EEE 309 Communication Theory

Semester: January 2017

Dr. Md. Farhad Hossain

Associate Professor
Department of EEE, BUET

Email: mfarhadhossain@eee.buet.ac.bd
Office: ECE 331, ECE Building
 Part 04

Angle Modulation

2
 Angle Modulation: Principle (1)
 Angle of the carrier is varied according to the message
 Carrier amplitude remains constant
 Provides better discrimination against noise and interference than AM
 Requires higher transmission bandwidth than that for AM
 Trade-off between channel bandwidth and noise performance is possible

Angle modulated wave:

A simple case of an
unmodulated carrier:

Ac cos(Wc*t) = Ac cos(theta (t)))

Relationship between instantaneous phase and frequency: d_theta = omega * d_t

3
 Angle Modulation: Principle (2)
Two common methods for angle modulation:
kp = Phase sensitivity
1. Phase Modulation (PM): factor (radians/volt)

Phase-modulated signal:

kf = Frequency sensitivity
2. Frequency Modulation (FM): factor (Hz/volt)

Frequency-modulated signal:

4
 Angle Modulation: Principle (3)
Angle Modulated Signal: Example 1

Carrier

Message

PM signal

FM signal

5
 Angle Modulation: Principle (4)
Angle Modulated Signal: Example 2

Message

PM signal

FM signal

6
 Properties of Angle Modulated Signal (1)
Property 1: Constancy of Transmitted Power
Amplitude of PM and FM waves is maintained at a constant value equal to the carrier
amplitude for all time t, irrespective of the sensitivity factors kp and kf
=> Average transmitted power of angle-modulated waves is a constant

Property 2: Nonlinearity of the Modulation Process

Consider PM (Prove the nonlinearity for FM by yourself):

For m(t) = m1(t):

For m(t) = m2(t):

For m(t) = m1(t) + m2(t):

7
 Properties of Angle Modulated Signal (2)
Property 3: Irregularity of Zero-Crossings

PM signal

FM signal

=> In angle modulation, the information content of the message signal resides in the
zero-crossings of the modulated wave

8
 Properties of Angle Modulated Signal (3)
Property 3: Irregularity of Zero-Crossings (contd. …)
Two special cases:

1. The message signal increases or decreases

linearly with time t, in which case fi(t) of the PM
wave changes from the unmodulated carrier
frequency to a new constant value dependent
on the slope of m(t) PM wave

2. The message signal is maintained at some

constant value, positive or negative, in which
case fi(t) of the FM wave changes from the
unmodulated carrier frequency to a new FM wave
constant value dependent on the constant
value of m(t)

9
 Properties of Angle Modulated Signal (4)
Property 4: Visualization Difficulty of Message Signal
The difficulty in visualizing the message waveform in angle-modulated waves is attributed to the
nonlinear character of angle-modulated waves

AM wave
Easy to visualize the effect

PM wave
Difficult to visualize

10
 Properties of Angle Modulated Signal (5)
Property 5: Tradeoff of Increased Transmission Bandwidth for Improved
Noise Performance
 An important advantage of angle modulation over AM is the realization of improved
noise performance

 This advantage is due to the fact that the transmission of a message signal by
modulating the angle of a sinusoidal carrier wave is less sensitive to the presence of
additive noise than transmission by modulating the amplitude of the carrier

 The improvement in noise performance is, however, attained at the expense of a

corresponding increase in the transmission bandwidth requirement of angle
modulation

 In other words, the use of angle modulation offers the possibility of exchanging an
increase in transmission bandwidth for an improvement in noise performance.

