30). Students'
perceptions of their first-
year university
experience: What
clear indication of a solid reasoning skills and so to foundation
engagement. Although all findings on affects how one courses and not
of this survey are crucial for decide to enter a specifically tell the
improving engagement, the number program, but more so on influence of
of students for whom the factor of interest. Surprisingly, deciding program
‘forming an impression of the slots for a program also courses which are
course’ has affected their decision affect how they decide not included in our
is surprisingly low. Unlike to enter a specific research.
timetabling issues, the last factor degree. With all these
affecting students’ choice the said, it will be helpful in
‘Likelihood of engaging the our research.
learner’ can be improved via
rethinking and redeveloping the
activities between the student and
institution.
 Show valuable
starting points as
Higher education institutions are Explores their study
well as challenges
obligated to facilitate students in the choice motives as well
that should be
development of sustainability as sustainability-related
considered when
competencies, which enable them to conceptions,
designing target-
act as “change agents” in their future engagement and self-
oriented learning
profession-specific environment. efficacy beliefs, making
processes in
Therefore, students’ study motives, this article essential to
(inter)disciplinary
prior knowledge, attitudes, and our study.
sustainability
experiences regarding sustainability
courses at higher
should be considered when designing
education
Education for Sustainable
institutions. As
Development (ESD) programmes. 
stated, this focus
more so on
education
institutions.
Institution-student
relationship -centric
The purpose of this study was to Type of institution and
article.
discover some of the difficulties how they take care of
that first-year students have when their students influence
they begin university.  There were the decision of what
10

universities need to know.
Online Submission.
Retrieved September 30,
2021, from
https://eric.ed.gov/?
id=ED573978
Martin, F. G. (2010). The
factors that Affect
students' decision in
choosing their college
courses. Academia.edu.
Retrieved September 30,
2021, from
https://www.academia.edu
/9627266/The_Factors_th
at_Affect_Students_Decis
ion_in_Choosing_their_C
ollege_Courses.
Shahid Kazi, A. S. K., &
Akhlaq, A. A. (2017,
December). (PDF) factors
affecting students' career
choice. ResearchGate.
Retrieved October 6,
2021, from
https://www.researchgate.
net/publication/32598791
8_Factors_Affecting_Stud
ents'_Career_Choice.
suggestions offered, by the program they are most
students, as to what universities can probably would take.
do to better support and retain first- Explore the new
year students as they make the framework without
transition to higher education. An giving the help that
appendix contains the Survey on understudies say they
First Year Experience. need.
The article revolves around the There were different The students who
research conducted in different results of problems and are in lined with the
schools within Antipolo City about issues of choosing a research are
decision making of students in desired course program upcoming college
choosing their college course that the students have to students who are
programs. consider before getting open for all
in one, and thus making different course
this very essential in our degree, while our
They’ve summarized the obstacles study. study is limited to
and the most variable that affects those who have
them in choosing a course is the already decided to
financial stability of the family, of take up the legal
where they could afford to send management
their children off to college. course.
This study investigated the The results of the study Study can be too
influence of several factors such as shows the parents broad or whereas
parental education, profession and influence as most not applicable to the
income on the career decisions of significant, followed by Philippine setting.
432 students from two public sector influence from peers,
universities in Lahore city.  gender, print media,
financial reasons,
interest and others.
11
ANALYZING THE IMPACT OF ONLINE CLASSES ON

FIRST-YEAR LEGAL MANAGEMENT

A Research Paper presented to the

College Department of San Sebastian College

– Recoletos, Manila

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Degree in Bachelor of Science in Business Administration

Major in Legal Management

12
 Carandang, Liezel O.

Cristobal, June Mikhail Joseph

Medina, Jericho

2021

Introduction

In this pandemic, we suffer a lot of problems because we are not allowed to go outside

and go to school to study. Also, in this pandemic it’s hard to connect with other people because

we are always doing a good time in face-to-face interaction but all of a sudden this pandemic

makes us wiser and careful so we connect to the people online and communicate with other

people. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought into focus the mental health of various affected

populations. It is known that the prevalence of epidemics accentuates or creates new stressors

including fear and worry for oneself or loved ones, constraints on physical movement and social

activities due to quarantine, and sudden and radical lifestyle changes. A recent review of virus

outbreaks and pandemics documented stressors such as infection fears, frustration, boredom,

inadequate supplies, inadequate information, financial loss, and stigma. Due to covid, we transfer

13
educational learning to continue teaching activities from homes telemetrically through the use of

information and communication technologies to be able to stop the number of infections. This

study focused on the consequences of the pandemic in the field of education. Especially in

shifting in online learning from the face-to-face or traditional learning system.

