NED UET ME 315 Heat and Mass Transfer Lecture Series

ME 315 HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
Dr. Mubashir Ali Siddiqui

Mechanical Engineering Department
NED University of Engineering & Technology
Karachi, Pakistan
TADREES-E-MAZHARI LECTURE SERIES, HEAT & MASS TRANSFER, MECHANICAL DEPTT, NED UET, KARACHI, PAKISTAN 1
These are NOT Notes. It is the material covered in the class. For in depth
and comprehensive understanding of the topic, students MUST consult
book(s) or other related material. Students relying on these slides ONLY
may face serious difficulties during midterm, quizzes, viva-voce, final
and other forms of examinations.
Chapter 6
INTRODUCTION TO CONVECTION
TADREES-E-MAZHARI LECTURE SERIES,

HEAT & MASS TRANSFER, MECHANICAL 2
DEPTT, NED UET, KARACHI, PAKISTAN
Convection
Convection - mechanism of heat transfer through a fluid in the presence of
bulk fluid motion.
Convection includes energy transfer by both the bulk fluid motion
(advection) and the random motion of fluid molecules (conduction or
diffusion).
Forced Convection - the fluid is forced to flow over a surface or in a pipe
by external means such as a pump or a fan
Natural convection - fluid motion is caused by natural means such as the
buoyancy effect, which manifests itself as the rise of warmer fluid and the
fall of the cooler fluid
External and Internal Convection - the fluid is forced to flow over a surface
or in a channel
 Convection heat transfer involves fluid motion as well as heat
conduction. The fluid motion enhances heat transfer, since it brings
hotter and cooler chunks of fluid into contact, initiating higher rates of
conduction at a greater number of sites in a fluid.
 Convection HT depends upon fluid properties such as dynamic viscosity
𝜇, thermal conductivity k, density 𝜌, and specific heat Cp, as well as the
fluid velocity V.
Classification of Fluid Flows
Viscous versus Inviscid Flow: When two fluid layers move relative to each other, a
friction force develops between them and the slower layer tries to slow down the
faster layer. This internal resistance to flow is called the viscosity, Flows in which
the effects of viscosity are significant are called viscous flows. The effects of
viscosity are very small in some flows, and neglecting those effects greatly
simplifies the analysis without much loss in accuracy. Such idealized flows of zero-
viscosity fluids are called frictionless or inviscid flows.
Internal versus External Flow: The flow in a pipe or duct is internal flow if the
fluid is completely bounded by solid surfaces. The flow of liquids in a pipe is
called open-channel flow if the pipe is partially filled with the liquid and there is
a free surface.
Compressible versus Incompressible Flow: The densities of liquids are
essentially constant, and thus the flow of liquids is typically incompressible.
Therefore, liquids are usually classified as incompressible substances.
Gases, on the other hand, are highly compressible. However, gas flows can be
treated as incompressible if the density changes are under about 5 percent,
which is usually the case when the flow velocity is less than 30 percent of the
velocity of sound in that gas (M < 0.3). The velocity of sound in air at room
temperature is 346 m/s. Therefore, the compressibility effects of air can be
neglected at speeds under 100 m/s.
Classification of Fluid Flows (cont’d)
Laminar versus Turbulent Flow
Some flows are smooth and
orderly while others are rather
chaotic. The highly ordered fluid
motion characterized by smooth
streamlines is called laminar.
The flow of high-viscosity fluids
such as oils at low velocities is
typically laminar. The highly
disordered fluid motion that
typically occurs at high velocities
characterized by velocity
fluctuations is called turbulent.
The flow of low-viscosity fluids
such as air at high velocities is
typically turbulent. The flow
regime greatly influences the heat
transfer rates and the required
power for pumping.
Steady versus Unsteady (Transient) Flow
One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows
The Velocity Boundary Layer
 δ - boundary layer thickness –
the value of y for which u=0.99u∞.
 Boundary layer velocity profile
refers to the manner in which
u varies with y through the boundary layer.
 Two distinct regions, the boundary layer, in which velocity
gradients and shear stresses are large and a region outside the
boundary layer in which velocity gradients and shear stresses are
negligible.
 With increasing distance from the leading edge, the effects of
viscosity penetrate farther into the free stream and the boundary
layer grows (𝛿 increases with x).
 In fluid mechanics its significance to the engineer stems from its
relation to the surface shear stress Τs, and hence to surface
frictional effects.
The Velocity Boundary Layer (cont’d)
Friction force per unit area is called shear stress (𝜏).
Assuming a Newtonian fluid , the surface shear stress may be
evaluated from knowledge of the velocity gradient at the surface
𝜕𝑢
𝜏𝑠 = 𝜇
𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0
A more practical approach in external flow is to relate 𝜏𝑠 to the

