UNIT 4

FAMILY ISSUE
Desired Learning Outcomes:
1. Differentiated different family roles and patterns;
2. Demonstrated understanding on strengthening family relationship;

A. Family Culture and Traditions

• Concepts of family and Family patterns

Introduction to Concepts of Family

The family can be conceptualized in numerous ways; underlying each is a

fundamental idea about the structure of the family and its function in society. Some
define a family purely in terms of sharing a household, a collection of individuals
living together. Others define the family based on kinship. A family is a group of
people who share common ancestors or a basic social unit comprised of parents and
their children. Some assert that biological kinship is the defining element of family,
while opponents assert that families can be a blended collection of individuals related
by marriage, adoption, partnership, or friendship.

Social theorists have questioned the nature of family since the ancient times. The
modern era has witnessed numerous transformations of prevailing concepts of family
in Western society. "Love and the Formations of Family" discusses Sigmund Freud's
concept of the family as a comprehensive social unit formed by physical, biological,
emotional, and economic necessities. "Myth of the Perfect Family" introduces the
cultural myth of the perfect family, then counters the idea with a survey of diverse
family structures. "'Blended Families' and Other Euphemisms" provides a personal
account of the increasingly common reshaping and melding of families through
divorce and remarriage. Also provided herein is demographic information on what
contemporary families and households look like in the United States.

How individuals conceptualize the family is influenced by culture, religion, law, and
politics. Concepts of family are diverse. Fundamental to understanding varying
concepts of family are several essential questions. What makes a family? How are
families created and maintained? Who are members of a family? What are the roles of
members within the family? What is the role of family in society? How are families
essential to society? What social forces have shaped our perceptions of family? From
nuclear families to extended families, so-called traditional families to blended
families, this chapter presents an overview of the different concepts of family found
throughout this volume.

Family Pattern

a characteristic quality of the relationship between the members of a particular family

(e.g., between parents and children). Family patterns vary widely in emotional tone
and in the attitudes of the members toward each other. Some families are warm,
others cool; some are extremely close and symbiotic, in others the members keep each
other at a distance; some are open to friends and relatives, others are not; in some, one
or more children are accepted and loved, in others one or more children are distanced
or otherwise rejected. Such patterns or elements of such patterns may range from
nonconscious to fully realized. See also pathogenic family pattern

https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-
magazines/introduction-concepts-family

https://dictionary.apa.org/family-pattern

• Family roles

Types of Family Roles

Family roles are the recurrent patterns of behavior by which individuals fulfill family
functions and needs (Epstein, N. B. Bishop, D., Ryan, C., Miller, & Keitner, G. (1993)
Individual members of families occupy certain roles such as child, sibling, grandchild.
Along with roles come certain social and family expectations for how those roles
should be fulfilled. For example, parents are expected to teach, discipline, and
provide for their children. And children are expected to cooperate and respect their
parents. As family members age, they take on additional roles, such as becoming a
spouse, parent, or grandparent. A person's role is always expanding or changing,
depending upon his or her age and family stage.

Instrumental and Affective Roles

Individuals within a family have both instrumental and affective roles to fulfill. Each
serves an important function in maintaining healthy family functioning. Instrumental
roles are concerned with the provision of physical resources (e.g., food, clothing, and
shelter), decision-making and family management. Affective roles exist to provide
emotional support and encouragement to family members. Both sets of roles must
be present for healthy family functioning. In addition, families must also consider
issues of roles allocation and accountablility.

● Five Essential Roles for Effective Family Functioning

There are many roles within a family; however, researchers have identified the
following five roles as being essential for a healthy family.

• Provision of Resources

Providing resources, such as money, food, clothing, and shelter, for all family
members is one of the most basic, yet important, roles within a family. This is
primarily an instrumental role.

• Nurturance and Support

Nurturing and supporting other family members is primarily an affective role and
includes providing comfort, warmth, and reassurance for family members. Examples
of this role are a parent comforting a child after he/she has a bad day at school, or
family members supporting one another after the death of a loved one.

• Life Skills Development

The life skills development role includes the physical emotional, educational, and
social development of children and adults. Examples of this role are a parent helping
a child make it through school, or a parent helping a young adult child decide on a
career path.

• Maintenance and Management of the Family System

This fourth role involves many tasks, including leadership, decision making, handling
family finances, and maintaining appropriate roles with respect to extended family,
friends and neighbors. Other responsibilities of this role include maintaining discipline
and enforcing behavioral standards.

• Sexual Gratification of Marital Partners

A satisfying sexual relationship is one of the keys to a quality marital relationship.

This role involves meeting sexual needs in a manner that is satisfying to both
spouses.

Role Allocation

Role allocation is the assignment of responsibilities within a family that enables the
family to function properly.

Families have to make many decisions, often on a daily basis, about who will be
responsible for completing a certain task or fulfilling a particular responsibility. For
example, families must decide who will take out the trash, who will take the children
to school, who will cook dinner, who will watch the children after they return from
school, who will work and provide financial support for the family, etc. In healthy
families, roles are assigned in such a way that family members are not
overburdened.

