List of Figure

Figure 1.1 Board of Management .............................................................................................. 2

Figure 2.1 Location of Harshit Landmark ................................................................................. 4
Figure 3.1 3D Plan of Harshit Landmark................................................................................... 5
Figure 3.2 Block G of Harshit Landmark .................................................................................. 7
Figure 3.3 Blocks E and F of Harshit Landmark ....................................................................... 7
Figure 4.1Excavation Work ....................................................................................................... 9
Figure 4.2 PCC Work .............................................................................................................. 10
Figure 4.3 Raft Foundation ...................................................................................................... 11
Figure 4.4 Concrete .................................................................................................................. 12
Figure 4.5 Sand ........................................................................................................................ 13
Figure 4.6 Coarse Aggregate ................................................................................................... 14
Figure 4.7 Brick Work ............................................................................................................. 15
Figure 4.8 Columns Reinforcement ......................................................................................... 16
Figure 4.9 Cover Blocks .......................................................................................................... 18
Figure 4.10 Shuttering ............................................................................................................. 19
Figure 4.11 Column Formwork ............................................................................................... 21
Figure 4.12Column after Stripping .......................................................................................... 23
Figure 4.13 Stripping of RCC Lift Wall .................................................................................. 23

List of Table
Table 3.1Project Details ............................................................................................................. 6
Table 4.1Grades of Concrete ................................................................................................... 11
Table 4.2 Cover in Structural Elements ................................................................................... 18
Table 4.3 Stripping Time ......................................................................................................... 22

III
 Table of Contents
1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1
1.1 GROUP'S PROJECTS: ..................................................................................................... 1
1.2 BOARD OF MANAGEMENT: .......................................................................................... 2
2 INTERNSHIP .................................................................................................................... 3
2.1 AIM: ............................................................................................................................ 3
2.2 OBJECTIVES: ............................................................................................................... 3
2.3 MY ROLE:.................................................................................................................... 3
3 PROJECT DETAILS ......................................................................................................... 5
4 DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION ..................................................................................... 8
4.1 SEQUENCE OF STRUCTURE WORK: .................................................................. 8
4.2 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS AND MATERIALS USED: ..................................... 8
4.2.1 Site Clearance: ....................................................................................................... 8
4.2.2 Site Demarcation:................................................................................................... 8
4.2.3 Layout and positioning of the central coordinate: ................................................. 9
4.2.4 Excavation: ............................................................................................................ 9
4.2.5 Laying of PCC: ...................................................................................................... 9
4.2.6 Laying of Foundation:.......................................................................................... 10
4.2.7 Concrete: .............................................................................................................. 11
4.2.8 Cement: ................................................................................................................ 12
4.2.9 Sand: .................................................................................................................... 13
4.2.10 Aggregate: ........................................................................................................ 13
4.2.11 Brickwork: ....................................................................................................... 14
4.2.12 Reinforcement: ................................................................................................. 16
4.2.13 Terms Used In Reinforcement: ........................................................................ 17
4.2.14 Cover Block: .................................................................................................... 17
4.2.15 Shuttering and Scaffolding: ............................................................................. 19
5 CONCRETE TESTS........................................................................................................ 24
5.1 TYPES: ...................................................................................................................... 24
5.2 THE SLUMP TEST: ..................................................................................................... 24
5.3 COMPRESSION TEST: ................................................................................................. 25
5.4 IMPACT TEST: ........................................................................................................... 27
6 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................ 29
7 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 30

IV
 1 INTRODUCTION

Singhania Buildcon Pvt. Ltd., led by a visionary Chairman and Managing Director Mr.
Subodh Singhania, is carving a position in the hearts of people in a continually difficult real
estate industry. The Singhania Buildcon Group has been developing structures since 1993.With
its impeccable track record, the company has been able to create various residential projects in
Raipur. The group has been successfully executing these projects and has gained immense
popularity among the investors and developers alike.
These residential projects by Singhania Buildcon Group are a testimony to the company's
commitment to deliver world-class residential spaces in Raipur. The group has been involved
in various residential projects in Raipur. It has been able to achieve these through its skilled
and experienced staff members.

