6 - Dc-Ac

a.y.
2021/2022
Prof. Stefano Bifaretti

Department of Industrial Engineering
DC-AC converters, commonly denotes as inverters, can be realized
with different topologies. The most appropriate solution depends on
the supplied load (single-phase or three-phase), on power levels, on
isolation requirements and on the final application.
The most common solutions for single-phase inverters are based the
same power circuits employed for the 4-quadrant bidirectional DC-
DC converter:
• Full-bridge or H-Brigde
• Half-bridge.
Power Electronics – DC/AC Converters 2/87

If during the first half-
period the switches IS1
and IS4 are ON (IS2 and
IS3 OFF) and during the
second half-period the
switches IS2 and IS3 (IS1
vu IS1 and IS4
and IS4 OFF) the output
Ea IS2 and IS3 voltage assumes a
T square wave profile with
0
t an amplitude equal to the
DC supply voltage.
-Ea
Two-level square waveform
Fourier Theorem
An important key performance parameter related to the quality of a
waveform produced by an inverter is the harmonic content, which can
be evaluated by the Series Fourier Theorem.
A periodic function x(t) having a period T can be recreated as the sum of

its average value A0 and infinite sinusoidal signals having angular
frequency multiple of the base frequency ω = 2π/T.
x(t )  A0  A1 sin(t )  B1 cos(t )  A2 sin(2t )  B2 cos(2t ) 

A3 sin(3t )  B3 cos(3t )  A4 sin(4t )  B4 cos(4t ) 
A5 sin(5t )  B5 cos(5t )  .............................. 

 A0    Ai sin it  Bi cos it 
i 1

Fourier Theorem
The function fi (t )  Ai sin it  Bi cos it
represents the ith harmonics (or i-order harmonic) and can be expressed as:
fi (t )  Ci sin(it  i )
being Ci its amplitude and i its phase.
 Bi 
Ci  A  B i
2
i
2
i  tan  
1
 Ai 
The function f1 is denoted as first harmonic or
fundamental harmonic.

Fourier Theorem
 
x(t )  A0    f i  t    A0   Ci sin  it  i   
i 1 i 1

 A0    Ai sin it  Bi cos it 
i 1
The function x(t) is denote as Fourier series and the coefficients Ai

and Bi, the Fourier coefficients, can be calculated as:
T
1
A0   x(t ) dt
T 0
T T
2 2
Ai   x(t ) sin it dt Bi   x(t ) cos it dt
T 0 T 0
Properties of Fourier Series

x(t )  A0    Ai sin it  Bi cos it 
i 1
1) If x(t) is an odd function (x(t)= -x(-t)), that is the waveform repeats
every half period with opposite signs, then the even order harmonics are
null and the odd harmonics can be calculated limiting the integral to half
period.
2) If x(t) is an even function (x(t)= x(-t)), that is the waveform is

symmetric with reference to the origin, the odd harmonics are null.

Properties of Fourier Series

x(t )  A0    Ai sin it  Bi cos it 
i 1
3) If x(t) presents an even symmetry with reference to the fourth of a

period, then the coefficients Bi = 0 for every i value; furthermore, if in
addition the property 1 is verified, the coefficients Ai (with odd i
values) can be calculated limiting the integral to one fourth of a
period.
4) If x(t) presents an odd symmetry with reference to the fourth of a

period, then the coefficients Ai = 0 for every i value.

For the property 1 of the Fourier Series, being a square wave an odd function, it
presents only even harmonics and coefficients Ai and Bi can be determined by
doubling the integrals values calculated in only half of the period.
For the property 3 of the Fourier Series, coefficients Bi are null; furthermore,
being the property 1 satisfied as well, coefficients Ai can be determined
multiplying by 4 the integral values calculated in a fourth of a period.