upstream velocity as
𝜌𝑉 2
𝜏𝑠 = 𝐶𝑓
2
Cf is the dimensionless friction coefficient, and 𝜌 is the density of
the fluid.
𝜌𝑉 2
𝐹𝑓 = 𝐶𝑓 𝐴𝑠
2
The Thermal Boundary Layer
δt – thermal boundary layer thickness
δt – the thickness of the
region of the fluid in which
temperature gradients
exist.
𝑇𝑠 −𝑇
The value of y for which the ratio = 0.99
𝑇𝑠 −𝑇∞
" 𝜕𝑇
Also, 𝑞𝑠 = −𝑘𝑓
𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0
The subscript s has been used to emphasize that this is the surface
heat flux, but it will be dropped in later sections. At the surface,
there is no fluid motion and energy transfer occurs only by
conduction.
Newton’s Law of Cooling 𝑞𝑠 " = ℎ 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞
𝜕𝑇
𝑘𝑓 𝜕𝑦
𝑦=0
Comparing the two equations, ℎ = −
𝑇𝑠 −𝑇∞
The Thermal Boundary Layer (cont’d)
Since 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ is a constant,
independent of 𝑥 , while 𝛿𝑡
increases with increasing 𝑥,
temperature gradients in the
boundary layer must decrease
with increasing 𝑥.
Accordingly, the magnitude of
𝜕𝑇
decreaes with
𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0
increasing 𝑥 , and it follows
that 𝑞𝑠 " and ℎ decrease with
increasing 𝑥.
Variation of velocity boundary layer thickness

and the local heat transfer coefficient h for
flow over an isothermal flat plate
Laminar and Turbulent Velocity Boundary Layers
Laminar and Turbulent Velocity Boundary Layers
Laminar Sublayer (Viscous Sublayer) - the very thin layer next to the wall
where the viscous effects are dominant. The velocity profile in this layer is
nearly linear, and the flow is streamlined. Transport is dominated by diffusion
and the velocity profile is nearly linear.
Buffer Layer - in which the turbulent effects are significant but not dominant
of the diffusion effects; diffusion and turbulent mixing are comparable
Turbulent Layer - in which the turbulent effects dominate.
The intense mixing of the fluid in turbulent flow as a result of rapid fluctuations
enhances heat and momentum transfer between fluid particles, which increases the
friction force on the surface and the convection heat transfer rate. It also causes the
boundary layer to enlarge. Both the friction and heat transfer coefficients reach
maximum values when the flow becomes fully turbulent.
The turbulent velocity profile is relatively flat due to the mixing that occurs within the
buffer layer and turbulent region, giving rise to large velocity gradients within the
viscous sublayer.
Conditions within the transition zone change with time, with the flow sometimes
exhibiting laminar behavior and sometimes exhibiting the characteristics of turbulent
flow.
Turbulent Flow
Turbulent flow is characterized by random and rapid
fluctuations of groups of fluid particles, called eddies,
throughout the boundary layer. These fluctuations provide
an additional mechanism for momentum and heat transfer.
In laminar flow, fluid particles flow in an orderly manner
along streamlines, and heat is transferred across
streamlines by molecular diffusion. In turbulent flow, the
transverse motion of eddies transport momentum and
heat to other regions of flow before they mix with the rest
of the fluid and lose their identity, greatly enhancing heat
transfer.
Eddying motion in turbulent flow causes significant
fluctuations in the values of velocity, temperature,
pressure, and even density (in compressible flow). The
instantaneous velocity component u varies with time at a
specified location, as can be measured with a hot-wire
anemometer probe or other sensitive device. The
instantaneous values of the velocity fluctuate about a
mean value, and the velocity can be expressed as the sum
of a mean value 𝑢 and a fluctuating component 𝑢′ ,
𝑢 = 𝑢 + 𝑢′
Comparison of Laminar and Turbulent Velocity Boundary
Layer Profiles for the same Free Stream Velocity
Since velocity fluctuates with