Some students are carrying out a process of assimilation toward new circumstances with

a few difficulties, causing situations of high levels of stress. Some students, experience a lot by

doing online such as a lot of work tasks, unclear instructions, and lack of technical means were

the main problems pointed out by the students. As we students, we wanted to know if they are

really ready to handle the online class or to know their thoughts about what is legal management

should really do in the traditional learning or in the online class set up.

Objectives:

● To know the possible learning outcome through online studying.

● To determine if the online class is alternative learning to traditional

● To know the impact of difficulty learning through an online class.

● To understand the meaning of online class as 1st-year Legal Management.

Statement of the problem

● What are the positive impacts of online class to the students?

● What are the negative impacts of online class to the students

● What are the causes that student struggles from online class.

● How do student cope up with the current situation

14
 Hypothesis

This study aims to:

● Collect information about the impact of online class on 1st year Legal Management

students in San Sebastian College of Recoletos by conducting a survey that will be

answered by respondents.

● When the study is done we will be able to determine the major and minor impact of

online class on 1st year Legal Management students in San Sebastian College of

Recoletos S.Y 2021 – 2022

Review of Related Literature

APA Format Article Summary Relation to the Topic Gaps to the Topic
Hannay M, Newvine T. The satisfaction of Since the article is a
(2006) PERCEPTIONS The discussion of distance students to e-learning comparative research, it
OF DISTANCE learning may be most appropriate vs. traditional learning focuses more on pros
LEARNING: A at colleges and universities with and the advantages they and cons of both
COMPARISON OF large numbers of adult learners, both offered is clearly learning experience, also
ONLINE AND commuters, and part-time students, compared and weighted the article said the
TRADITIONAL there may be some educational for the betterment of respondents preferred
LEARNING advantages for institutions to education is essential to distance learning since
https://jolt.merlot.org/doc integrate some of the best aspects be mentioned in our they have the choice and
uments/MS05011.pdf of distance learning into traditional study. A comparative in accordance it our
courses to build a “hybrid” study is a great guide in study it may not be the
learning environment especially in understanding. same. I include the
these times of pandemic. difference of cultural
difference here.

Espino-Díaz, L., This study analyzed the current . The purpose of this
Fernandez-Caminero, G., situation of education in the The article contains study is to offer a

15
Hernandez-Lloret, C.-M.,
Gonzalez-Gonzalez, H., &
Alvarez-Castillo, J.-L.
(2020, July 14).
Analyzing the impact of
COVID-19 on education
professionals. toward a
paradigm shift: ICT and
neuroeducation as a education professionals
binomial of action. MDPI.
https://www.mdpi.com/20
71-1050/12/14/5646.
Bylieva D., Bekirogullari
Z., Lobatyuk V., Nam T.
(11 September 2020)
ANALYSIS OF THE
CONSEQUENCES OF
THE TRANSITION TO
ONLINE LEARNING
ON THE EXAMPLE OF
MOOC PHILOSOPHY
DURING THE COVID-
19 PANDEMIC.
https://www.researchgate.
net/profile/Daria-Bylieva-
2/publication/344208546_
ANALYSIS_OF_THE_C
ONSEQUENCES_OF_T
HE_TRANSITION_TO_
ONLINE_LEARNING_O
N_THE_EXAMPLE_OF_
MOOC_PHILOSOPHY_
DURING_THE_COVID-
19_PANDEMIC/links/5f6
054514585154dbbd2def1/
ANALYSIS-OF-THE-
CONSEQUENCES-OF-
THE-TRANSITION-TO-
context of the pandemic caused by proposal that optimizes
COVID-19. The worldwide health information that is the work of education
emergency situation has caused connected to our topic. professionals in the
the confinement of people and Its display on their data current context of a
with it, the closure of centers and the transformations that pandemic through the
the transfer of face-to-face are taking place is use of Information and
education to online education. affecting the teaching Communication
profession itself, while Technologies which
focuses on teachers
must adapt to the new rather than the students
situation. that may be too broad
for our research.
The article situates of a mass Existing technological Consequences and
transition of Universities to online solutions and implication of e-learning
education in the period of the educational technologies isn’t within the means of
COVID-19 pandemic allowed us made it possible to our study.
to see the challenges of distance e- quickly adapt the
learning in practice. In this unique education system to the
situation, the same students distance format, which
studying the same course changed said the transition or
only the form of education, which adaptability of the
allows to see the consequences of student is one major
such a transition. The purpose of need to be observed in
the study is the analysis of changes our study, thus making
in students' educational activities this essentially
in the transition to online learning. supporting the research.
16
ONLINE-LEARNING-
ON-THE-EXAMPLE-
OF-MOOC-
PHILOSOPHY-
DURING-THE-COVID-
19-PANDEMIC.pdf