1.1 Group's projects:

This group's projects include the following:
1. Residential structures such as:
i) Harshit landmark
ii) Harshit Vihar
iii) Harshit nagar
iv) Singapore City
v) Harshit Fortuna, etc.
2. Commercial buildings such as:
i) Harshit corporate
ii) Harshit chamber
3. Hotels and clubs such as:
i) Singhania Sarovar Portico
ii) Club marina

The company has also made significant investments in projects, cars, office space,
property, and cutting-edge technology to enable it to conduct business with world-class
sophistication.

1
A well-known brand along with our team's extensive knowledge provides unparalleled
exposure to the most astute consumers.
They aspire to set new standards in construction through inventive architecture that
exceeds brilliance, with the sole goal of becoming India's top realtors. To construct unrivalled
and luxurious quality structures using cutting-edge e-technology and worldwide architectural
designs.

1.2 Board of management:

 Founder
 Mr. Shyamlal Singhania
 Co-Founder
 Late Mr. Shubhash Singhania
 Chief Managing Director
 Mr. Subodh Singhania
 Managing Director
 Mr. Harshit Singhania
 Director
 Mrs. Vimal Devi Singhania
 Director of Finance
 Mrs. Meenali Singhania

Figure 1.1 Board of Management

2
 2 INTERNSHIP

2.1 Aim:
The internship aims to develop our skills to implement theoretical knowledge into
practical fields.

2.2 Objectives:
 To orient us with the practical CE works.
 To allow us to apply our theoretical knowledge into practical fields.
 To let us gaining practical experience.
 To let us understand the planning, design, drawing of construction.
 Company: Singhania Buildcon PVT. LTD.
 Project name: Harshit Landmark

2.3 My role:
Actually, I was assigned to work in the field with Mr. Gopal Adhikary, a construction
engineer, but I performed mainly for students because the field requires an experienced and
further specialised individual. So, in order to understand all of the work that civil engineers do,
I attempt to collaborate with and learn from construction engineer.
In general, I've been concentrating on the two portions indicated before. I divide my
work into two categories: office work and site work. The majority of the work I've done on the
site has been supervising, working as a site engineer, surveyor, and foreman.
The site job was a crucial assignment for me because it was the internship's major goal,
and I gained a lot of knowledge from it, such as communication skills, worker handling,
management skills and so on. Within three months, I will be able to see several of the project's
works.
The work task I have been executing at site is:
 Supervising of works
 Examining the worked element and how it functions
 Examining the work using the check list provided.
 Becoming familiar with survey work
Because site work in general takes precedence over supervision, I've been working as a
supervisor using the check list provided by our company. Every job must be double-checked
to see if it was completed according to the methodology provided by the contractor to the

3
consultant. If this is not the case, the contractor must explain why they did not carry out the
contract.
Controlling how the work was going on and supervising the work based on the check list
that was handed to me from the office was the site work I was doing. The checklist for site
supervisors was created to maintain a consistent method of supervision of building construction
projects and, as a result, to ensure construction quality. In the steps to the general terms, the
supervisor's responsibilities, liabilities, and limitations are briefly outlined in the checklist.
Construction details are detailed in the drawings, technical specifications, and the contract's
general and special conditions. My responsibility was to guarantee that the construction work
was completed in compliance with the contract specifications.

Figure 2.1 Location of Harshit Landmark

4
 3 PROJECT DETAILS

Singhania Buildcon Pvt. Ltd. provided me with an internship at Hershit Landmark

Development. This project is divided into four phases, each of which is divided into two blocks.
Blocks A and B are included in phase one, C and D are included in phase two, E and F are
included in phase three, and block G is included in phase four.

Figure 3.1 3D Plan of Harshit Landmark

Singhania Harshit Landmark is a one-of-a-kind residential property in Hirapur Chowk

Raipur. As you enter the serene surroundings of this 3-acre intimate endeavour, consisting of
770 apartments presenting nature at its finest, displaying magnificent landscapes and lakes with
eternal tranquillity sure to fulfil the demands of all their residents and clients, all you feel is a
delight.
The Harshit Landmark offers a premium range of facilities, including:

