COMSATS UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD, ATD CAMPUS

COMSATS University Islamabad,

Abbottabad Campus.

TERMINAL EXAMINATION:

NAME: MUHAMMAD LUQMAN

REG NO: FA19-CVE-045

SECTION: B

SUBJECT: ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY

TITLE: SUMMARY

SUBMITTED TO: SIR ENGR. KASHIF NAZIR

DATE: 10TH -JULY-2021

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SUMMARY:
Hydrology is a wide range of field that plays a essential role in
society and, in particular, the work of civil engineers in developing water
resources infrastructure.Engineering Hydrology is the science of Earth’s water
that describes and predicts the occurrence, circulation and distribution of
Earth’s water. In Engineering Hydrology we have studied and learned that earth
is the only planet in the solar system which has a huge mass of water.After that
about the different types of water like Fresh water,brackish water,sea water
which contains different quantity of sodium choride.After that we have studied
and learned about Hydrological cycle, Hydrological equation ,importance and
practical applications of hydrology.Like components of hydrological cycle
which are Evaporation, Evapo-transpiration, Condensation, Transpiration,
Interception, infiltration, runoff, Precipitation etc.Likewise Global water
balance equation (Inflow = Output +/- Changes in storage) which balances the
availability of water for a specific period of time.After that about the the
transfer of water and energy between the land surface and the lower atmosphere
which is known as Hydrometeorology.Like about the different spheres of Earth
and all related information to it.After that we have studied and learned about the
precipitation (process that occur when water particles fall from the atmosphere
and reach the ground) in detail, like about its classification (Convective, Frontal,
Orographic and Cyclonic), its forms (Drizzle, Rain, Glaze and sleet etc), its
measurement ( by Rain gauges, Snow gauges, radars, satellites etc). After that
learned about the water losses / abstractions from precipitation which includes
its process, infuencing factors, and its measurement, like the losses occur due to
the evaporation is measured by Evaporimeter.Then I have learned about the
transpiration (when plants take in water through the roots and release it through
the leaves) in detail, its characteristics, importance, types which includes
stomatal transpiration, cuticular transpiration, lenticular transpiration.Factors
affecting transpiration which may be plant parameters (stomata, cuticle, leaf
area, root/shoot ratio mesophyll etc).After that measurement of the rate of
transpiration by weighing potted plants, by potometer, by measuring the
humidity of the air. After that we have studied and learned about the
Evapotranspiration (water evaporating from the ground and transpiration by
plants) in detail. Like its Estimation, Factors that affect evapotranspiration
which include the plant's growth stage or level of maturity, percentage of soil
cover, solar radiation, humidity, temperature, and wind. After that we have
learned about the Infiltration ( process by which precipitation moves down
through the surface of earth and replaces soil moisture as recharge aquifiers,
ultimately support runoff quantities) in detail. Like its measurement ( by

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Flooding-type infiltrometer, Measurement of sinking free water in a large basin

or pond, hydrograph analysis etc).Factors which affect the infiltration capacity
which includes slope of the land, degree of saturation, porosity etc.Then we
have studied and learned about the runoff ( Portion of the ppt that makes its way
towards rivers or oceans etc, as surface or subsurface flow). We have learned
the process of runoff when the rainfall occurs.After that its types that includes
Surface runoff/ Direct runoff, subsurface/ Ground water flow. After that we
learned the factors which affect the runoff, some of them include precipitation
characteristics, size and shape of the catchment and topography etc.Likewise
about the runoff cycle which is the part of the hydrological cycle and its
conditions.After that we have learned about the Stream flow measurement.Its
the only part of the hydrologic cycle that can be measured accurately.After that
we have studied about the Hydrographs ( It is a graph showing the rate of flow
(discharge) versus time past a specific point in a river, or other channel or
conduit carrying flow). Then about the factors which affect the shape of
Hydrograph like climatic factors, Physiographic factors. Then its components
which includes the rising limb, the crest segment, the recession limb. After that
we have studied and learned about the Ground water Hydrology. Then the types
of the Geological formations which includes aquifiers (Aquifer is a body of rock
and/or sediment that holds groundwater), aquitard, aquiclude, aquifuge.
Permeability which is the measure of the soil’s ability to permit water to flow
through its pores or voids is also studied. The factors which affect the
permeability of soil which includes Grain size, void ratio, composition, soil
structural, degree olf saturation, presence of entrapped air. After that we how
the cooeffiicient of permeability of soil is is measured.So first measurement
includes laboratory test ( using Darcy’s law), second one include the Field test,
and the last one inculde the indirect test. Then the types of wells are discussed.
As there are two broad classes of well, Dug wells (These are shallow and
usually used to tap water table aquifers), and Tube wells. Its construction
includes Drilling operations, installing the casting and screen, installing an
artificial filter pack and grouting the well.Well can be developed by the
methods include Air Development by Surging and Pumping, High-Velocity
Jetting, Mechanical Surging etc.The preservation of the well is very much
important for the supply of water.

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