T
1
A0   vu (t ) dt  0 Ai (i  2,4,6,..)  0 Bi  0
T 0
T
T 4
2 8
Ai (i 1,3,5,..)   vu (t ) sin  it  dt  V 0 sin  it  dt 
T 0 T 0

2
4 4V0
  V0 sin  it  d t  
 0 i
Armoniche
1
1a
3a
5a
7a
somma
cc
0.5
-0.5
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Tempo (s)

0
Absolute amplitudeTimeof the harmonics

-0.5
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
(s)
for different frequency values
Fundamental (50Hz) = 0.6366 , THD= 48.34%
0.2
0.15
Mag
0.1
0.05
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Frequency (Hz)

Amplitude of the harmonics referred to the fundamental
for different frequency values
Fundamental (50Hz) = 0.6366 , THD= 48.34%
35
30
Mag (% of Fundamental)
25
20
15
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Frequency (Hz)

vu IS1 and IS4
Ea
IS2 and IS3
T
0
t
-Ea
Two-level square waveform

The Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is a performance index widely
employed to evaluate the harmonic content and, thus, representing a
measure of closeness in shape between a waveform and its fundamental.
It is usually expressed as a percentage of the fundamental:
k
 i
A
i 2
2
THD%  100 
A1
vu IS1 and IS4
Ea
IS2 and IS3
T
0
t
-Ea
Two-level waveform
Example. Ea=255V
4 Ea A1RMS  325V / 2  230V  0.9 Ea
Ai ( i 1,3,5,..) 
i

Ah  
i 3,5,7...
Ai 2  VuRMS
2
 A12RMS  Ea2  A12RMS  0.4318Ea
Ah
THD%  100   48%
A1RMS
Three-level waveform
IS1, IS4 ON IS1, IS3 IS2, IS3 IS2 , IS4 ON
vu
Ea ON ON
/2
a1 /2a1 2 m t
-Ea
In order to obtain a better
quality waveform (lower
THD), the inverter
furnishes a more complex
(modulated) waveform,
Three-level modulated waveform achieved with additional
commutations at every
half-period.

Differently from 4Q DC-DC- converters, the neutral point
fixed to a voltage equal to Ea/2 can be achieved by a
capacitive voltage.

Two-level modulated waveform

vc
1
න 𝑖𝑢 𝑑𝑡 < 2𝐶
∆𝑉𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑇/2
The capacitors must have a sufficiently large
capacitance to guarantee that the neutral-
point voltage vc does not change significantly 1
න 𝑖𝑢 𝑑𝑡 ≪ 2𝐶
during the inverter operation. 𝐸𝑎
𝑇/2
Commutations. In order to avoid short-circuits on the DC supply
voltage due to the concurrent conduction (cross conduction) of two
power switches of the same branch, it is necessary to introduce a
suitable time interval (dead-time) amongst the OFF command of a
switch and the ON command of the other.
Asymmetric conduction interval durations. A DC voltage

component overlapped to the AC output voltage produces a DC
current component which can cause saturation on magnetic devices,
in particular when the inverter is connected to a transformer.

H-Bridge
• Lower output filter sizing due to the three-level output voltage
• Higher costs for the larger count of power devices and drivers
Half-Bridge
• Lower costs for power devices and drivers
• Considering the same semiconductor sizing, the output current
rating is the same while the output voltage swing is half compared to
the H-Bridge
• Two-level modulation requires larger filter sizing to obtain the same
power quality level of an H-Bridge

The circuits employed for the losses reduction have to be designed
accounting for the different operating conditions during turn-on
and turn-off of the switches.
To this aim, we can refer to two different situations arise when a
square wave operation is considered for the inverter:
• inductive commutation (inductive load);

• capacitive commutation (capacitive load).
When the inverter operates with a square wave all commutations are of
the same type while, in case of a modulated waveform, the two types
of commutations are alternatively verified.