 Temple  Grocery Shop  Shopping centre

 Cricket pitch  Basketball court  Earthquake resistance

5
  Power backup lift  Cricket pitch  Clubhouse

 Badminton Court  Cricket Court  Gaming Cafe

 Gated Community  Indoor Games  Jogging Track

 Landscaped Garden  Lift  Play Area

 Rain Water  Security Personnel

Harvesting

Project details:
Start Year Dec 2016

End Year (Tentative) Dec 2024

Type Residential Apartment

Land Area 3 acres

No. of units 770

Floors G+10

NO. of phases 4

No. of blocks 7

Flats types 1BHK, 2BHK, 3BHK

Construction Director Rakesh Madhan

General Manager Vinay Tripathi

Project Manager Aman Thakre

Table 3.1Project Details

6
 Figure 3.2 Block G of Harshit Landmark

Figure 3.3 Blocks E and F of Harshit Landmark

7
 4 DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION

4.1 SEQUENCE OF STRUCTURE WORK:

 Site Clearance
 Demarcation of Site
 Positioning of Central coordinate ie.(0,0,0) as per grid plan
 Surveying and layout
 Excavation
 Laying of PCC
 Bar Binding and placement of foundation steel
 Shuttering and Scaffolding
 Concreting
 Electrical and Plumbing
 Deshuttering
 Brick work
 Doors and windows frames along with lintels
 Wiring for electrical purposes
 Plastering
 Flooring and tiling work
 Painting
 Final Completion and handing over the project

4.2 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS AND MATERIALS USED:

4.2.1 Site Clearance:
The first phase is site clearance, which entails the removal of grass and plants, as well
as any other obstructions that may exist on the site.
4.2.2 Site Demarcation:
The entire area where construction will take place has been designated to identify the
construction zone. An area of 3785.20 sq. metre was picked for our project, and the appropriate
marking was done.

8
4.2.3 Layout and positioning of the central coordinate:
The grid drawing was used to indicate the centre point using a thread and plumb bob.
All other column points had to be determined in relation to this centre point, hence its precise
location is crucial.

4.2.4 Excavation:
Both manual and motorised excavation methods were used. Excavating the soil was
usually done by 1-2 earth excavators (JCBs). Excavation operations are carefully monitored to
ensure that adjacent structures are not harmed. Excavation is carried out with suitable side
slopes and excavation bottom dressing. Because the earth beneath the surface was too clayey
to be used for back filling, it was discarded. Filling is done in layers of no more than 20 cm
and then compacted. Excavation depth was 5'4" below ground level.

Figure 4.1Excavation Work

4.2.5 Laying of PCC:

Following the excavation procedure, plain cement concrete, or PCC, is laid. A four-
inch layer was laid out in such a way that it did not mix with the soil. It provides a stable basis
for the raft foundation and is made up of a 1:5:10 combination of 1 part cement, 5 parts of fine
aggregates, and 10 parts of coarse aggregates by volume. To accomplish thorough compaction,
plain concrete is vibrated. During and after placement, concrete put below ground should be
protected against falling earth. During placement and for a period of seven days, concrete

9
placed in a ground containing deleterious compounds shall be maintained free of touch with
such a ground and water draining from it.
When it is impossible to avoid joints in a layer of concrete, the end is slanted at a 30
degree angle, and the junctions of various layers break the joint in laying the top layer of
concrete. Before the upper layer is applied, the lower surface is roughened and thoroughly
moistened.

Figure 4.2 PCC Work

4.2.6 Laying of Foundation:

Raft foundations are employed at our site to distribute the load from a structure across
a vast region, usually the entire structure. Normally, a raft foundation is utilised when a big
load needs to be distributed and individual footings are not practicable owing to space limits,
as they would overlap. Because the concrete slab resists differential movements between
loading points, raft foundations have the advantage of decreasing differential settlements. They
are frequently used on low-bearing-capacity soft or loose soils because they can distribute loads
over a broader area.
The reinforcing and construction of the plinth and beams columns are given special
attention when installing the raft foundation. It is the major part, from which the entire structure
weight will eventually be carried. As a result, even the tiniest inaccuracy can create major
issues, so everything is double-checked and approved by the site engineer.

10
 Figure 4.3 Raft Foundation

4.2.7 Concrete:
Concrete is frequently employed in the construction of residential, commercial,
recreational, rural, and educational buildings. It's employed in a wide range of projects, from
single-family homes to multi-story business buildings and shopping malls. There are three main
types of materials.