time in turbulent flow, the
time-averaged velocity, 𝑢, is
The velocity and temperature gradients plotted
at the wall, and thus the wall shear stress
and heat transfer rate, are much larger
for turbulent flow than they are for
laminar flow (T is shown relative to Ts).
Reynolds Number
𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑉𝐿𝑐 𝜌𝑉𝐿𝑐
𝑅𝑒 = = =
𝑉𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝜈 𝜇
At large Reynolds numbers, the inertia forces, which are proportional
to the density and the velocity of the fluid, are large relative to the
viscous forces, and thus the viscous forces cannot prevent the random
and rapid fluctuations of the fluid. At small Reynolds numbers,
however, the viscous forces are large enough to overcome the inertia
forces and to keep the fluid “in line.” Thus the flow is turbulent in the
first case and laminar in the second.
Note that kinematic viscosity has the unit m2/s, which is identical to the
unit of thermal diffusivity, and can be viewed as viscous diffusivity or
diffusivity for momentum.
The Reynolds number at which the flow becomes turbulent is called

the critical Reynolds number.
𝑉𝑥 𝑢 𝑥
For flow over flat plates, 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑟 = 𝑐𝑟 = ∞ 𝑐𝑟 = 5 × 105
𝜈 𝜈
Reynolds Number (cont’d)
Laminar Flow - characterized by

smooth streamlines and highly-
ordered motion
Turbulent Flow - characterized by

velocity fluctuations and highly-
disordered motion
Nusselt Number
Consider a fluid layer of thickness L and
temperature difference ∆𝑇 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 .
Heat transfer through the fluid layer will be by convection when
the fluid involves some motion and by conduction when the fluid
layer is motionless.
In case of Convection, 𝑞 = ℎ𝐴∆𝑇
∆𝑇
In case of Conduction, 𝑞 = 𝑘𝐴
𝐿
𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 ℎ𝐴∆𝑇 ℎ𝐿
= = = 𝑁𝑢
𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑘𝐴 ∆𝑇 𝑘
𝐿
 Nu number represents the enhancement of heat transfer
through a fluid layer as a result of convection relative to
conduction across the same fluid layer.
 The larger the Nu number, the more effective the convection.
 Nu = 1 for a fluid layer represents heat transfer across the
layer by pure conduction.
Prandtl Number
The relative thickness of the velocity and the thermal boundary
layers is described by the dimensionless parameter Prandtl
number.
𝜇
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝜈 𝜌
𝑃𝑟 = = =
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝛼 𝑘
𝜌𝐶𝑝
𝜇𝐶𝑝 𝛿
= ≈
𝑘 𝛿𝑡
Prandtl 𝜹
Number 𝑷𝒓 =≈
𝜹𝒕
(cont’d)
6.2 Local and Average
Convection Coefficients
𝜕𝑇
−𝑘𝑓
𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0
ℎ=
𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞
𝜕𝑇
Accordingly, the magnitude of decreases with increasing 𝑥, and it
𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0
follows that𝑞𝑠 " and ℎ decrease with increasing 𝑥.
The surface heat flux and convection heat transfer coefficient both vary
along the surface.
The total heat transfer rate q may be obtained by integrating the local flux
over the entire surface.
𝑞= 𝑞 " 𝑑𝐴𝑠 = 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ ℎ 𝑑𝐴𝑠 = ℎ𝐴𝑠 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞

𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑥
1
Where ℎ: Average Convection Coefficient ℎ= ℎ 𝑑𝐴𝑠
𝐴𝑠 𝐴𝑥
For flow over a flat plate, h varies only with the distance x from the leading
1 𝐿
edge and hence ℎ = 0 ℎ 𝑑𝑥
𝐿
Differential Convection Equations
 Parallel flow of a fluid over a
surface
 Flow direction along the surface : x
Flow direction normal to the
surface : y,
 Differential volume element of
length dx, height dy, and unit
depth in the z-direction
 The fluid flows over the surface
with a uniform free-stream
velocity 𝑢∞ , but the velocity within
boundary layer is two-dimensional:
the x-component of the velocity is
u, and the y-component is v.
Conservation of Mass Equation
Mass cannot be created or destroyed
Rate of mass flow into = Rate of mass flow out

the control volume of the control volume
𝑚 = 𝜌𝐴𝑉
Rate at which fluid enters the CV from the left surface = 𝜌 𝑑𝑦. 1 𝑢
𝜕𝑢
Rate at which fluid leaves the CV from the right surface = 𝜌 𝑑𝑦. 1 𝑢+ 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑥
Rate at which fluid enters the CV from the bottom surface = 𝜌 𝑑𝑥. 1 𝑣
𝜕𝑣
Rate at which fluid leaves the CV from the top surface = 𝜌 𝑑𝑥. 1 𝑣+ 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Thus 𝜌 𝑑𝑦. 1 𝑢 + 𝜌 𝑑𝑥. 1 𝑣 = 𝜌 𝑑𝑦. 1 𝑢+ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝜌 𝑑𝑥. 1 𝑣+ 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜌 𝑑𝑦. 1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝜌 𝑑𝑥. 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Dividing throughout by dx. dy. 1, we get + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Conservation of Momentum Equations
Newton’s second law of motion - conservation of momentum
Net force acting on the control volume is equal to the mass times the
acceleration of the fluid element within the control volume, which is
also equal to the net rate of momentum outflow from the control
volume.
(Mass)(Acceleration)=Net force (body and surface) in that direction
𝛿𝑚. 𝑎𝑥 = 𝐹𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒,𝑥 + 𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦,𝑥