inductive commutation
Turn-off. The current furnished by the
inverter is phase lagging with reference to
the voltage; thus, during the turn-off every
switch is conducting the load current (same
situation as in DC-DC converters).
D2 T2
vu
Current iu
circulation t
D1 T1
Turn-off. It is necessary to insert a
capacitor in parallel to T2 to reduce the
losses.
Supposing that T2 is turned on (iu<0)
and T1 has to be turned on.
in t= ta D1 turns on
vc
Iu≈cost iT2 iC
Ea
t1 ta t t1 ta t1+tf t
For symmetric operation and to reduce the effects of the parasitic

inductances belonging to the capacitors and to the circuit, it is
convenient to use two identical capacitors (with capacitance equal
to C/2) connected in parallel to the switches.
Turn-on. If the time interval amongst the turn-off of a Transistor (supposing
T2) and the next turn-on of the other Transistor of the same branch (T1) is
sufficiently large, when T1 is turned-on the load current is circulating in the
Diodo D1.
The T1 turn-on is executed without any losses, thus no need to introduce
series inductances to limit the di/dt
D2 T2
vu
iu
t
D1 T1
capacitive commutation
In analogy to the inductive case, when the inverter operates with square
wave with all capacitive commutations (the fundamental current is leading),
the Transistor are turned off at zero current and, thus, without any
losses. This situation is more favorable compared to the DC-DC converter.

Modulated Waveform
Let consider the behavior of the circuit in presence of a capacitive
commutation. In the instant in which T1 is turned off, the current iu<0 and,
thus, it flows in D1. When T2 is closed, the energy stored in the capacitor,
charged to Ea, is dissipated on the Transistor itself.

When the inverter is driven with a modulated waveform and built using
Semiconductors Power Modules (e.g. IGBTs or MOSFETs connected into
the same package), usually no snubber circuits are introduced, but only a
capacitor connected in parallel to the DC link is used to mitigated the
overvoltages inside the module and provide the necessary start-up energy to
perform the commutations if the DC supply is connected by a long path.

In order to obtain a better harmonic content, additional commutations
have to be introduced. As an example in case of a two-level voltage
inverter (-V0, + V0) by introducing 4 additional commutations for
every half-period:
in which the values for angles a1 and a2 can be selected in such a

way to reduce, or eliminate, some harmonics.
(Selective Harmonics Elimination technique)
The amplitude of the i-th harmonic can be calculated as:

If the first two harmonics (i.e. the third and the fifth) have to
be eliminated, the angles a1 and a2 have to be selected in
order to satisfy the following equations:
4V0
A3  [1  2 cos(3a1 )  2 cos(3a 2 )]  0
3
4V0
A5  [1  2 cos(5a1 )  2 cos(5a 2 )]  0
5

The system presents only one solution compatible to the
inverter operation:
Replacing such values into the expression that furnished the

harmonic amplitude, the values of the most significant harmonics can
be achieved.
4V0
Ai  [1  2 cos(ia1 )  2 cos(ia 2 )]
i
Single-Phase Inverter
Square Waveform 2-level Modulated Waveform

With a full-bridge inverter, it is convenient to take advantage of the output
three voltage levels (-V0, 0, +V0) Introducing two additional commutations
inside every fourth of period, the following waveform is achieved.
The amplitude of the ith harmonic can be calculated as:

If the first two harmonics (i.e. the third and the fifth) have to be
eliminated, the angles a1 and a2 have to be selected in order to satisfy
the following equations:
4V0
A3  [1  cos(3a1 )  cos(3a 2 )]  0
3
4V0
A5  [1  cos(5a1 )  cos(5a 2 )]  0
5
Even this equations system presents only one solution compatible
to the inverter operation:

Single-Phase Inverter

2-level Modulated Waveform 3-level Modulated Waveform

Adding more commutations it is possible to eliminate further harmonics.
Drawbacks:
• Increase of power losses;
• It is necessary to assure that the minimum distance amongst two
adjacent commutations is compatible with the selected power
switches
• The non-linear equations system that permits to achieve the
commutation angles presents more than one acceptable solution,
each one providing a different harmonic content; thus, it is required
to select, among all the possible solution, the one with lesser THD

When the number of auxiliary commutations in the fourth of a
period becomes larger (e.g. is greater than 4 or 5), it is convenient to
employ a different procedure to determine the commutation angles.
The most interesting solution is based on the minimization of a

quality index, selected accounting:
1. the influence on the load of a single harmonic
2. only in a qualitative way, the harmonics effects, as an example
the THD or the Weighted THD, defined as:
2
k
 Ai 
  
i 3,5,7  n 
WTHD%  100 
A1
In many applications it is required to change, in a continuous way, the
output voltage amplitude of the fundamental harmonic provided by
an inverter. Three different techniques can be used:
 Change the inverter DC supply voltage

 Employ multiple inverters and perform a phase-displacement
control;
 Apply a specific modulation technique.