Sharing roles, such as child care, is an important family task.

Role Accountability

Role accountability refers to a family member's sense of responsibility for completing

the tasks of an assigned role. In healthy families, there are procedures in place
which ensure that necessary family functions are fulfilled. For example, parents in
healthy families understand that they are responsible for disciplining their children.
When discipline is needed, they do not hesitate. These parents know that a failure to
fulfill this role properly will result in child behavior problems which will disrupt the
family's ability to function.

Suggestions for Developing Healthy Family Roles

The assigning and carrying out of family roles can be a difficult task, requiring
tremendous effort on the part of individual family members. However, listed below
are some guidelines that can help families make this process easier, leading to
healthier functioning.

• Establish Clear Roles

Roles should be clearly identifiable. Individual family members must know and
acknowledge their roles and responsibilities. For example, in healthy families,
mothers and fathers have a clear understanding of their role as parents. They are to
provide physical resources (e.g., food, clothing, shelter), discipline, and a supportive,
nurturing environment that facilitates their children's physical and emotional
development. Families that are having difficulties often find that their family roles are
not well defined and individual members do not understand what is expected of
them. Establishing clear roles helps a family function more effectively because each
member knows what he/she is expected to accomplish. If these individuals fail to
fulfill their roles then other family members might have to do extra work, making
them feel resentful and overburdened, thus hurting the functioning of the family.

• Allow for Flexibility

Flexibility in roles is essential in a healthy family. Family roles naturally change over
time. They also may change during times of crisis, such as when a family member
becomes seriously ill or unexpectedly dies. The difference between healthy and
unhealthy families in these situations is the healthy family's ability to adjust and
adapt, which often requires a temporary or permanent shift in roles. In the case of
illness or death, it is sometimes necessary for other family members to take on
additional roles (e.g., becoming a financial provider). Flexibility in roles is essential in
a healthy family.

• Allocate Roles Fairly

In healthy families, every member is responsible for fulfilling certain roles. These
roles are spread among the various members so that no one is asked to take on too
many responsibilities. Problems arise if one family member is forced to fulfill too
many roles. An example of this is when fulltime working mothers are expected to
take care of the children and complete the majority of household tasks with little
assistance from other family members. It is important to discuss, as a family, each
member's understanding of the roles he or she has been assigned. If someone feels
overburdened and unable to fulfill that particular role, then changes may be needed.
In healthy families, children are required to take on appropriate roles of responsibility
within the family.Flexibility in roles is essential in a healthy family.

• Be Responsible in Fulfilling Family Roles

Families that function well have members who take their roles seriously and do their
best to fulfill their duties. Members who fail to take their roles seriously, or who
refuse to carry out their roles, can create significant problems for the entire family.
An example of failing to fulfill a role is when a parent does not provide adequate
physical and emotional support for his/her children. There are many problems that
can result from this failure, including behavior problems, depression, and low self-
esteem. Willingness to take responsibility for one's roles contributes to a healthy
family.

In healthy families, children are required to take on appropriate roles of responsibility

within the family.

Focus on Family Strengths

Establishing clear, flexible roles is a key to successful family functioning. Research

indicates that families who do so will not only be able to deal with everyday family
life, but also will be better equipped to handle unexpected family crises. (Family
Therapy News, 1990). In families where clear, flexible roles exist, individual
members will be much more likely to take their responsibilities seriously.

Family Assessment

Successful Healthy families periodically take inventory of their strengths and

weaknesses and take steps to improve their home and family environment. Isn't it
time your family took an inventory of how well it is doing?

https://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/350/350-093/350-093.html
 • Family Customs

Family Customs

It is difficult, if not impossible, to be specific about the American family because of

the many regional, religious, and national backgrounds that are found in the U.S.
The East Coast, West Coast, Midwest, North and South regions, etc., all have
different customs and family values that have developed over the years. The
following information about American families are generalizations and may not be
true of families that you meet.

There are several different combinations of people that may make up a family unit.
The family you meet may be composed of a mother, father and children, but other
families you meet may be composed of a single parent with children, two or more
partners who live together, a husband and wife with no children at home or no
children at all, or an adult who lives alone and has close friends that share special
times and activities. In many families, both the husband and wife are employed
away from home. Few American families have servants. At most, they may have
someone to stay with children while they are away (a "babysitter") or someone to do
weekly cleaning or yard work as it is needed.

Household responsibilities are often shared among family members, including

children. Gender does not necessarily determine familial responsibilities. Jobs that
were once performed mainly by women (such as cooking and cleaning) and those
once performed mainly by men (such as taking care of the car and yard) are often
done by either gender. Traditional patterns are still followed in some families.
American families often share more than household duties. For example, husbands
and wives may share in making decisions and in taking responsibility for other family
members. The opinions of children are often asked for and accepted and children are
often included in entertaining.