 Cement
 Sand
 Aggregate

Table 4.1Grades of Concrete

11
In Harshit landmark we use M25 concrete for almost all structure.

Figure 4.4 Concrete

4.2.8 Cement:
It's a binder, which is a substance that sets on its own and can bind materials together.
Cement is utilised in both hydraulic and non-hydraulic structure construction. Cement is most
commonly used as a component in masonry mortar and concrete, which is a mixture of cement
and aggregate that serves as a strong building material.

Types:
 Portland Cement
 Portland fly ash Cement
 Portland Pozzolana Cement
 Portland silica fume Cement

12
4.2.9 Sand:
It is a granular material made up of finely divided rock and mineral particles that occurs
naturally. Sand composition varies greatly based on the rock sources and conditions in the area.
Silica (or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz, is the most frequent component of sand.

Figure 4.5 Sand

4.2.10 Aggregate:
These are inert granular materials, such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone, that are used
in concrete along with water and cement.
The aggregates, which make up 60 to 70 percent of the overall volume of concrete, are
split into fine and coarse categories.
Natural sand or crushed stone are the most common fine aggregates, with the majority
of particles passing through a 3/8 inch (9.5 mm) sieve.
Coarse aggregates are any particles larger than 0.19 inch (4.75mm) sieve and typically
range in diameter from 9.5mm to 37.5mm.
Aggregates have a significant impact on the properties of freshly mixed and hardened
concrete, as well as mixing proportions and economy.
The following characteristics are taken into account when picking aggregate:
 Grading
 Durability
 Particle shape and Surface texture

13
  Abrasion and Skid resistance
 Unit weights and voids
 Absorption and surface moisture

Figure 4.6 Coarse Aggregate

4.2.11 Brickwork:

Brickwork is a type of masonry that uses bricks and mortar to construct partition walls.
All of the external and internal walls on our site were made of bricks. Depending on whether
the wall was 4.5 inches or 9 inches, a ratio of 1:4 (1 cement: 4 coarse sand) or 1:6 (1 cement:
6 coarse sand) was utilised. Two M.S. round bars or as indicated shall be used for
reinforcement. The bars were 8mm in diameter. The initial layer of reinforcement was applied
to the second course of brickwork, followed by every fourth course. Where the parts and or
where these walls intersect with other walls, the bars were appropriately fastened. The steel
reinforcement that had been installed was completely encased in mortar.
There are two sorts of bricks. These are the following:

14
4.2.11.1 Traditional Bricks:

In different sections of the country, traditional brick dimensions range from 21 cm to

25 cm in length, 10 to 13 cm in width, and 7.5 cm in height. In order to achieve uniformity in
brick size across the country, the standard size for traditional bricks is 23* 11.5*7.5 cm.

4.2.11.2 Modular Bricks:

A standard size of brick has been developed by an Indian standard institution, and this
type of brick is known as a modular brick. The standard brick size is 20*10*10 cm, however
the actual proportions are 19*9*9 cm. When compared to masonry with traditional bricks,
masonry with modular bricks works out to be less expensive because it saves on bricks, cement,
and labour.
In our site they use Fly Ash Brick of nominal size 23*11*7.5cm. Because it has more
compressive strength, less weight, economical, less water absorbent then the Red brick.

Figure 4.7 Brick Work

15
4.2.12 Reinforcement:
In concrete structures, steel reinforcements are typically utilised in the shape of circular
cross-section bars. In the human body, they are similar to a skeleton. Concrete that is not
reinforced with steel or other materials is strong in compression but weak in tension. Steel is
one of the best forms of reinforcement for absorbing stresses and strengthening concrete to
withstand a variety of loads. Mild steel bars complying to IS:432 (Part I) and cold-worked steel
high strength deformed bars conforming to I S: 1786 (grade Fe 415 and grade Fe 500, where
415 and 500 represent yield stresses of 415 N/mm2 and 500 N/mm2, respectively) are
extensively used. Nowadays, the grade Fe 415 is the most often utilised. Because of the higher
yield stress and bond strength, the use of plain mild steel bars has been limited, resulting in
steel quantity savings. Some businesses have incorporated properties to their thermo
mechanically treated (TMT) and corrosion resistant steel (CRS) bars.
The diameter of the bars varies from 6 to 50 mm. The diameter of cold-worked steel
high-strength deformed bars starts at 8 mm. Bars with a diameter of 6 to 20 mm are used in
most house structures. The importance of transverse reinforcements cannot be overstated. They
not only meet structural standards, but they also assist primary reinforcements in maintaining
their ideal position. They are extremely important when there are abrupt shifts or reversals of
stresses, such as earthquakes. They should be closely spaced and appropriately linked to the
main/longitudinal reinforcement, as shown in the drawing.