The inverter DC supply voltage can be varied by employing an
additional AC-DC or a DC-DC converter, depending on the primary
energy source, thus implementing a two-stage conversion system.
Filter
Ea
AC-DC
VAC Inverter vu
Converter
Example of a two-stage conversion system

Benefits
• the inverter operates with the same voltage waveform applied to
the load, independently from the desired amplitude, thus leaving
unchanged the ratio amongst the harmonics amplitude.
This technique is the best option used together with the SHE.
Drawbacks
• higher complexity of the conversion system
• Needs a quite large filter on the DC-link
• Losses of the bi-directionality of the inverter unless a
bidirectional converter is employed for the first stage as well

The voltage amplitude control can be obtained by using multiple inverters
and summing the output voltages of individual inverters to achieve the load.
The output voltage can be modified by acting on the reciprocal phase-
displacement of the single waveforms provided by the inverters.
A full-bridge can be
composed as the sum of two
half-bridge inverters.

v1 and v2 in phase

v1 and v2 with a Dt phase shift

Benefits
• No need of DC supply control
• The harmonic content can be reduced, for any fundamental
output voltage value, by increasing the number of inverters
Drawbacks
• Require transformers to perform the sum of the single output
voltages, thus the cost is quite onerous as well as the volume for
low fundamental frequencies.

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) techniques are commonly used to
vary the amplitude of the first harmonic of the output voltage
without the need of any DC supply voltage control.
PWM methods have been rapidly developed along last years due to
the fast evolutions of both power devices and digital control circuits.
The implementation of a PWM technique modulation can be

effected with analog or digital integrated circuits. Nowadays, this
latter solution has been embedded in most common industrial
microcontrollers (Texas Instruments, ST, Freescale,…)

PWM techniques are based on the comparison between two signals.
The commutation instants of the power devices are determined by the
comparators outputs, i.e. by the intersections between the command
signals. The signals applied to the comparators are classified as:
• Modulating signals, constituted by alternating signals having the

same frequency of the output desired voltage and amplitude
proportional to this latter;
• Carrier signals, having a triangular waveform and frequency quite
higher than the desired output voltage.

Depending on the type of modulating and carrier signals, there are
many options to produce the command pulses to the power devices.
The most common PWM techniques are:
1. Single-pulse-width modulation
2. Multiple-pulse-width modulation
3. Sinusoidal pulse-width modulation (SPWM)
4. Advanced pulse-width modulations
The SPWM is the most popular technique as represent a good trade-

off between the performance (THD) and the implementation
complexity.

In case of an analog implementation, such techniques are denote as
natural sampling PWM as the sampling instants of the modulating
signal depends on the phase displacement of the carrier signal which
cannot be easily synchronized.
The implementation of PWM technique depends on the number of

output voltage levels provided by the inverter (2 or 3 levels).
The 2-level modulation has only one implementation, while the 3-
level modulation has different implementation options.

The two-level SPWM can be employed in single-phase half-bridge
inverters as well as to command each leg of a three-phase inverter.
Its implementation requires only one comparator, a sinusoidal
modulanting signal vm and a triangular carrier vp.

vm (t )  Vm sin(mt  m )
Vm is proportional to the
desired fundamental output
voltage vu and m is set
equal to the desired one.
vp has a symmetric
triangular, waveform with
constant amplitude Vp and a
frequency p >>m.