The individuality and autonomy so valued by Americans has extended into the family
setting to the extent that individual rights within the family are enforced by law. It is
now illegal, for example, for an individual to use physical force on another even
though that person may be his/her spouse or child. What was formerly considered
"discipline" or exercise of authority within the family is now a matter for official
intervention. Neighbors may report such instances to the police. In addition,
professionals such as counselors, teachers, and doctors are required to report
suspected instances of physical abuse to the authorities.

https://www.wsc.edu/info/20031/international_students/702/cultural_adjustments/3

B. Family relationships
• Communication and Interaction

communication and interaction is defined as follows:

‘Children and young people with speech, language and communication needs (SLCN)
have difficulty in communicating with others. This may be because they have
difficulty saying what they want to, understanding what is being said to them, or
they do not understand or use social rules of communication. The profile for every
child with SLCN is different and their needs may change over time. They may have
difficulty with one, some or all of the different aspects of speech, language or social
communication at different times of their lives.’

Children and young people with ASD, including Asperger’s Syndrome and Autism, are
likely to have particular difficulties with social interaction. They may also experience
difficulties with language, communication and imagination, which can impact on how
they relate to others. Communication and interaction needs could include:

difficulties with producing or responding to expressive or receptive language

difficulties uttering speech sounds

difficulties understanding spoken and other communications from others

difficulties with understanding age-related social conventions of interaction, such

as turn-taking during conversations or appropriate level of physical contact during
play

https://www.sendgateway.org.uk/whole-school-send/what-works/communication-
and-interaction/

• Family norms and rules

What Are Family Rules?

Family rules are certain statements or instructions about the behavior that is
expected of the members, especially children. Family rules can be specific to a
situation, such as dining and safety rules, and certain ground rules such as not being
violent.

If you are wondering why there should be rules at home, a place where we can be
ourselves without really worrying about our behavior, then let’s explain the need for
having rules in the family.

Why Should A Family Have Rules?

Often we hear people saying, “He comes from a good family.” So, what makes a
‘good family’? Having rules is one of the foundations for a good family.

A family, which has a set of rules, is most likely to be successful. Moreover, rules are
not restricted to children alone as they apply to adults as well. When we have rules
set by the state and our work place, then why not we have a few at home?

Here’s why all family members should know and follow the rules:

• When all the members follow the rules, it helps them lead a harmonious life,
and also each individual knows about their responsibility towards the others
in the family.
 • Rules help you have discipline in life and make your daily routine predictable
and smooth.

• Following rules at home will help you and your children follow them at other
places too.

• Children understand which behavior is ‘okay’ and which is ‘not okay’.

• Children are tempted to break rules; the flip side is that they get to
understand the consequences of breaking rules so that they don’t break them
in future.

• The rules should apply equally to everyone in the family lest

• Your child gets mixed messages about them. For example, you have a rule,
‘no yelling,’ but you yell at your kids; you have a rule ‘no eating on the
couch,’ but you eat on the couch sometimes. This doesn’t send the right
message to your kid.

So, convinced about the need for family rules? Then let’s move on to see the rules
that you could have for your family.

Common Family Rules

Irrespective of the family type, here are the common family rules that you may have:

1. Have your meals together:

Image: iStock

“A family that eats together stays together.” Eating together as a family helps you
bond and share your experiences with each other. However, have these rules during
mealtime:

• Have your meal at the dining table and not on the couch.

• Ensure the television is off while you are eating.

• Keep your mobiles away from the dining table, or you will be tempted to keep
checking on them.

• Assign your children the responsibility of setting up the table.

• Instruct your children to focus on eating and chewing their food and not play
while eating.

• Tell your kids not to talk when their mouths are full.

• Serve only so much food that you want to eat, don’t waste. It will also help
your kids realize the importance of food.

• Don’t rush the dinner time; this is the time you get to discuss what happened
during the day so take it at a medium pace.

• If it is not possible to have a family dinner every day, have it as many times
as possible in a week.

• Skipping meals is not allowed unless there is a valid reason such as ill health.
 • Clear your plate after eating.

• Put the plates in the dishwasher after clearing.

2. Follow the road safety rules:

Image: iStock

It’s better to be safe than sorry. No matter how urgent your work is, you must follow
these safety rules:

• Buckle up your seat belts before you drive.

• Ensure the doors are locked and the child lock is working.

• Do not take phone calls or text messages while driving.

• If you are traveling with an infant, secure them in the car seat with the belt
buckled in.

• Instruct your kids not to distract you while driving, by making too much noise
or quarreling.

• Tell all members of the family to watch out for each other; if someone breaks
the road rules, the others will remind them.

These safety rules have to be always followed, whether traveling in your own car or
with someone else.

3. Be polite, respectful, and compassionate:

Image: iStock

Make it a practice to speak politely whether it’s with your family members or
outsiders. Remember these points:

• It might be difficult to speak softly when you are angry, but don’t yell no
matter what. Make a conscious effort to do so and practice breathing
exercises to calm down.

