Stress Analysis II

Suat Kadıoğlu
October 2009
(updated October, 2020)
 Thermal Stresses and Strains
e=eT+eE eT : Thermal strain eE : Elastic Strain
Uniform temperature change: Bulk temperature change. Material is a good
heat conductor or temperature change is slow. If there is no constraint, there is no
stress. Apply DT
y Rigid supports
ex=(ex)T+(ex)E=0 (ex)E= - (ex)T
x
sx=E (ex)E= -E (ex)T= -E a DT
Plane Stress:
y Apply DT
(ex)T = (ey)T =a DT ex=(ex)T+(ex)E=0

(ex)E= -(ex)T = -a DT but (ey)E= (ex)E

flat plate

x sx 
E
1- 2

e x E  e y E  sx 
E(1 )e x E
1- 2
Ea DT temperature stress arise because of
sx  -
1- constraint. 2
 Hooke’s law for thermo-elastic case
1 Mechanical strains
ex  (sx - sy - sz )  aDT
E
1 Thermal strain
e y  (-sx  sy - sz )  aDT
E
1 Total strains
ex  (-sx - sy  sz )  aDT
E

Plane stress: (previous plate problem)

1 Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously gives
0 (sx - sy )  aDT …(1)
E
EaDT
1 sx  sy  -
0  (-sx  sy )  aDT …(2) (1 - )
E

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 THERMAL STRESSes arise because of temperature gradient in a member.
Sharp temperature gradients arise in sudden heating and cooling of poor
heat conductors.
Infinite slab during heating and cooling: A hot slab is suddenly cooled (case I)
and a cold slab is suddenly heated (case II) on the side surfaces.
Thermal stresses arise as shown.

compression compression

surfaces are
cooler.
surfaces are
Tend to
tension hotter. Tend
contract tension
to
more. core is
expand Core is
hotter.
more. cooler.
Tends to
contract Tends to
less. expand
less.
Cooling (I) Heating (II) 4
Thermal stresses could cause mechanical failures such as fracture of brittle materials.

Case (I) where outer surface is subject to tensile stresses is more critical from
Brittle fracture point of view, since the microcracks and flaws that could be present
on the surface are more susceptible to induce fracture then internal flaws.
There could be more flaws on the surface, compared to the inner core too.

You could watch the following youtube videos:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2sPStGlFOts

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-puQ8Mm2_p8

Thermal stresses could also cause «buckling failure» which will be briefly introduced
later. You could watch the following video.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jJeiYaSFCf0

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 Curved Members in Flexure
• There are many curved Mechanical components
subjected to flexural (bending) load.
• Links of a chain, or a crane hook can be mentioned as
examples.
• It is therefore worthwhile to have a bending
stress formula for curved members.

Straight member Curved member

in bending in bending

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 Curved Members in Flexure
• Distribution of stress in a curved flexural
member is determined by using the following
assumptions.
– Cross-section has an axis of symmetry.
– Plane cross-sections remain plane after bending.
– Modulus of elasticity is the same in tension and
compression
• Axis of the curved member is taken as a circular
arc.

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For curved beams;
neutral axis is not coincident with centroidal axis, and
stress distribution is not linear.
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 bc rotates through dF to b'c'.

 (rn - r )d yd

Strain on a fiber at r ; e    .................(a)
 r r
E E (rn - r )d Eyd.................(b)
Corresponding normal stress; s  Ee   
 r r
There is no external force on the beam, therefore the sum of the normal forces on
the cross-section of the beam must be zero.

d
(rn - r )
As dA  E  A r dA  0 .................(c)

d  dA  rn 
dA
E  n A
r -  dA  0 .................(d) -A0 .................(e)
  r A
 A r

rn 
A Note that location of centroid is given by rc 

A
rdA
dA A
A r hence rc and rn are not the same.
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location of neutral axis
The external moment on the beam is equal to the moment of the normal forces on
the cross-section of the beam.

d
(rn - r ) 2
M   ys dA   (rn - r )s dA  E  dA .................(f)
A A  A r
2
note that (rn - r ) 2  rn - 2rn r  r 2

d  2 dA 
M E  n A
r - rn dA - rn dA   rdA  .................(g)
  r A A A


 dA 
rn  rn  -  dA   0
 A r A


M E
d

- r  dA   rdA
n M E
d
rc - rn A  E d eA
A A
 
A rc A
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 from (b) If the bending moment M is due to a force F, the moment is
taken about centroidal axis rather than neutral axis. Also, the
direct normal stress ±F/A should be superposed with bending
stress.

M (rn - r )
s
reA

but y  rn - r
r  rn - y

My
s
(rn - y )eA
Mci Mco
si  so  - 11
ri eA ro eA
In curved beam problems, one needs to For some other common cross sections
take the integrals; (Circular, trapezoidal, I , box) the integrals
are listed in a table, in the text book.)
A
rn 
dA and
rc 

A
rdA
A r A Optimum cross section:

The cross section is most efficiently utilized when

the maximum tensile and compressive stresses
b are equal.

Then for the case of pure bending,

si  so ci ri
and 
r dr co ro

A bh h
rn   
dA bdr ro
A r A r ln ri
rc  ri  h / 2 12
 Contact Stresses
• When two bodies having curved surfaces are pressed
together;
– point or line contact changes to area contact
– 3D stress state develops in the vicinity of contact area (local
stresses)
– stresses may cause failure such as cracking, pitting, flaking.
• Examples: wheel on rail, cam-follower, pin in a bearing,
mating gear teeth, rollers on raceway of an anti-friction
bearing.

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Most general case occurs when both bodies have double radius of curvature.

We consider only two special cases of

practical importance:
i) Contacting spheres
ii) contacting cylinders

The results presented here are due to Hertz,

so the contact stresses are also called
Hertzian stresses.

Principal curvatures measured in orthogonal planes for both bodies

(hourglass shaped and barrel shaped) are shown above.

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Contacting Spheres: Hemispherical pressure distribution is formed. Max. pressure is
at the center of the circular contact area, of diameter 2a.

3F (1 - 1 ) / E1  (1 - 2 ) / E2
2 2
a 3
8 1 / d1  1 / d 2
3F
Pmax 
2a 2

d2
d1
d1

d2=
d2<0
1/d2=0
Maximum stresses occur on z-axis and these are principal stresses.
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   z  1  1 
s x  s y  - pmax 1    1 - tan 
 -1
 -
  2(1  z 2 / a 2 ) 
 a
   z/a  
pmax
sz  -
1 z2 / a2
we considered stresses only on z-axis (x=y=0) for design and analysis purposes,
since the maximum stresses and the critical point (the point which is most likely to fail)
are on z-axis.

3D MOHR Circle t s x -s z s y -s z
t max  
2 2
tmax
sxsy
s
sz

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  is taken as 0.3

0.3 pmax

The crack originates at the location of maximum shear stress, which is slightly
below the surface, and propagates towards the surface.
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Contacting Cylinders: Elliptical pressure distribution is formed. Max. pressure is at
y=0.
2 F (1 - 1 ) / E1  (1 - 2 ) / E2
2 2
b
 1 / d1  1 / d 2
2F
Pmax 
b

d2
d1
d1

d2=
d2<0
1/d2=0

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Stresses along z-axis :
 z2 z 
s x  -2pmax  1  2 - 
 b b 
1  2z 2 / b 2  z
s y  - pmax  -2 
 1 z / b
2 2 b
pmax
sz  -
1  z 2 / b2
0.3 pmax
3D MOHR Circle
t
tmax
z/b=0.75

sx s s z -s y
sz sy t max 
2
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