The general characteristics of the modulated waveform can be
determined by a qualitative analysis as a function of ratio k among
the carrier and the modulating frequency (k = fp/fm).

k value Modulated output Modulated output waveform
waveform time-domain frequency domain
characteristics characteristics
Irrational Non-periodic • Continuous spectrum

• Modulating signal
Subharmonics
Rational - non Periodic waveform with a • Modulating signal

integer period multiple both of the Subharmonics
modulating and the carrier • DC component
signal
Integer Periodic waveform with a Harmonics with frequency
period equal to the multiple of m
modulating
Even No symmetries in the • All Harmonics with
waveform frequency multiple of m
Integer • DC component
Odd Odd symmetry • No even harmonics
• No DC component
If the inverter works at constant frequency (e.g. grid-connected
inverters) it is certainly convenient to select k = fp/fm as an odd
integer number.
Conversely, when a wide output frequency range is desired for

the fundamental harmonic (e.g. supply of electrical motor drives),
if a constant ratio k is used the mean inverter commutation
frequency (and, thus, of the power dissipation) would present a
wide variation range too.
Thus, usually, a constant carrier frequency is selected.

Using a fixed fc, when fm changes the ratio k assumes values of any
type (integer, rational non integer, irrational).
As a consequence, it is unavoidable the arising of subharmonics and

of a DC component, which can produce damage effects on the loads
(torque ripple); their entity can be significantly reduced if the carrier
frequency is selected in such way that ratio k ≥ 9 in the worst case.

in which
represents the desired fundamental output voltage.
m = Vm/Vp is the modulation index (in range 0 ÷ 1).
The rest of the terms represent the disturbances overlapped to the

desired output voltage that has to me reduced through a specific filter.

The vu expression is valid only if Vm ≤ Vp and the ratio k >m/2. The
first condition (m ≤1) is a practical limitation necessary to obtain
linear operation, whilst the second is widely included in the
hypothesis that the of harmonic content of the modulated waveform
is acceptable.

Notices about distortion terms.
Considering separately the harmonics groups corresponding to he
various values of r and accounting Bessel functions property, it can
be observed that:
 corresponding to each odd r value, only harmonics having
frequency rp±qm, are different from zero and only for even
values of q;
 corresponding to each even r value, only harmonics having
frequency rp±qm, are different from zero and only for odd
values of q.

• the amplitude of non-null terms of each group decreases as q
increases; for each group a frequency band, centered around rp,
can be located; outside that band the harmonics are negligible.
• For increasing values of r, the bandwidth including significant
harmonics increases, while the maximum amplitude decreases.
• For k ≥ 9, the frequency bands including significant harmonics of
groups having r>1 are not overlapped to the band of group r = 1;
thus, for k ≥ 9 the lower frequency harmonics belongs only to the
group having r = 1.

Ai
0 m p 2p 
p4m p4m
Amplitude of the first harmonics for k = 11

Considering odd values of k and introducing some simplifications it is
possible to achieve the waveform of the first harmonics as a function of m
It is mandatory to filter the order k harmonic (located at the switching

frequency).
In three-phase Inverters it is convenient to select k equal to a three multiple.
When Vm = Vp the amplitude of the fundamental harmonic it is
equal to V0, i.e. equal to /4 times the square wave first harmonic;
thus, if the desired fundamental amplitude has to be changed in
a continuous way up to 4V0/, it is necessary to use Vm>Vp (m>1,
denoted as overmodulation).
If Vm > Vp the relation among Vm eand the fundamental amplitude is

no more linear and, furthermore, the harmonic content becomes
even worse.
In this case a specific technic is required in order to change in a
continuous way the fundamental amplitude in the range V0 ÷ 4V0/
with an acceptable harmonic content.
H-bridge inverters can furnish a three-level output voltage (-V0, 0,
+ V0). To take advantage of it, a different modulator structure with
two separate comparators, one for each leg, has to be employed.

Several techniques can be used to drive the two comparators.
The most popular one is based on a single asymmetric triangular

carrier with an offset equal to +Vp/2 feeding both the
comparators; vice versa, the two modulating signals, vm1 and vm2,
are two sinusoids with opposite phase with the same waveform
as for two-level modulation.