Where 𝛿𝑚 = 𝜌 𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑦. 1
Since the flow is two dimensional, 𝑢 = 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 , the total differential
of 𝑢 is
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Thus acceleration is 𝑎𝑥 = = + =𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Conservation of Momentum
Equations (cont’d)
Neglecting the normal stresses for
simplicity, the surface forces acting on
the CV in x-direction will be as shown.
Pressure – compressive force applied on the
fluid element by the surrounding fluid, and is
always directed to the surface.
𝜕𝜏 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝜏 𝜕𝑃
𝐹𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒,𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥. 1 − 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦. 1 = − 𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑦. 1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕 2 𝑢 𝜕𝑃
= 𝜇 2− 𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑦. 1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
∴ 𝛿𝑚. 𝑎𝑥 = 𝐹𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒,𝑥 + 𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦,𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 2 𝑢 𝜕𝑃
⇒ 𝜌 𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑦. 1 × 𝑢 +𝑣 = 𝜇 2− 𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑦. 1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 2 𝑢 𝜕𝑃
𝑜𝑟 𝜌 𝑢 +𝑣 = 𝜇 2−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Conservation of Momentum Equations (cont’d)
 In a boundary layer, the velocity component in the flow direction is
much larger than that in the normal direction, and thus u ≫ v, and
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑥 and 𝜕𝑦 are negligible.
 Also, u varies greatly with y in the normal direction from zero at the
wall surface to nearly the free-stream value across the relatively
thin boundary layer, while the variation of u with x along the flow is
typically small. Therefore, 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦 ≫ 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥.
 Similarly, if the fluid and the wall are at different temperatures and
the fluid is heated or cooled during flow, heat conduction will occur
primarily in the direction normal to the surface, and thus 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑦 ≫
𝜕𝑇
𝜕𝑥.
 That is, the velocity and temperature gradients normal to the
surface are much greater than those along the surface. These
simplifications are known as the boundary layer approximations.
These approximations greatly simplify the analysis usually with
little loss in accuracy.
(Mass)(Acceleration)=Net force (body &surface) acting in that direction
𝛿𝑚. 𝑎𝑦 = 𝐹𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒,𝑦 + 𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦,𝑦
Where 𝛿𝑚 = 𝜌 𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑦. 1
Since the flow is two dimensional, 𝑣 = 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 , the total differential of
𝑢 is
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑑𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑣 𝑑𝑦
Thus acceleration is 𝑎𝑦 = = + = 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡
𝜕𝑃
Thus =0
𝜕𝑦
That is, the variation of pressure in the direction normal to the surface is
𝜕𝑃 𝑑𝑃
negligible, and thus P =P(x) and = .
𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Then it follows that for a given x, the pressure in the boundary layer is
equal to the pressure in the free stream.
The velocity components in the free stream region of a flat plate are