• Teach your kids better ways of handling their anger and frustration such as
giving them a time-out, drawing to express their anger, or counting numbers
to ten.

• Explain your kids the importance of the three golden words, please, thank
you and sorry.

• Help them channelize their energies and emotions through useful activities.

• The simple way to teach your kids to speak politely is to set an example.
Parents are the first teachers to children, so when they see you talking
politely, they will learn to do so.

• Teach your kids to respect elders, care for them and be compassionate
towards the needy and animals.
4. Share the household chores:

Image: iStock

It’s a tedious process to clean up your home after a tiring day. Sharing the chores
will ease up the burden.

• Share the cleaning tasks; one can take up vacuuming, another can wash the
dishes, and the rest can change the sheets or do laundry.

• Keep the things, such as keys, remote, and dishes, in their place to avoid
chaos the next day.

• Don’t rush the things next day. Keep the stuff, such as chopped veggies,
ironed clothes, and shoes, ready for the next day.

5. Seek permission or inform before stepping out:

You need to define boundaries and make sure that everyone stays within them. Here
are a few:

• Teach your kids to inform you or take your permission before they go out.

• Tell them that they can go out only when you or your spouse permits them;
they can’t choose to go somewhere else from there. If they plan to, they
must inform you about it.

• Make sure you have the contact numbers of the parents/guardians of your
children’s friends.

• Give your numbers to your children before they leave, or even better let them
know your numbers by heart.

• If you have younger children, tell them not to entertain strangers and shout
for help if they sense danger.

6. Hygiene:

Image: Shutterstock

Hygiene starts at home. Practising these hygiene rules will help your kids stay safe
and also imbibe them in their daily life:

• Tell them to wash hands before and after eating food and after using the
toilet.

• Keep a hand sanitizer while you travel and let your kids carry one to school.
They may use the sanitizer before eating their snack and lunch.

• Teach your kids to cover their nose and mouth when they sneeze or cough to
prevent the spreading of the infection.

• Clear the waste bins every day.

• Flush the toilet after use.

Other General Family Rules:

• Turn off the lights when you leave the room.

• Dry the towels after you use them.

• Turn off the television if you are not watching.

• Put your clothes in the laundry basket.

• Put your shoes in the shoe rack.

• Check if the door is locked before you leave.

• Put things back in their designated places such as keys, bags, and books.

• Wind up the toys or games after playing.

• Wait for your turn to talk while in a conversation with your parents or a
group.

Rules bring order in our lives. But how do you go about defining the family rules?
Let’s help you understand the process:

Steps In Defining Family Rules

For defining any rule, there has to be proper planning and execution. Family rules
are no exception. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends
the below steps for defining your family rules:

1. Identify the rules: Sit with your partner and identify the rules. The list can
be endless but prioritize the rules such as safety, dinner time, or hygiene
rules. It can also be specific to behaviors that are not acceptable, such as
spilling water, hitting, biting, throwing or jumping on the bed. Start with the
problem behaviors you want to address.

2. Explain the rules: After you define the rule, explain it and ensure that your
child understands the rule. If you have a rule, “no spanking,” you have to
explain what is spanking. Tell them why they should not spank.

3. Enforce the consequences for breaking the rules: When rules are
made, you should also decide the consequences for breaking the rule. When
the rules are broken, the consequences should be enforced immediately for
the rule to be effective. For example, if your child hit his sibling, then he gets
a timeout for five minutes or loses a certain privilege.

4. Follow the rules: Children learn by imitation. So, you should be exemplary
in your behavior for your children to be the same. For example: when you are
respectful to others, your children tend to respect their elders.Note that the
rules cannot be rigid. They may be relaxed under some special
circumstances. Also, they need to be changed as your children grow. Rules
for a toddler may not be the same as those for an older child. So, begin by
knowing from when you can set rules for your kid.

When should you start making rules?

You can start defining rules when your child acquires language skills and starts
understanding your tone of language and communication within the family. Let’s look
at how you need to make rules at two crucial stages in a child’s life:

Toddlerhood (2-5 years):

Toddlers lack self-control and are still in the training stage. They are most often in a
playful mood and tend to forget the rules. They need support and reminders to
follow the rules. You need to be strict and cautious with them, especially with the
safety rules, like ‘staying away from fire and electricity’.

Children with special needs might require extra support and help to understand and
remember the rules.

School-aged/older children (6-12 years):

As children grow up, you need to make new rules appropriate to their age. Don’t
have high expectations, it can make it difficult for them to follow. Involving them in
making new rules helps them understand the rules better.

You can reinforce the habit by rewarding them for following the rules. Don’t use
punitive methods as consequences for breaking the rules as the children are still
young. Refraining from privileges should be a good consequence at this age.

Teenage (13- 18 years):

Involving teens while making rules helps them be responsible for their behavior.
They want freedom and independence in everything they do and when their freedom
is restricted, they rebel and try breaking the rules. Besides, they might be
sandwiched between family rules and peer pressure. This poses a great challenge for
parents.