Eichler, J. F. P. (2013, The article concentrates

August 31). Online This study used a multiple This article contains on their homework
homework put to the test: regression model to control for the information that pertains research, also data
A report on the impact of student’s academic and to our topic. It showed collected contradicts
two online learning socioeconomic background, and it how online learning is other related literature
systems on student was found that students who effective or not in terms which might complicate
performance in general completed the online homework of work and succession to our study.
chemistry. Journal of activities performed significantly of this school year to
Chemical Education., better on a common students.
https://eric.ed.gov/? comprehensive final exam than
id=EJ1028545. students who did not participate.
Their findings suggest responsive
online homework in general, and a
responsive-adaptive learning
system driven by knowledge space
theory, in particular, has a
significant positive impact on
student performance in the first-
quarter general chemistry course.

Sujarwo, S., Sukmawati, Not applicable to the

S., Akhiruddin, A., In this study, we address and The perception of online Philippine setting since
Ridwan, R., & investigate university students’ classes to students are the use of WhatsApp
Siradjuddin, S. S. S. perspectives on utilizing online beneficial for the study isn’t the main use for
Jurnal Pendidikan dan learning in the midst of the since it shows the idea online classes here,
Pengajaran (2020) An COVID-19 pandemic. The study whether online classes rather the use of google
analysis of university showed that previously, students are satisfactory in times classroom and zoom,
students' perspective on did not use online learning before of the pandemic. which will not be
online learning in the the pandemic because learning relevant to our study.
midst of covid-19 was conducted in the classroom.
pandemic. Mendeley.

17
https://www.mendeley.co
m/catalogue/fc36f74b-
c807-3518-8dcd-
b256bf7b445e/.

They have examined the This is relevant to our They didn’t further
Hsieh, Pei-Hsuan|Dwyer. instructional effectiveness of study since learning explain the learning
(2009, April) “The different online reading strategies styles affect gravely on styles or strategies that
Instructional Effect of for students identified as academic performance can be relevant to our
Online Reading Strategies possessing different learning and learning efficiently study.
and Learning Styles on styles, either internal or external as done compared
Student Academic locus of control styles, on tests within face to face
Achievement.” measuring different learning classes.
Http://Www.ifets.info, 30 objectives.
Nov. 2008,
https://eric.ed.gov/?
id=EJ836290.

Raj, Utsav and Fatima,
Ambreen, (April 23,
2020) Stress in Students
after Lockdown Due to
COVID-19 Thereat and
the Effects of Attending
Online Classes. Available
at SSRN:
https://ssrn.com/abstract=
3584220 or
http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/s
srn.3584220
The article is focused on knowing
the student's mental condition and
Their problems. Not only the
students but their family condition
is not good this may cause stress in
students.
Stress is a major factor They are limited to the
in academic threat of stress to the
performance and students, further
knowing that online explanation about stress
class is one factor that and the statistics could
affects these students be more profound but
shows relevance to our not exactly needed in
study. our study.

The study focuses more on the This research studied the

Alawamleh, M., Al-Twait,
L.M. and Al-Saht, G.R.
(2020), "The effect of
online learning on
communication between
exploration whether online Students learning impact from students'
learning has an effect on preference and many perspective only as the
communication between problems they face sample was selected
instructors and students in a when taking online only from students.
negative way, whether online classes, such as lack of Having another side of