Figure 4.8 Columns Reinforcement

16
4.2.13 Terms Used In Reinforcement:

4.2.13.1 Bar-Bending-Schedule:
The schedule of reinforcement bars created in advance of cutting and bending rebars is
known as the bar-bending-schedule. This schedule specifies the size, form, and dimensions of
the rebars to be cut.

4.2.13.2 Lap Length:

The length overlap of bars connected together to prolong the reinforcing length is
referred to as lap length. It is considered safe to have a lap length of around 50 times the
diameter of the bar. Laps of nearby bar lengths should be staggered and not all available at the
same level/line. A maximum of 50% of the bars in one cross section should be lapped. If the
needed lap length is not available at the junction due to space or other constraints, the bars can
be linked with couplers or welded (using the appropriate welding procedure).

4.2.13.3 Anchorage Length:

This is the length of steel from one structure that must be placed into the other at the
junction. The length requirement for main beam bars in columns at beam-column junctions,
column bars in the footing, and so on is comparable to the lap length specified in the preceding
question or as per the design specifications.

4.2.14 Cover Block:

Cover blocks are used to keep steel rods from touching the shuttering plates, resulting
in a minimum cover and the reinforcements being installed according to the design drawings.
During the concreting process, it is not uncommon for the cover to become displaced. To avoid
this, it is recommended that the cover be tied with steel bars using thin steel wires called binding
wires (projected from the cover surface and installed during the manufacture or casting of cover
blocks). Cement sand mortar should be used to make the covers (1:3). Ideally, the cover should
be of equivalent strength to the surrounding concrete and have the smallest perimeter possible
to reduce the risks of water penetrating through the perimeter. Minimum coverings should be
provided in accordance with Indian norms to ensure the long-term durability of the entire
structure.

17
 The cover blocks could be cubical or cylindrical in shape. Cover, on the other hand,
refers to the thickness of the cover block. Cover blocks for cubicles are commonly utilised. As
a rule of thumb, maintain a minimum cover of 2" in footings, 1.5" in columns, and 1" in other
structures.

Structural element Cover to

reinforcement(mm)
Footing 40
Columns 40

Slabs 15
Beams 25
Retaining wall 25 for earth face

20 for other face

Table 4.2 Cover in Structural Elements

Figure 4.9 Cover Blocks

18
4.2.15 Shuttering and Scaffolding:
4.2.15.1 Definition:
All forms, moulds, sheeting, shuttering boards, walrus, poles, posts, standards, and
leizers are included in the phrase 'SHUTTERING' or 'FORMWORK.' During the sheeting
process, V-Heads, struts, and structure, ties, prights, walling steel rods, bolts, wedges, and all
other temporary supports to the concrete are used.

Figure 4.10 Shuttering

4.2.15.2 Formwork:

Forms, moulds, and shutters are containers in which concrete is poured so that it will
solidify into the required shape or outline. The forms are removed once the concrete has
reached the required strength. Forms are typically formed of wood, plywood, steel, and other
similar materials. The effect of deflection generated by the weight of reinforcement and
concrete laid over it is usually countered by providing camber in the formwork for horizontal
members. Prior to the installation of reinforcement, the shuttering plates are properly
lubricated. The oil coating sandwiched between the concrete and the formwork surface not only
facilitates shuttering removal, but it also inhibits moisture loss from the concrete through
absorption and evaporation.
The steel formwork was planned and built according to the plans’ shapes, lines, and
proportions. All of the forms were sufficiently watertight to prevent mortar leakage. The forms
were built in such a way that they could be removed in portions. Except when vibrators were
utilised, one side of the column forms was left open and the open side was filled in board by

19
board as the concrete was put and compacted. At the end of each casting, a key was formed in
concrete columns of sufficient size to provide adequate bonding to columns and walls in
accordance with required IS.