To make sure that your teen follows the rules, involve them in making the family
rules. Encourage their participation so that they understand the purpose of having
rules.

Rules on curfews have to be imposed, while you need to have a discussion on sex
and alcohol.

Some families even have safety contracts – a written agreement that lists the rules
the child should follow.

Rules evolve as your child grows from a toddler through to teenager, and you, as a
parent, need to make sure that they are effective at every stage of your child’s life.

Effectiveness Of Rules

Rules are as effective as you make and back them up. While making your rules, you
also need to decide on a consequence for breaking the rule and ensure that all the
family members agree on it. For example, when your child breaks the rule, don’t just
give him another chance; instead, make him face the consequence of breaking the
rule. You need to start implementing the consequences as early as three years, so
that when your child becomes a teenager, there is an agreement on the rules and
the consequences of breaking them.
Mere involvement of your family members in making rules might not ensure that
they follow the rules. You need to do more to get them to follow the rules.

Tips For Making Your Family Follow The Rules

Getting your family to follow the rules is not as difficult as you might think. The
following tips can help you motivate them:

1. Sit down and discuss before you form the rules. Don’t make so many rules
that your family feels overwhelmed. Don’t let the ‘dont’s’ outweigh the ‘do’s’.

2. Remember that toddlers and preschoolers can take in only two to three rules
at a given time. Start with one and add rules as they grow. This gives them
the opportunity to learn the rule and understand how the family rules work.

3. Prepare a chart with rules on one side and consequences of breaking the
rules on the other. Use pictures to represent them so that your children can
understand them easily. Involve your child in making the chart and explain it
to them.

4. Stick the rules chart at a place, such as a refrigerator or their room door,
where your child can see them.

5. If you have any differences with your partner regarding the rules, resolve the
differences before they turn out to be conflicts.

6. Rules are for everybody in the family, don’t take advantage of your position
to break them.

7. Make rules that are age-appropriate for your children, and are easy to follow.

8. Avoid ambiguous rules such as ‘talk properly’ which can mean many things
and can be difficult for the child to understand. Instead have a clear rule
stating ‘say please, thank you, welcome while talking to others’.

9. Children try to take advantage of grandparents and caretakers, and break the
rules. Make sure everyone in the family is consistent with the rules.

10. When you see your child following the rules, you can reinforce that behavior
by rewarding or praising them.

When you realize that having rules makes your life easier, you will be motivated to
stick to them.

Family rules are a great way of imbibing respect and discipline in the house. Explain
your kids that they represent your family wherever they go. Also, make sure
everyone in the family is on the same page about the rules.

Have you set any common family rules yet? What are they? Share your experiences
in the comment section.

https://www.momjunction.com/articles/common-family-rules-parents-should-not-
ignore_00346367/
Assesment Task:

Self Assesment:

What are the common family rules

Graded Assessment:

Test I. Identification. Identify the following questions.

1.

Test I. Identification
Identify the following questions.

1. It involves the physical, emotional, educational and social developments of children

and adults(life skills development)
2. Primarily affective role and includes providing warmth, and reassurance for family
members. ( nurturance and supports)
3. Involves many tasks, including leaderships, decision making, handling family
financials, and maintaining appropriate roles with respect to extended family,
friends and neighbors. (maintenance and management of the family system)
4. Providing resources, such as money, food, clothing, and shelters, for all family
members is one of the most basic, yet important roles within a family. (provision of
resources)
5. This role involves meeting sexual needs in a manner that is satisfying to both
spouses.( sexual gratification of marital partners)
6. Individual family members must known and acknowledge their roles and
responsibilities. (establish clear roles)
7. The assignments or responsibilities within a family that enables the family to
function properly. (role allocation)
8. Refers to a family ,members sense of responsibility for completing the tasks of an
assigned role.(role accountability)
9. In a healthy families, every members is responsible for fulfilling certain roles
(allocates roles family)
10. The difference between healthy and unhealthy families in these situation is the
healthy family has a ability to adjust and adapt, which after requires a temporary or
proponent shift in roles. (allow for flexibility)
11. Successful healthy families periodically take inventory of their strength and
weaknesses and take steps to improve their home and family environment. (family
assessment)
12. Are certain statements or instructions about the behavior that is expected of the
members, especially children (family rules)
13. Eating together as a family helps you bond and share your experiences with each
other( have your meals together)
14. No matter how urgent you work is,, you must follow the safety rules ( road safety
rules)
15. Make it a practice to speak politely whether it’s your family members or outsides.
(be polite, respectful, compassionaly)
16. Sharing the chores will ease up the burden ( share the burdens, chores)
 17. Practicing your kids stay safe and clean also imbibe them in their daily life.( hygiene)
18. Define the rule and secure that your child understands the rule.( explain the rule)
19. Be exemplary in your behavior for your children to be the same.( follow the rules)
20. When the rules are broken, the consequences should be enforced immediately for
the rule to be effective(enforce the consequences for breaking the rules)

Test II. Enumerate the following types for making your family follow the rules.
 Unit 5
Child Care and Development

A. Basic needs and catering the needs of the child

How do we cater for the educational needs of the children at our service?