18

instructors and students
during Covid-19
pandemic", Asian
Education and
Development Studies,
Vol. ahead-of-print No.
ahead-of-print.
https://doi.org/10.1108/A
EDS-06-2020-0131
Zia, A. (2020), "Exploring
factors influencing online
classes due to social
distancing in COVID-19
pandemic: a business
students perspective",
International Journal of
Information and Learning
Technology, Vol. 37 No.
4, pp. 197-211.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJI
LT-05-2020-0089
Son C, Hegde S, Smith A,
Wang X, (2020)
Sasangohar F Effects of
COVID-19 on College
Students’ Mental Health
in the United States:
Interview Survey Study
https://www.jmir.org/202
0/9/e21279/
learning affects students' the story may help
productivity levels, and to evaluate motivation, further strengthen the
and suggest ways of improving understanding of the aims our study.
effective online communication material, decrease in
between instructors and students. communication levels
between the students
and their instructors, and
their feeling of isolation
caused by online
classes.
Three variables We wanted to know the
This study explores the factors (attitude, motivation, impact of technology to
responsible for influencing online and training) have a online classes but the
classes for business schools during positive impact on article shows that it has
the COVID-19 pandemic. This online classes, whereas an insignificant impact
study also examines the level of two variables which might not be the
influence of these factors on online (curriculum and same in the Philippines
classes. technology) have a where in fact that
negative impact on technology is the
This article shows the Attitude,
online classes. All the number one problem in
curriculum, motivation,
factors have been found terms of having
technology, and training were
to be significant except education in the
found to have an impact on online
technology which is pandemic.
classes.
found to have an
insignificant impact (p =
0.356) on online classes.
College students comprise a The impacts of Covid-19 impact as a
population that is considered pandemic-related whole and not
particularly vulnerable to mental transition such as online specifically on online
health concerns. The findings of classes, affecting classes.
this study bring into focus the academic performances.
effects of pandemic-related
transitions on the mental health
and well-being of this specific
population. Their findings suggest
a considerable negative impact of
the COVID-19 pandemic on a
variety of academic-, health-, and
19
 lifestyle-related outcomes.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DUTERTE LEADERSHIP ON FILIPINO CITIZENS IN

THE MIDST OF PANDEMIC

A Research Paper presented to the

College Department of San Sebastian College

– Recoletos, Manila

20
 In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Degree in Bachelor of Science in Business Administration

Major in Legal Management

Carandang, Liezel O.

Cristobal, June Mikhail Joseph

Medina, Jericho

2021

Introduction

The Covid-19 pandemic has a huge impact on the Philippines. Many people do not

expect it to last. Despite this, the Philippines continue to follow the implemented lockdown by

the President. Covid-19 pandemic undoubtedly revealed what type of leader we have and Duterte

failed it. (Vitug, M. D. 2020). In fact, the Philippines is one of the worst affected and has the

weakest economy, and millions of people lose jobs (Abad, L., et. al., 2021). Furthermore, many

people still believe in the president's ability and accomplishment at this time of the pandemic.

21
 President Rodrigo Duterte, popularly known as Digong, is a Filipino politician who was

elected as the president in 2016. He is a one of a kind figure in our country's history. He is our

first president from the long and unfairly marginalized island of Mindanao, a land overflowing

with untold talent and unrestricted aspirations, but he is also the first mayor to be enabled

straight to the presidential palace. Duterte did not acknowledge the crisis's threat and pressure

from the start of the Covid-19 pandemic. The repressive regime remained in place, crushing free

expression and punishing people even more by ordering the implementation of quarantine

violators. In the name of enforcing the quarantine, at least two people were killed, and thousands

were arrested.

According to Heydarian, R. (2020) Philippine deals the worst pandemic with a low health

system. This pandemic didn't affect just the health of the people, but also the economy. Only one

individual was allowed to go out and acquire needed items for the rest of the household,

according to quarantine laws. Many poor people suffered from starvation due to pandemic,

endless living below the poverty line, and low income residents were affected by the lockdown

because they had no other way of making a living and almost no resources (Beltran, M. 2021).

They issued quarantine passes for those who had to leave the house, to avoid crowds outside;

also they enforced wearing face masks and face shields.

The number of affected covid patients only continues to rise as time goes by. There’s no

doubt that the Philippines is among the highest affected by the virus. Even though there are

vaccines, the quantity of it is still not enough due to the lack and poor maintenance.

Hence, this research aims to recognize the effectiveness of Duterte as a leader during the

pandemic.

22
Objectives:

● To identify the things, he does to the affected patients and families of Covid-19.

● To determine his major plans during a pandemic.

● To determine why does the lockdown extend in a year.

● To evaluate the expenses and debt of his administration for the PPE's and Ayuda for the

Filipino's.

Statement of the Problem

Generally, this study aims to evaluate how the Filipinos see Duterte as a leader during the

pandemic.

Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions:

1. What are the things he does to the affected patients and families of Covid-19?

2. What are his major plans during the pandemic?

3. How does the lockdown affect the way of life of the Filipinos?

4. How did his administration get a huge debt for PPE’s and aid for the Filipinos

during the pandemic?