4.2.15.3 Cleaning and Treatment of Forms:

Before the concrete was laid, all waste, particularly chippings, shavings, and saw dust,
was cleaned from the interior of the steel forms. To prevent adhesion between form work and
concrete, the form work in contact with it was cleaned and properly wetted or treated with an
approved composition. It was made sure that the authorised composition did not come into
touch with the reinforcement.

4.2.15.4 Design:

The formwork should be designed and built in such a way that the concrete can be laid
properly and compacted thoroughly to achieve the desired shape, location, and levels.

4.2.15.5 Erection of Form Work:

The following rules apply to all types of formwork:

 Take care to ensure that all formwork is plumb, true to line, and level.
 When reinforcing steel bars pass through formwork, attention should be given to
achieve tight fitting joints against the steel bars to avoid line loss during concrete
compaction.
 If the formwork is held together by bolts or wires, they should be secured in such a way
that no iron is exposed on the concrete-laying surface.
 A handy port hole is provided in the shuttering for beams, columns, and walls so that
all extraneous materials that may be accumulated can be removed just prior to
concreting.
 Formwork is arranged in such a way that forms can be removed without jarring the
concrete. Wherever possible, wedges, chumps, and bolts should be utilised instead of
nails.
 Mould oil of approved quality is applied to the surfaces of forms that come into touch
with concrete. Oil is not permitted since it darkens the surface of concrete. Before the
reinforcement is inserted, it is oiled, and care is taken to ensure that no oil comes into

20
 touch with the reinforcement while it is in place. During concreting and during the
duration of its stay in place, the formwork is kept completely wet.
The formwork is thoroughly evaluated prior to the start of concrete pouring to ensure the
following:
 Brushing and washing away all dirt, shavings, sawdust, and other waste.
 The tightness of the sheathing panel joints, as well as the joints between these and any
hardened core.
 The proper placement of tie bar bracing and spacers, as well as bracing connections.
 That all wedges are securely fastened and in place.
 That traffic on the formwork does not bear directly on the reinforcement steel.

4.2.15.6 Verticality of the Structure:

As the work progressed to the top levels, the plumb-bob was used to examine all of the
frames outside columns for plumb. Internal columns were tested for precise position by taking
measurements from the outer row of columns. Jacks were used to elevate the props, or
supporting rods.

Figure 4.11 Column Formwork

21
4.2.15.7 Stripping Time or Removal of Form Work:

Forms were not struck until the concrete had reached a strength that was at least twice
the stress that the concrete might be subjected to when the formwork was removed. The
strength in question is that of concrete made with the same cement and aggregates in the same
proportions and cured under identical temperature and moisture conditions as those found on
the job. In typical conditions, form work was left longer when it was required.
The formwork was removed in such a way that no stress or vibration was transmitted
to the concrete. The concrete surface was exposed before the props were removed to ensure
that the concrete had sufficiently set. When an element's shape is such that form work has re-
entrant angles. To avoid shrinkage cracking due to the restraint imposed, the form work was
removed as soon as possible after the concrete had set. When the temperature rises beyond 20
degrees, the following time limitations should be observed:

Structural Component Age

Footings 1 day

Sides of beams, columns, lintels, wall 2 days

Underside of beams spanning less than 6m 14 days

Underside of beams spanning over 6m 21 days

Underside of slabs Spanning less than 4m 7 days

Underside of slabs spanning more than 4m 14 days

Flat Slab Bottom 21 days

Table 4.3 Stripping Time

22
 Figure 4.12Column after Stripping

Figure 4.13 Stripping of RCC Lift Wall

23
 5 CONCRETE TESTS

5.1 Types:
There are four main tests to be done on concrete:
1. The Slump Test.
2. Compression Test.
3. Impact Test.
4. Cube Test.

5.2 The Slump Test:

The slump test is used to determine whether or not a concrete mix is workable.
Workability refers to how easy it is to mix, handle, and compact the concrete.