 Such a tradeoff is not possible with amplitude modulation since the transmission
bandwidth of an amplitude-modulated wave is fixed somewhere between the
message bandwidth B and 2B Hz, depending on the type of modulation employed
11
 Relationship between PM and FM
PM:

FM:

 PM and FM are uniquely related to each other

 This means that the properties of PM can be deduced from those of FM and vice versa
12
 Frequency Modulation (FM) (1)
Consider a case of single-tone modulation:

Δf = Frequency Deviation (Hz)

= Maximum departure of fi of the FM wave from fc

β = Modulation Index

FM signal:
13
 Narrow-band FM (NBFM)
1. NBFM (β is small compared to one radian):

For small β:

14
 NBFM (contd…)

Block diagram of an indirect method for generating a narrow-band FM wave

AM signal:

BW of NBFM signal: 2fm

Amplitude of NBFM: Not constant
15
 Wide-band FM (WBFM)
2. WBFM (β is large compared to one radian):

Complex Envelope of s(t):

=> a periodic function of time with a fundamental frequency equal to fm

16
 WBFM (contd…)
Complex Fourier Coefficient

Jn(β) = nth order Bessel

function of the first kind and
argument β

17
 WBFM (contd…)
Thus,

=> S(f) consists of an infinite number of delta functions spaced at f = fc ± nfm

18
 WBFM (contd…)
Properties of FM for arbitrary β:
1. Jn(β) = (-1)n J-n(β) for all n

n≥2

3.

19
 WBFM (contd…)
1. The spectrum of an FM wave contains a carrier component and an infinite set of
side frequencies located symmetrically on either side of the carrier at frequency
separations of fm, 2fm, 3fm, ….

2. For the special case of small β compared with unity, only the Bessel coefficients
J0(β) and J1(β) have significant values, so that the FM wave is effectively
composed of a carrier and a single pair of side-frequencies at fc±fm. This FM
signal is essentially the NBFM signal.

3. The amplitude of the carrier component varies with β according to J0(β). This
implies that the envelope of an FM wave is constant, so that the average power
of FM signal is constant.

Power of FM signal

20
 Spectrum of FM Signals: Example
Case I: fm fixed, Am varies

 Amplitudes are normalized to the carrier

amplitude
 Only positive frequency part is shown
 With the increase of β, 2∆f increases and
a higher number of sidebands are included
in 2∆f

21
 Spectrum of FM Signals: Example
Case II: fm varies, Am fixed

 Amplitudes are normalized to the carrier

amplitude
 Only positive frequency part is shown
 With the increase of β, 2∆f remains
fixed, but a higher number of sidebands
are included in 2∆f

22
 BW of FM Signals
 Theoretically, BW of FM wave is infinite
 BW of FM signals is effectively limited to a finite number of significant side frequencies

Method 1: Carson’s Rule

Single-tone

 1
Multi-tone BT ≅ 2∆f + 2W = 2∆f 1 +  W = BW of m(t)
Δf = kf m(t)|max
 D D = Deviation Ratio

Method 2: 1% Rule
BW of an FM wave is the separation between the two frequencies beyond which none of
the side frequencies is greater than 1% of AC

nmax is the largest value of the integer n that satisfies

BT = 2nmaxfm the requirement: |Jn(β)| > 0.01 for for n ≤ nmax,
i.e., |Jn(β)| ≤ 0.01 for n > nmax
23
 BW of FM Signals
Method 2: 1% method (contd…)

24
 BW of FM Signals
Method 2: 1% method (contd…)

Universal curve for evaluating the 1%

bandwidth of an FM wave

 As β is increased, the bandwidth occupied by the significant side-frequencies drops toward 2Δf
 This means that the small values of β are relatively more extravagant in transmission bandwidth
than the larger values of β
25
 BW of FM Signals
 In general, Carson’s rule underestimates the required bandwidth for FM
 The universal curve gives more accurate estimation

Example: Commercial FM Broadcasting

In North America, the maximum value of frequency deviation Δf is fixed at 75 kHz
for commercial FM broadcasting by radio. Assume W = 15 kHz, which is typically
the “maximum” audio frequency of interest in FM transmission.

Corresponding value of the deviation ratio D = 75/15 = 5

Carson’s rule: BT = 2∆f + 2W = 180 kHz

Universal Curve: BT = 3.2∆f = 3.2 *75 = 240 kHz

PM Signals  k p Am' 
BPM = 2(∆f + f m ) = 2 + fm 
 2π 
 
 Practice the related examples from the book of B. P. Lathi
26
 Generation and Demodulation of FM Signals

Modulators/Generators:
 Varactor diode modulator
 Reactance Modulator

Detectors/Demodulators:
 Foster-Seeley detector
 Slope detector

Self-Study
27