During the half periods in
which vm1>0 the modulation is
applied to only one leg of the
H-bridge (T1-T2) while the
output of the other leg is kept
negative (T4 always ON);
thus, vu is modulated among
+V0 and 0. Vice versa, when
vm1<0 the modulation is
applied to the other leg (T3-T4)
and vu is modulated among -V0
and 0.

The modulated waveform maintains the same properties of a
two-level waveform are still valid with the only difference that,
in order to assure null even harmonics, the ratio k has to be
imposed to an even integer, instead of odd.
In order to mitigate the current and/or the voltage harmonics to

the level required by the application, a passive L or LC filter
has to be applied between the inverter and the load. However,
the sizing of such filters will be lower if a modulation
technique is employed.

Generation, transportation and distribution of the electrical energy
are provided with three-phase power systems.
Three-phase lines are fed by three-wire generators whose output
voltages can be represented thorough three sinusoidal waveform
having the same frequency and 120° of reciprocal phase
displacement.
Generator Loads
Three-phase line

A three-phase system is denoted as symmetric if
• the three voltages have equal amplitude
• their sum is null for every time instant
positive sequence
negative sequence

positive sequence
negative sequence

A three-phase system is denoted as evenly distributed if
• the currents have equal amplitude
• their sum is null for every time instant

The voltage VOG among the neutral of the generator and the
load neutral can be calculated by Millman theorem
For an equilibrated load (Y1=Y2=Y3):

Star-connected symmetrical system
The oscillating terms

acts as a symmetrical
three-phase system,
thus their sum is null
RMS phase-to-neutral voltage

RMS line current
Delta-connected evenly distributed load
RMS phase-to-phase voltage

RMS phase current
In a symmetrical and evenly distributed system the instantaneous power is constant

Three-phase inverters are commonly used in many applications,
especially in medium and high power o in AC drives.
The goal is to generate three output voltages having the same

shape, the same amplitude and 120° reciprocal phase
displacement.

+Ea
v1 v2 v3
vc vf1 vf2 vf3

Phase-to-ground voltages
v1
Ea
0 t
0 T
v2
t
v3
t
vc
2/3Ea
1/3Ea
t

Phase-to-ground voltages v1, v2 e v3
• average value equal to Ea /2

• fundamental harmonic amplitude A1=2Ea /
• odd harmonics amplitude Ai=A1 /i
(being i the harmonic order).
The neutral voltage vc has a period equal to three times the

phase-to-ground voltages, with the same mean value and the
same amplitude for third harmonics and its multiple.

v1 Phase-to-neutral voltages
Ea
0 t
0 T
vc
v1f t
2/3Ea
1/3Ea
t
v2f
v3f
0 T t

Phase-to-neutral voltages v1f, v2f , v3f
• zero average value
• fundamental harmonic amplitudes A1 equal to the
phase-to-ground voltages
• odd harmonics amplitude equal to Ai=A1 /i
• null amplitude for third harmonics and its multiple
2 Ea 2 Ea
v1  A1 sin t  A3 sin 3t  ...  A9 sin 9t A1  A3 
 3
41 2E
vc  A1c sin 3t  A3c sin 3(3t )  ... A1c  Ea  a  A3
6 3
v1 f  v1  vc

v1 Phase-to-phase voltages
Ea
0 t
0 T
v12
Ea
-Ea
v23
v31

Phase-to-phase voltages v12, v23 , v31
• zero average value

• fundamental harmonic amplitudes A1 equal to 3 times
the phase-to-ground voltages
• null amplitude for third harmonics and its multiple
• odd harmonics amplitude equal to Ai=A1 /i

Three-phase inverters provide to the load phase-to-phase and
phase-to-neutral voltages having no third harmonics and its
multiple, only if the waveforms have the same amplitude and the
phase displacement is exactly 120°.
If a SHE technique is used, it is convenient to eliminate the fifth

and the seven harmonics.