5.2.1.1 Apparatus for Slump test:

Following apparatus are used in the slump test of concrete:

Metallic mould in the shape of a frustum of cone having bottom diameter 20 cm (8 in),
top diameter 10 cm ( 4 in) and height 30 cm ( 12 in).
Steel tamping rod having 16 mm (5/8 in) diameter, 0.6 m (2 ft.) long with bullet end.

5.2.1.2 Procedure of Slump test:

The following stages are followed during the Slump test:

 First and foremost, the mould's inside surface is cleansed and clear of moisture as well
as other old sets of concrete.
 Then, on a smooth horizontal, hard, and non-absorbent surface, place the mould.
 The mould is then filled with fresh concrete in four levels, with each layer being taped
25 times with a taping rod before being levelled with a trowel.
 To avoid disturbing the concrete cone, the mould is carefully pulled vertical and
removed from the concrete.
 Due to gravity's action, this unbound concrete deforms the entire surface, causing it to
subside.

24
  A SLUMP of concrete is the subsidence of concrete at the peripheral.The slump value
of concrete is the height difference in millimetres between the height of subsidence
concrete and the height of the mould cone.

5.3 Compression Test:

Compressive strength refers to a material's or structure's ability to resist or withstand
compression. The ability of a material to withstand failure in the form of cracks and fissures
determines its compressive strength.
The maximum compression that concrete can withstand without failure is determined in
this test by applying a push force to both sides of the concrete specimen.
At 28 days, concrete reaches its full strength. Because a large amount of capital is at stake in
the construction industry, we can examine strength in terms of concrete strength psi at 7 and
14 days instead of 28 days to anticipate the goal strength of construction work.
Concrete gains 16 percent of its strength within 24 hours, whereas concrete gains 65
percent of the required strength after 7 days following casting, as seen in the table below.
Concrete exhibits 90% of the intended strength over the first 14 days, then the development in
strength slows and it takes 28 days to reach 100% strength.
We won't be able to measure the strength of concrete until it has stabilised. We also
won't wait 28 days to decide if the concrete is appropriate for construction or not; concrete is
tested at various intervals to maintain it balanced.
We test concrete at intervals of 7 days, 10 days, and 14 days since the largest strength
gain spike is recorded at 14 days. If the concrete fails to exhibit results of 90% of its overall
strength at 14 days, the batching is rejected.

5.3.1.1 Compressive strength testing of concrete:

The test is carried out using 150mm concrete cubes on a Universal testing machine or
compressive testing machine.

5.3.1.2 Apparatus:

As per IS: 516-1959 Compressive testing machine (2000KN), 15cm * l5cm * 15cm
steel cube moulds or Cylinder having Dia. 15cm And length 30cm are used.

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5.3.1.3 PROCEDURE:

Preparing of material for Cube test:

All the material must be brought and stored to an approximate temperature of 27 ±3 degree
Celsius. Cement must be uniformly mixed with a trowel in order there exist no lumps.
 Mixing of concrete:
Machine mixing: The ingredient must not be rotated for more than 2 minutes and the
following pattern must be followed: 1>Calculated water, 2>50% coarse aggregates, 3>fine
aggregates, 4>cement, 5>50% coarse aggregates.
Hand mixing: The process must be done on the rectangular pan until a homogenous mix
is obtained.
Dry mixing of fine aggregates and cement>addition of coarse aggregate with the even
distribution>addition of calculated water in batch till consistency is achieved.
 Casting of specimen:
The casting moulds are chosen to be made of cast iron and must be rubbed with grease
on inner side for easy removal of cubes. The specimen must be cast in 3 layers (5cm each)
and properly compacted in order that honeycomb formation does not take place.
 Compaction:
In compacting through tamping bar, 35 strokes must be done in all parts of a cube for
proper compacting. This tamping bar has the dimension of diameter 16mm and length of
0.6m.
 Age of test:
The cube test for Compressive strength can be done on 1,3, 7, 14 and 28 days. In some
cases, the strength of greater ages is required which is performed from13 to 52 weeks.
 Number of specimens:
It is mandatory to have at least 3 specimens for testing from different batches. The mean
of compressive strength achieved by this specimen is used to determine actual strength of
the batch.