𝑢 = 𝑢∞ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 and𝑣 = 0.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕𝑃
Thus 𝜌 𝑢 +𝑣 = 𝜇 2 −
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑃
Implies =0
𝜕𝑥
Therefore, for flow over a flat plate, the pressure remains constant
over the entire plate (both inside and outside the boundary layer).
Conservation of Energy Equation
𝐸𝑖𝑛 − 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ∆𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
For steady flow, ∆𝐸 = 0,
∴ 𝐸𝑖𝑛 − 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0
Since energy can be transferred by
heat, work, and mass,
∴ 𝐸𝑖𝑛 − 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 + 𝐸𝑖𝑛 − 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
+ 𝐸𝑖𝑛 − 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 =0
𝜕 𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑥
𝐸𝑖𝑛 − 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠,𝑥 = 𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑥− 𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑥+ . 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑥
𝜕 𝜌 𝑑𝑦. 1 𝑢. 𝐶𝑝 𝑇
=− . 𝑑𝑥 = − . 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑢
= −𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑦. 1 𝑢 +𝑇
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑣
Similarly 𝐸𝑖𝑛 − 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠,𝑦 = −𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑦. 1 +𝑣 𝑇
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
Thus 𝐸𝑖𝑛 − 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 = −𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑦. 1 𝑢 +𝑣
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Conservation of Energy Equation (cont’d)
𝜕𝑞𝑥 𝜕𝑞𝑥
𝐸𝑖𝑛 − 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡,𝑥 = 𝑞𝑥 − 𝑞𝑥 + . 𝑑𝑥 =- . 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕2𝑇
=− −𝑘. 𝑑𝑦. 1 . 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑦. 1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕2 𝑇
Similarly, 𝐸𝑖𝑛 − 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡,𝑦 = 𝑘 𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑦. 1
𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕2 𝑇 𝜕2 𝑇
Thus 𝐸𝑖𝑛 − 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 = 𝑘 𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑦. 1 + 2
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕2𝑇 𝜕2𝑇
∴ 𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝑢 +𝑣 =𝑘 2
+ 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
6.5 Boundary Layer Similarity: The Normalized
Boundary Layer Equations
Boundary layer equations are normalized by defining dimensionless
variables
∗ 𝑥 ∗ 𝑦 ∗ 𝑢 ∗ 𝑣 ∗ 𝑃 ∗ 𝑇−𝑇𝑠
𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑢 = 𝑣 = 𝑃 = 2 𝑇 =
𝐿 𝐿 𝑉 𝑉 𝜌𝑉 𝑇∞ −𝑇𝑠
Substituting in
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Continuity Equation + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜇 𝜕2 𝑢 1 𝑑𝑃
Momentum Equation 𝑢 +𝑣 = −
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜌 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜌 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕2 𝑇
and Energy Equation 𝑢 +𝑣 =𝛼 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢∗ 𝜕𝑣 ∗
we get Continuity Equation + ∗=0
𝜕𝑥 ∗ 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 ∗ 𝜕𝑢∗ 1 𝜕 2 𝑢∗ 𝑑𝑃∗
Momentum Equation 𝑢 ∗ +𝑣 ∗ = − ∗
𝜕𝑥 ∗ 𝜕𝑦 ∗ 𝑅𝑒𝐿 𝜕𝑦 ∗ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑇 ∗ 𝜕𝑇 ∗ 1 𝜕 𝑇 2 ∗
and Energy Equation 𝑢∗ ∗ + 𝑣 ∗ ∗ =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑅𝑒𝐿 𝑃𝑟 𝜕𝑦 ∗ 2
6.5 Boundary Layer Similarity: The Normalized Boundary
Layer Equations (cont’d)
𝑥 𝑦 𝑢𝑣 𝑃 𝑇−𝑇𝑠
𝑥∗ = 𝑦∗ = 𝑢∗ = 𝑃∗ 𝑣∗ = = 𝑇∗ =
𝐿 𝐿 𝑉𝑉 𝜌𝑉 2 𝑇∞ −𝑇𝑠