Hypothesis

Duterte’s presidency in this Covid-19’s time was ineffective due to a number of

negligence in responsibilities. This study will measure the effectiveness of the Duterte

leadership during the pandemic, like what are the things he did and his administration did

to vanish the Covid-19 virus.

23
 Conceptual Framework

In order to fulfill the study and to come up with the best material that is needed to find

the effectiveness of Duterte to the Filipinos as a leader during pandemic, the Transformational

Leadership Theory will help the researchers and will also build support to the study. This theory

has four (4) factors, the 4 I’s as proposed by James MacGregor Burns, these 4 I’s are

Individualized Consideration, Inspirational Motivation, Idealized Influence and Intellectual

Stimulation.

INDIVIDUALIZED INSPIRATIONAL IDEALIZED INTELLECTUAL

CONSIDERATION MOTIVATION INFLUENCE STIMULATION

(Being a strong model, High
standards of moral and
ethical conduct)
(High expectations, (Stimulating citizens to be
Inspiring citizens to creative and innovative,
commitment to a shared Develop innovative ways of
vision) dealing with society issues
during pandemic)
(Listening carefully to the
needs of citizens in the
midst of pandemic, Helping
citizens grow through
personal challenges)

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework

APA Format Article summary Relation to the Gaps to the topic

Topic

The article addresses This showcase the Didn’t not have

Abad, L., et. al. (2021). In this multiple failures in reality that any positive
pandemic, Duterte has his duterte’s pandemic happened in the comments which
priorities all wrong. response such as financial Filipino’s lives that will not showcase
https://www.aljazeera.com/opini aid, failed to control the went under the effectivity of
ons/2021/6/6/dutertes-many- widespread of the virus, red Duterte’s regime Duterte’s
pandemic-failures tagging, and the which is relevant to leadership in this
implemented lockdown but the study. pandemic.
were unable to enhance the

24
 health system's ability to
deal with the said outbreak,
and the likes.

Due to misplaced priorities This article Covid response

Beltran, M. (2020). The and allocation of powers emphasizes major may not be the
Philippines’ Pandemic Response: and budget the article flaws and in only thing that can
A Tragedy of Errors. confirms the domino effect effectivity of the showcase President
https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/ of these errors where President’s covid Rodrigo Duterte’s
the-philippines-pandemic- Duterte approach to covid response reflects his leadership and
response-a-tragedy-of-errors is not based on the leadership skills in thus, it too early to
expertise of science or managing this say for our
public health but rather in country. research.
militarized approach.

The article stated that the His leadership to try Granted that all of
Heydarian, R. (2020, April 14). Philippines is one of the to control the his pandemic
Philippines: Rodrigo Duterte’s worst experiencing widespread of the response was in the
Response. pandemics, also the country virus and so his light negativity
https://www.cfr.org/blog/philippi has a low health system. refusal to give a which does not
nes-rodrigo-dutertes-response The pandemic isn’t comprehensive plan balance out
affecting the health of to the people without the
everyone but also the reflects on how presence of what
country's economy. serious or lack he did do, which
Particularly, Duterte thereof in his may cause research
revealed that the leadership skills. bias in our study.
government is desperate
now. Moreover, they also
failed to build a
comprehensive
countrywide plan to battle
the pandemic including
proactive testing, large-
scale contact tracing, and
targeted quarantines.

25

Venzon, C. (2020). Filipino keep
faith in Duterte amid pandemic
woes.
https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Fi
lipinos-keep-faith-in-Duterte-
amid-pandemic-woes
The president was also viewed In this article, the The mention of
as a hands-on leader during Filipino’s are still Duterte’s integrity
the pandemic. Ona stated also having trust in the by just returning a
that aside from being a Duterte administration Rolex watch to
populist leader, Duterte was even though as we can famous business
also a very good see that the tycoon is nowhere
communicator. administration is not near relevant to the
making good study of his ability
Particularly, Duterte boosted
solutions. to lead.
state subsidies for the middle
class. He instructed the
authorities to dig money for
the needy and sell public funds
if necessary.

The article showcased Filipinos’ trust and These type of

Parrocha, A. (2021). Pinoys different surveys that have satisfaction under statistics can
‘generally happy’ with Duterte’s conducted throughout the Duterte’s skill in change overtime,
leadership. country where they claim leading the country this cannot be a
https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles that many Filipinos are still reflects the good basis to tell
generally happy under effectivity of him in the effectivity of
Duterte’s regime. commanding people Duterte’s
under him. leadership in this
pandemic.