Three-Phase Inverter

If a sinusoidal PWM is used, it is convenient to select a ratio k as odd
integer and multiple of three in such way to practically eliminate the
influence of order k harmonic which, as previously highlighted, has
a quite huge amplitude, even higher than the fundamental in some
cases.
Such a property can be used also to eliminate the limitation of the
modulating signal amplitude has to be lower than the carrier peak
amplitude. To this aim, a third harmonic with a suitable amplitude has
to be injected into the three phases in order to modify the shape of vm
in particular around the peak zone.
(Third Harmonic Injection)

2
Third Harmonic Injection A1  V0 1.15V0
2 1 3
vm  V0 sin t  V0 sin 3t 1
3 3 3 A3  A1
A1 6
vm
vp 4
A1q  V0 1.27V0

A3
A1 0.9 A1q
A1 is 15% higher
than SPWM

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a.y.

Prof. Stefano Bifaretti

Power Electronics – DC/AC Converters 2/87

A periodic function x(t) having a period T can be recreated as the sum of

x(t )  A0  A1 sin(t )  B1 cos(t )  A2 sin(2t )  B2 cos(2t ) 

Power Electronics – DC/AC Converters 4/87

being Ci its amplitude and i its phase.

Power Electronics – DC/AC Converters 5/87

The function x(t) is denote as Fourier series and the coefficients Ai

2) If x(t) is an even function (x(t)= x(-t)), that is the waveform is

Power Electronics – DC/AC Converters 7/87

3) If x(t) presents an even symmetry with reference to the fourth of a

4) If x(t) presents an odd symmetry with reference to the fourth of a

Power Electronics – DC/AC Converters 8/87

Power Electronics – DC/AC Converters 9/87

Power Electronics – DC/AC Converters 11/87

Absolute amplitudeTimeof the harmonics

for different frequency values

Fundamental (50Hz) = 0.6366 , THD= 48.34%

Power Electronics – DC/AC Converters 12/87

Fundamental (50Hz) = 0.6366 , THD= 48.34%

Power Electronics – DC/AC Converters 13/87

Two-level square waveform

Power Electronics – DC/AC Converters 17/87

Power Electronics – DC/AC Converters 18/87

Power Electronics – DC/AC Converters 19/87

Asymmetric conduction interval durations. A DC voltage

Power Electronics – DC/AC Converters 21/87

Power Electronics – DC/AC Converters 22/87

• inductive commutation (inductive load);

Power Electronics – DC/AC Converters 23/87

For symmetric operation and to reduce the effects of the parasitic

Power Electronics – DC/AC Converters 28/87

Power Electronics – DC/AC Converters 29/87

Power Electronics – DC/AC Converters 30/87

in which the values for angles a1 and a2 can be selected in such a

Power Electronics – DC/AC Converters 32/87

Power Electronics – DC/AC Converters 33/87

Replacing such values into the expression that furnished the

Square Waveform 2-level Modulated Waveform

Power Electronics – DC/AC Converters 35/87

The amplitude of the ith harmonic can be calculated as:

Power Electronics – DC/AC Converters 36/87

Power Electronics – DC/AC Converters 37/87

Square Waveform 3-level Modulated Waveform

Power Electronics – DC/AC Converters 38/87

Power Electronics – DC/AC Converters 39/87

Power Electronics – DC/AC Converters 40/87

The most interesting solution is based on the minimization of a

 Change the inverter DC supply voltage

Power Electronics – DC/AC Converters 42/87

Example of a two-stage conversion system

Power Electronics – DC/AC Converters 43/87

Power Electronics – DC/AC Converters 44/87

Power Electronics – DC/AC Converters 45/87

Power Electronics – DC/AC Converters 46/87

Power Electronics – DC/AC Converters 47/87

Power Electronics – DC/AC Converters 48/87

The implementation of a PWM technique modulation can be

Power Electronics – DC/AC Converters 49/87

• Modulating signals, constituted by alternating signals having the

Power Electronics – DC/AC Converters 50/87

The SPWM is the most popular technique as represent a good trade-