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Substituting in Continuity Equation + = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝑢∗ 𝑉 𝜕 𝑣 ∗𝑉 𝑉 𝜕 𝑢∗ 𝑉 𝜕 𝑣∗ 𝝏𝒖∗ 𝝏𝒗∗
+ =0 ⇒ + =0 ⇒ ∗+ ∗=𝟎
𝜕 𝑥 ∗𝐿 𝜕 𝑦∗𝐿 𝐿𝜕 𝑥∗ 𝐿 𝜕 𝑦∗ 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜇 𝜕2 𝑢 1 𝑑𝑃
Momentum Equation 𝑢 +𝑣 = −
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜌 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜌 𝑑𝑥
𝜕 𝑢 ∗𝑉 𝜕 𝑢 ∗𝑉 𝜇 𝜕 2 𝑢∗ 𝑉 1 𝑑 𝑃∗ 𝜌𝑉 2
𝑢∗ 𝑉 ∗
+ 𝑣 ∗𝑉 = −
𝜕 𝑥 𝐿 𝜕 𝑥∗𝐿 𝜌 𝜕 𝑦 ∗𝐿 2 𝜌 𝑑 𝑥 ∗𝐿
𝑉 𝜕 𝑢 ∗ 𝑉 𝜕 𝑢 ∗ 𝜇 𝑉 𝜕 2 𝑢∗ 1 𝜌𝑉 2 𝑑 𝑃∗
𝑢∗ 𝑉 + 𝑣 ∗𝑉 = 2 −
𝐿 𝜕 𝑥∗ 𝐿 𝜕 𝑥∗ 𝜌 𝐿 𝜕 𝑦∗ 2 𝜌 𝐿 𝑑 𝑥∗
2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗
𝑉 𝜕 𝑢 𝑉 𝜕 𝑢 𝜇 𝑉 𝜕 𝑢 𝑉 𝑑 𝑃
𝑢∗ + 𝑣 ∗
= 2 −
𝐿 𝜕 𝑥∗ 𝐿 𝜕 𝑥∗ 𝜌 𝐿 𝜕 𝑦∗ 2 𝐿 𝑑 𝑥∗
2
Dividing throughout by 𝑉 𝐿,
𝜕𝑢 ∗ 𝜕𝑢 ∗ 𝜇 1 𝜕 2 𝑢∗ 𝑑𝑃 ∗ 𝝏𝒖 ∗ 𝝏𝒖 ∗ 𝟏 𝝏 𝟐 𝒖∗ 𝒅𝑷 ∗
𝑢∗ ∗ + 𝑣 ∗ ∗ = ∗ 2
− ∗ ⇒ 𝒖∗ ∗ + 𝒗∗ ∗ = −
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝑉𝐿 𝜕 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙 𝑹𝒆 𝝏 𝒚∗ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙∗
Boundary Layer Equations (cont’d)
USE Boundary Layer Equations (cont’d)
They allow us to apply results obtained
for a surface experiencing one set of
convective conditions to geometrically
similar surfaces experiencing entirely
different conditions.
These conditions may vary, for example,
with the fluid, the fluid velocity as
described by the free stream value V,
and/or the size of the surface as
described by the characteristic length L.
Two geometrically similar
As long as the similarity parameters and bodies have the same
dimensionless boundary conditions are value of friction Coefficient
the same for two sets of conditions, the at the same Reynolds
solutions of the differential equations of number.
Table 6.1 for the nondimensional
velocity, temperature, and species
concentration will be identical.
6.5.2 Functional Form of the Solutions
Solution to Equation 6.35 will be of the functional form
𝑑𝑝∗
𝑢∗ ∗ ∗
= 𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑅𝑒𝐿 , ∗
𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜇𝑉 𝜕𝑢∗
Also, 𝜏𝑠 = 𝜇 =
𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0 𝐿 𝜕𝑦 ∗ 𝑦 ∗ =0
𝜏𝑠 2 𝜕𝑢∗
Similarly 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑓 = 1 =
𝜌𝑉 2 𝑅𝑒𝐿 𝜕𝑦 ∗ 𝑦 ∗ =0
2
𝜕𝑢∗ 𝑑𝑝∗
And = 𝑓 𝑥 ∗ , 𝑅𝑒𝐿 ,
𝜕𝑦 ∗ 𝑦 ∗ =0 𝑑𝑥 ∗
2
Hence for a prescribed geometry, 𝐶𝑓 = 𝑓 𝑥 ∗ , 𝑅𝑒𝐿
𝑅𝑒𝐿
[For a given geometry, the Cf must be some universal function of x*
and ReL]
6.5.2 Functional Form of the Solutions
(cont’d)
Solution to Equation 6.36 will be of the functional form
𝑇 ∗ = 𝑓 𝑥 ∗ , 𝑦 ∗ , 𝑅𝑒𝐿 , 𝑃𝑟
𝜕𝑇
−𝑘𝑓 𝜕𝑦
𝑦=0 𝑘𝑓 𝑇∞ −𝑇𝑠 𝜕𝑇 ∗ 𝑘𝑓 𝜕𝑇 ∗
Also, ℎ = = − =
𝑇𝑠 −𝑇∞ 𝐿 𝑇𝑠 −𝑇∞ 𝜕𝑦 ∗ 𝑦 ∗ =0 𝐿 𝜕𝑦 ∗ 𝑦 ∗ =0
ℎ𝐿 𝜕𝑇 ∗
Thus 𝑁𝑢 = =
𝑘𝑓 𝜕𝑦 ∗ 𝑦 ∗ =0
Hence, for a prescribed geometry, Nu = 𝑓 𝑥 ∗ , 𝑅𝑒𝐿 , 𝑃𝑟
[For a given geometry, the Nu must be some universal function of x*,
ReL, and Pr]
Since the average heat transfer coefficient is obtained by integrating
over the surface of the body, it must be independent of the spatial
variable x*. Hence the functional dependence of the average Nusselt
ℎ𝐿
number is 𝑁𝑢 = = 𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝐿 , 𝑃𝑟
𝑘𝑓
6.7 Boundary Layer Analogies
TABLE 6.3
Functional relations pertinent to the boundary layer analogies
6.7 Boundary Layer Analogies (cont’d)
∗ 𝜕𝑢∗ ∗ 𝜕𝑢∗ 1 𝜕 2 𝑢∗ 𝑑𝑃 ∗
Momentum Equation 𝑢 +𝑣 = − ∗ (6.35)
𝜕𝑥 ∗ 𝜕𝑦 ∗ 𝑅𝑒𝐿 𝜕𝑦 ∗ 2 𝑑𝑥
∗ ∗ 1 𝜕2 𝑇 ∗
∗ 𝜕𝑇 ∗ 𝜕𝑇
and Energy Equation 𝑢 +𝑣 = (6.36)
𝜕𝑥 ∗ 𝜕𝑦 ∗ 𝑅𝑒𝐿 𝑃𝑟 𝜕𝑦 ∗ 2
𝑑𝑃∗
When ∗ = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 Pr = 1, the two equations have the same form:
𝑑𝑥
∗ 𝜕𝑢∗ ∗ 𝜕𝑢∗ 1 𝜕2 𝑢∗
Momentum Equation 𝑢 +𝑣 =
𝜕𝑥 ∗ 𝜕𝑦 ∗ 𝑅𝑒𝐿 𝜕𝑦 ∗ 2
∗ 𝜕𝑇 ∗ ∗ 𝜕𝑇 ∗ 1 𝜕2 𝑇 ∗
and Energy Equation 𝑢 +𝑣 =
𝜕𝑥 ∗ 𝜕𝑦 ∗ 𝑅𝑒𝐿 𝜕𝑦 ∗ 2
Hence the functional forms of the solutions for u* and T* must be