This article addresses the

This article emphasizes There were no
Vitug, M. D. (2020). fact that the Philippines
[ANALYSIS] Duterte fails in have the misfortune of what kind of president favorable responses in
coronavirus crisis leadership. having an inept leader at a
https://www.rappler.com/voices/t moment of coronavirus. the Philippines have. this article, indicating
hought- Furthermore, the DOH was
unable to track the people How effective his that Duterte's
that the couple met in their
actions were in the time leadership in this
flights, who brought covid
19 here in the country. of the pandemic. pandemic is effective.
After that happened,
Duterte was still gentle to
Duque instead of
pressuring him. His rule
still remained unchanged.

26
 He punishes the people by
ordering execution, this
pandemic unmasked the
type of leader we have.

As the lockdown
This article states that This article
Regencia, T. (2021). Why is continued, many Filipinos
Duterte still riding high despite suffered, with nothing to the covid-19 pandemic concentrates on the
recession, COVID?. eat and many lost their
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/ jobs. The number of those still exists. It is still failure of President
2021/7/28/duterte-still-rides- who lost their jobs
high-in-polls-amid-pandemic- increased and at the same spreading and has not Duterte in the midst of
economic-slump time, the number of cases
been eradicated. Even a pandemic.
of covid 19 is increasing.
Duterte screwed up. though he implemented
Atienza thinks that the
Presidency of Duterte will lockdowns, did some
be recognized for messing
up the covid-19 solutions. actions, yet Duterte
He put too many military
didn’t know how or
and police generals.
what is the right

decision to vanish the

pandemic.

Duterte was more tested when It is more obvious what It is not because he has
Regencia, T. (2021). Duterte
presidency unravels as the Covid 19 pandemic came, kind of president the done so much for the
coronavirus ravages Philippines.
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/ which exposed what kind of Philippines has. country, he is even
2020/6/30/duterte-presidency-
unravels-as-coronavirus-ravages- leader he really was. The Despite what he does more admired by the
philippines
president also used a militarist for the country, he majority. Because of

response to every significant almost failed as a the pandemic, the

crisis he has faced, whenever it leader. He gets president became

isn't helping. As well as that, criticisms, but still he better known and the

27
 he justified his actions by continues to serve his Filipinos saw how

declaring that he is looking people. effective he was and

after the well-being of his administration

Filipinos and they should stop during the pandemic.

blaming the government.

A photojournalist, Edd It emphasizes that the This article shows the

See, A. B. (2021). Rodrigo
Duterte Is Using One of the Gumban stays in his office Philippines has a weak militarized response of
World’s Longest COVID-19
Lockdowns to Strengthen HIs because he is afraid to go public health system, Duterte in the midst of
Grip on the Philippines.
https://time.com/5945616/covid- home. Gumban is confused especially when Covid- a pandemic. Even if he
philippines-pandemic-lockdown/
about the implemented rules. 19 came. Instead of thinks that his

Philippines has the world's focusing on the health implementations are

longest and strictest system, the government right, other Filipinos

lockdowns. One of the focused even more on are more discouraged

implemented rules of Duterte the military’s solution from what he is doing.

was to shoot the lockdown to reduce violators. So it cannot be said

violators, and in fact, the simply that he was

police are doing what duterte effective during the

said. Even if the quarantine pandemic

violators demand their food,

they will still be arrested and if

they fight, shoot them dead.

28
 Duterte announced that if there This article emphasized The implication of a
Billing, L. (2020). Duterte’s
Response to the Coronavirus: is trouble against the violators, how Duterte responded response on Covid-19
‘Shoot Them Dead’.
https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/0 shoot them dead. It is his order to the Covid-19 pandemic is not right.
4/16/duterte-philippines-
coronavirus-response-shoot- to the police and military. On pandemic. It reflects Duterte made some
them-dead/
the pandemic, there are his effectiveness as a rules, yet he didn’t

violators who have leader during the crisis. think about the

experienced sitting under the outcome of it. We

heat of the sun and there are cannot say whether he

other young people who are is effective as a leader

imprisoned in kennels. In based on the rules he

Mindanao there’s an old enforced during the

farmer shot because he didn’t pandemic.

wear his facemask, the police

state that the man was drunk

and attacked the medical

workers. He has been getting

brutal on his way of response.

After that, it started to oust

Duterte.

29