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5.4 Impact Test:
Due to movement of vehicle on the road the aggregates are subjected to impact resulting
in their breaking down into smaller pieces. The aggregates should therefore have sufficient
toughness to resist their disintegration on due to impact. This characteristics is measured by
impact value test.
The aggregate impact value is a determining measure of resistance to sudden impact or
shock, which may differ from its resistance to gradually applied compressive load.

5.4.1.1 Apparatus used in Impact test:

The apparatus of the aggregate impact value test consists of:

 A testing machine weighing 45 to 60 kg and having a metal base with a plane lower
surface of not less than 30 cm in diameter. Level and plane concrete floor of minimum
45 cm thickness are used to support it. The base of the machine should also have
provisions for fixing its base.
 A cylindrical steel cup of internal diameter 102 mm, depth 50 mm and minimum
thickness 6.3 mm.
 A metal hammer or tup weighting 13.5 to 14.0 kg the lower end is cylindrical in shape,
is 50 mm long, 100.0 mm in diameter, with a2mm chamfer at the lower edge and case
hardened. The hammer is arranged in such a way that it should slide freely between
vertical guides and be concentric with the cup. It is arranged that the free fall of the
hammer should be within 380±5 mm.
 A cylindrical metal measure having an internal diameter of 75 mm and depth 50 mm
for measuring aggregates.
 One end rounded tamping rod 10 mm in diameter and 230 mm long.
 A balance of capacity not less than 500 g, and readable and accurate up to 0.1g.

5.4.1.2 Procedure of Aggregate Impact value test:

 The test sample: normally aggregates sized 10.0 mm to 12.5 mm. the aggregates should
be dried by heating at 100-110 °C for a period of 4 hours and cooled.
 Sieve the material through 12.5mm and 10.0 mm IS sieves. The aggregates passing
through 12.5 mm sieve comprises the test material.
 Then, just 1/3rd depth of measuring cylinder is filled by aggregate by pouring.

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 Compact the material by giving 25 gentle blows with the rounded end of the tamping
rod in the cylinder.
 Two more layers are added in a similar manner, to make cylinder full.
 Strike off the surplus aggregates.
 Determine the net weight of the aggregates to the nearest gram (Wl).
 Bring the impact machine to rest without wedging or packing upon the level plate, block
or floor, so that it is rigid and hammer guide columns are vertical.
 25 gentle strokes with tamping rod are used to compact the test sample by fixing the
cup firmly in position on the base of the machine with placing the
 After that raise the hammer until its lower face is 380 mm above the surface of the
aggregate in the cup and allow it to fall freely on the aggregate sample. 15 such blows
at an interval of not less than one second between successive falls are acted on it.
 Remove the crushed aggregate from the cup and sieve it through 2.36 mm IS sieves
until no further significant amount passes in one minute. Weight the fraction passing
the sieve to an accuracy of 1g (W2). The fraction retained in the sieve is weighted.
 Note down the observations in the preform and compute the aggregate impact value.
The ‘Aggregate Impact Value’ is the mean of two observations, rounded to a nearest
whole number.

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 6 CONCLUSION

The internship serves as a link between academic knowledge and practical or real-world
employment in the construction or civil engineering fields. The hosting company's role is to
instruct students and mould them into real-world site workers. My hosting company is a
contractor team that assists me in gaining diverse skills in various roles.

This programme helped to disprove the myth that field work can only be done by students
with a degree or by persons who have worked in the construction industry. We were able to
gain a high level of trust in our ability to cope with challenges that develop during the
construction of a structure.

Overall, the internship programme provided us with a solid platform on which to begin
our careers. We are honoured to have been able to contribute to nation-building during such a
key era in the country's history. Scaling up and replicating this method in other fields will be
extremely beneficial.

As an undergraduate, I believe that this training programme provides us with a wonderful

opportunity to receive hands-on experience and learn things that we would not have learned if
we had gone straight into a career. I am grateful to Bhilai Institute of Technology Raipur and
Singhania Buildcon PVT. LTD. Raipur for providing us with this amazing opportunity.

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 7 REFERENCES

https://www.singhaniabuildcon.com

https://unbuilt.co.in/

https://regrob.com/project/harshit-landmark-hirapur-chowk-raipur/

https://theconstructor.org

https://civiconcepts.com

https://www.aboutcivil.org/

https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au

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