At Kinder Haven, our centres provides a stimulating, age appropriate program that is
developed from the input of each child. This is based through observations of their
play, group time discussions and extending on conversations with children and
families about their home life. As a result, families and the community contribute to
each child’s learning and development.

Children are encouraged to participate in a variety of learning experiences that

enhance their wellbeing and confidence as learners and help them to become
effective communicators so they can actively participate in the world around them.
Children have a voice in our program and their input is acknowledged and followed
up on regularly.

When children feel safe, secure and supported they grow in confidence to explore
and learn

We recognise that each child has their own unique style of learning which is why we
provide a wide array of open ended learning experiences each day. Our educators
support each child’s development by helping them improve their language, social,
cognitive, emotional and physical abilities. All children are encouraged to participate
in group times to develop their sense of belonging to the group and maximise
opportunities for learning.

Both indoor and outdoor environments are set up with consistent play spaces that
cover a range of developmental areas so that children feel safe and secure within
their environment. Each play space is flexible and resources and interest-based
experiences can be changed or added to when needed to support and extend on
children’s learning.

Our educators work closely with all children and their families to ensure a high
standard is maintained for early learning. Educators observe the children each day
and then analyse their learning through asking questions and by recognizing their
strengths and abilities. Educators then determine what learning is possible and
program further learning experiences to enhance and develop their knowledge,
interests and abilities.
Our Educators are constantly seeking the ideas and interests of the children so that
they can plan learning experiences that will develop their strengths, skills and
knowledge in ways that will ensure children will be engaged and motivated.
Spontaneous teachable moments are used throughout the day and intentional
teaching is embedded within our program. Each learning environment is set up with
the intentions of developing children’s knowledge and skills.

https://www.kinderhaven.com.au/2016/04/13/cater-for-educational-needs/

B. Theories of child development

5 Theories of Child Development

Child Development: Five Important Theories

Erikson’s Psychosocial Developmental Theory

Bowlby’s Attachment Theory

Freud’s Psychosexual Developmental Theory

Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory

Experts in medicine and science have marveled for decades over the ways in which
children develop. This fascinating area of study continues to yield many questions:
“What affects child development?”, “At which ages is development most susceptible
to external effects”, “What all can be done to maximize child growth and minimize
detriments to it?”, and many more like these. In response to such questions, many
theories have abounded. The following five child development theories are among
some of the most expertly recognized and utilized today.

1. Erikson’s Psychosocial Developmental Theory

Erik Erikson was an important figure in the fields of psychoanalytics and

psychological development. He was also the famous coiner of the popular phrase
“identity crisis”. Central to much of his work was his theory on psychosocial
development. As it became known, Erikson’s Psychosocial Developmental Theory
produced a framework for organizing human growth, through all stages of life, into
eight distinct stages. Key to the outcomes of the child stages as well as those
afterward are the principles of social interaction and experience.

2. Bowlby’s Attachment Theory

John Bowlby was another groundbreaking psychologist and theorist in matters of

development. He also crafted one of the earliest known child development theories
which still sees prominent use and citation today. In Bowlby’s Attachment Theory, he
asserted that much of child development is based on the innate need of children to
form attachments. These attachments may involve any number of people, places, or
things and ultimately have a substantial effect on onward development patterns
throughout life.

3. Freud’s Psychosexual Developmental Theory

According to Encyclopedia Britannica, Sigmund Freud “may justly be called the most
influential intellectual legislator of his age.” While creating the modern field of
psychoanalytics, Freud also went on to make many other significant contributions to
the sciences including the assertion of multiple, important theories. Freud’s
Psychosexual Developmental Theory was one of these important products in which
Freud explained that child experiences, experienced at different ages in childhood,
directly go on to dictate personality and behavior patterns in the later adult. This
general theory has since birthed virtually countless studies, disciplines, and other
academic and business establishments.

4. Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory is commonly relied upon today across many
industries and professions. This theory states that while much child learning and
development does come from direct experience, much also comes from modeling
and simple observations. Bandura himself is another important and very pioneering
figure in psychology who is currently the Professor Emeritus at Stanford University.

5. Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory

Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory states that children, quite simply, think
differently than adults. While this may seem obvious to some, this was a
revolutionary theory that went on to provide the foundations for several other
theories to come. Essentially, this theory divided the child life into four separate
categories, or stages, each of which carries its own important qualities and
vulnerabilities. Jean Piaget, the theory’s author was a notable psychologist and
scientist of his time.

https://www.onlinepsychologydegree.info/lists/5-theories-of-child-development/

C. Toys for children- its educational value and safety.

Educational Benefits of Providing Toys To Children

Kids love toys. If you have any doubts about that, just take a child into a toy store.
She will probably find a number of things that she feels she just can’t live without.
Toys are more than just fun and games for kids. Most toys provide at least some
opportunity for children to learn. The best toys engage a child’s senses, spark their
imaginations and encourage them to interact with others. Babies and Toys Babies
are eager to learn about the world around them, and they have much to learn. Every
new shape, color, texture, taste and sound is a learning experience for them. Giving
your baby toys that are safe and stimulating will help him discover his senses.
Rattles and toys that make music are favorites of infants. Toys with contrasting
colors are fascinating to babies and stimulate their developing vision. As they grow,
infants can use toys to explore object permanence and cause and effect
relationships. They also need objects such as blocks to help them build motor skills
and hand-eye coordination. Toys for Toddlers Toddlers can play with a wider variety
of toys than they did when they were smaller. They might still enjoy some of the
toys they played with as babies, and that’s fine. The same blocks they played with a
year or two ago can provide them with new and different educational opportunities
as their knowledge expands. But they also need toys that are designed with kids
their age in mind. Shape sorters are great for toddlers. They teach them how to
match similar items and provide parents the opportunity to teach them the names of
the shapes. Lego blocks provide an opportunity to learn more about colors and
symmetry while they develop their motor skills. Toys for Preschool and School-Aged
Children When children reach preschool age, it’s time to start learning about letters,
numbers and language skills. There are lots of toys that encourage this type of
learning, from simple alphabet puzzles to high-tech electronic gadgets. These can
give your child a head start by introducing her to the things she will be learning in
school. Kids who are in school can supplement their learning with fun and
educational toys. Giving them the opportunity to have fun while practicing the things
they are learning in school will increase their retention of those things. And when
your child finds an educational toy she really likes, she will be more likely to play
with it, reinforcing the things she has learned. Children can learn a lot from playing.
When you give your child educational toys and play with them with her, it gives her a
chance to bond with you, learn, and have fun at the same time. And making
education enjoyable will help your child retain the things she learns and develop a
positive attitude toward learning.

https://childdevelopmentinfo.com/learning/multiple_intelligences/educational-
benefits-toys/#gs.gxqsd5

Reading’s on “child Care- Early Childhood education and Care”

https://childdevelopmentinfo.com/learning/multiple_intelligences/educational-
benefits-toys/#gs.gxqsd5 | Child Development Institute
Assessment Test

A. Graded Assessment:

I: Identify the following questions and write your answers on the space given before
the number.

1.________ are encouraged to participate in a variety of learning experience that

enhance their well-being and confidence as a learner.

2.________ he was a famous coiner of the popular phrase” identity crisis”.

3._________this theory states that children, quite simply think differently than
adults.

4. ________this theory states that child learning and development does not come
from direct experiences, it also come from modeling and simple observation.

5. According to encyclopedia, _________ may justify called the most influential

intellectual legislator of his age.

6. ________-He was another groundbreaking psychologist and theorist in matter of

development.

7.________ it is developmental theories that divided a child into a separate

categories or stages each of which carries its own important qualities and
vulnerabilities.

8.________ it observes the children each day and then analyze their learning
through asking questions and by recognizing their strength and abilities.

9. ________ it supports each children’s development by helping them improve their

language, social, cognitive, emotional and physical abilities.

10. _______it is more than just a fun and games for kids.

II. Write TRUE or FALSE. Write true if the statement is correct then false if
otherwise.

1. Toys for toddlers can play with a narrow variety of toys than the did when
they were smaller.
2. Toys with contrasting colors are fascinating to babies and stimulate their
development vision.
3. Giving your baby toys that are sharp and rusty will help them discover their
sense.
4. Every new shape, styles, color, taste, sounds and failures is a learning
experience for them.
5. When you give your child an educational toys and play with them, it gives
them a chance to bond with you, and have fun at the same time.
6. Development is based on the innate need of children to form attachment.
7. Children are encourage to participate in a variety of learning experiences that
enhance their well-being and confidence as a learner.
8. Only indoor environment is set up with consistent play space that cover a
range of developmental areas so that the children are safe and secure with
their environment.
9. Educators determine what learning is possible and program further learning
experience to enhance and develop their knowledge, interest and abilities.
10. When children are unsafe, and unsupported they grow in confidence to
explore and learn.
 Unit 6
Fashion and clothing

A. Clothing for Functional Needs

What is functional clothing?

All clothing is known to perform multiple functions – from aesthetic to basic

protection from the elements. ‘Functional clothing’ can therefore be defined as a
generic term that includes all such types of clothing or assemblies that are
specifically engineered to deliver a pre-defined performance or functionality to the
user, over and above its normal functions. Functional clothing is a relatively new and
exciting segment of the technical textiles group — one which is receptive to new
product developments & technologies and abounding with niche applications.
Functional clothing is defined as that specifically designed and engineered to ensure
predefined performance requirements and functionality for the user. This includes
protection under harsh environmental conditions during work or sporting activities
and protection against extreme hazards and environments.