equivalent. Therefore, the functions u* and T* must be identical,
and thus the first derivatives of u* and T* at the surface must be
equal to each other,
𝜕𝑢∗ 𝜕𝑇 ∗
∗ = ∗
𝜕𝑦 𝑦∗ =0 𝜕𝑦 𝑦∗=0
6.7 Boundary Layer Analogies (cont’d)
Then (using equations (6.48) and (6.45),
ℎ𝐿 𝜕𝑇 ∗ 𝜕𝑢∗ 𝑅𝑒
𝑁𝑢 = = = = 𝐶𝑓
𝑘 𝜕𝑦 ∗ 𝑦 ∗ =0 𝜕𝑦 ∗ 𝑦 ∗ =0 2
𝑁𝑢 ℎ
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑡 = =
𝑅𝑒. 𝑃𝑟 𝜌𝑉𝐶𝑝
𝑁𝑢 𝐶𝑓
𝑆𝑡 = = , 𝑖𝑓 𝑃𝑟 = 1 (6.69)
𝑅𝑒.𝑃𝑟 2
𝑑𝑃∗
Eq (6.69) : Reynold’s Analogy (for = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 Pr = 1).
𝑑𝑥 ∗
However, it has been shown that the analogy may be applied over a
wide range of Pr and Sc, if certain corrections are added, and is
called Modified Reynolds, or Chilton Colburn, Analogy.
𝐶𝑓 2
= 𝑆𝑡𝑃𝑟 3 ≡ 𝑗𝐻 0.6 < 𝑃𝑟 < 60
2
𝑗𝐻 : Colburn j factor for heat transfer

NED UET ME 315 Heat and Mass Transfer Lecture Series

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

NED UET ME 315 Heat and Mass Transfer Lecture Series

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ME 315 HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

Dr. Mubashir Ali Siddiqui

TADREES-E-MAZHARI LECTURE SERIES,

One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows

A more practical approach in external flow is to relate 𝜏𝑠 to the

Variation of velocity boundary layer thickness

Since velocity fluctuates with

The Reynolds number at which the flow becomes turbulent is called

Laminar Flow - characterized by

Turbulent Flow - characterized by

𝑞= 𝑞 " 𝑑𝐴𝑠 = 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ ℎ 𝑑𝐴𝑠 = ℎ𝐴𝑠 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞

Rate of mass flow into = Rate of mass flow out

(Mass)(Acceleration)=Net force (body and surface) in that direction

𝛿𝑚. 𝑎𝑥 = 𝐹𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒,𝑥 + 𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦,𝑥

Hence the functional forms of the solutions for u* and T* must be

You might also like