Function Clothing

Fig: Functional clothing

It may also include clothing for use in monitoring and evaluating hazards in
conditions under which conventional everyday seasonal clothing would not be
adequate. The functionalities required of clothing can be very different, depending
on the end-use. Functional clothing has widely application, it includes medicine,
biotechnology, nanotechnology, physics and computing among others, to meet the
multifaceted and complex requirements of the user. A variety of functional clothing
products are available in the market as protective clothing, medical clothing or sports
clothing.

Classification and application of functional clothing:

Only a few examples of more widely-used functional clothing are presented here, as
the area is complex and broad. Functional clothing may be classified according to the
main application areas, defined by Techtextil, which defines 12 main application
areas for technical textiles, divided into following groups:

Protective clothing (Protech),

Sports-functional clothing (Sporttech),

Medical-functional clothing (Medtech),

Clothing for special needs.

The performance of textile materials is frequently used in describing functional
clothing. In the case of activity clothing, this user-requirement is usually specific and
complex. Some key areas for the application of functional clothing will be presented
with regard to the above classification.

Protective Clothing:

Protective clothing can be defined as clothing including those protectors which cover
or replace personal clothing and which are designed to provide protection against
one or more hazards. Particular clothing may be designed to provide protection
against hazards encountered during specific types of work. Examples include
garments providing protection against cuts, abrasion, ballistic and other types of
severe impact, including stab-wounds and explosions, fire and extreme heat,
hazardous dust and particles, nuclear, biological and chemical hazards, high
voltages, static electricity and extreme cold. High-visibility wear also comes into this
category.

Protective clothing

Fig: Protective clothing

Protection clothing protects against extreme heat or cold, fire, rain, snow, dust, wind
or UV exposure, penetration or skin contact of hazardous chemicals, toxic gases,
body fluids, germs or radioactive particulate matter.

Classification of protective clothing:

1. Protection against mechanical impact: Special work wear, which must be

sufficiently shock-absorbent to prevent injury resulting, in particular, from the
crushing, etc., at last up an impact-energy level

Motorcyclists’ protective clothing

Protective clothing for horse riders (protective jackets, body and shoulder
protectors)

Protective clothing for professional motorcycle riders (jackets, trousers, one-piece

or divided suits)

2. Protection against physical injury (abrasion, perforation, cuts, bites): Protective

clothing again abrasion, protective clothing against perforation, cut resistant
protective clothing.

Aprons, trousers and vest protecting against cuts and stabs by hand knives

Protective clothing for abrasive blasting operations using granular abrasives

 Protective clothing for users of hand-held chainsaws – resistance to cutting by a
chainsaw

3. Protection of drowning:

Lifejackets, lifesaving suit

Buoyancy aids clothing which will ensure an effective degree of buoyancy

4. Protection against heat and/or fire:

Protective clothing for protection against heat and flame

Protective clothing for firefighters

Protective clothing for use in welding and allied processes

Protective clothing for workers exposed to heat (excluding firefighters’ and

welders’ clothing)

Protective clothing against the thermal hazards of an electric arc

Protective clothing with electrostatic resistance – when the worker is exposed to

environments where a spark could cause explosions or ignite fi res, e.g. petrol
stations, petrol tanker drivers, flour mills, clean rooms etc. Protective clothing can be
classified according to the type of fabric used: clothing with surface conducting
fabrics and clothing with corona fabrics.

Protective clothing for automobile racing drivers

5. Protection against cold: Protective clothing against cold

6. Protection against rain: Protective clothing for protection against rain

7. Protection against electric shock:

Electrical insulating protective clothing for low-voltage installation

Conductive clothing for live working at a nominal voltage

Protective shielding clothing for live working

8. Protection against radiation:

Protective clothing against radioactive contamination

Protective clothing against radioactive particulate matter

9. Protection against dangerous substances and infective agents: Clothing for

protection against penetration or skin contact with hazardous chemicals, toxic gases,
body fluids:

Protective clothing for protection against chemicals

Clothing for protection against liquid chemicals

Chemical protective clothing for use against solid particulates

 Clothing for protection against contact with blood and body fluids

Clothing for protection against infectious agents

10. Protection against invisibility:

High-visibility warning clothing for professional use

Visibility clothing for non-professional use

Sports-Functional Clothing:

Sports-functional clothing differs from casual clothing in that it often has features
which enhance functionality. Sports clothing requires a high-level of breathability and
moisture/vapour transfer combined with heat insulation and/or wind-proofing,
waterproofing, and UV protection. In many applications, functionality must be
considered in conjunction with interactions between bodily activity, clothing, and the
environment.

Sports-functional clothing

Fig: Sports-functional clothing

Sports clothing is a general term and it is necessary for garments to meet specific
functional requirements, which will depend on the sport and its environment, as well
as the construction, mechanical, physiological and/or aerodynamic characteristics
and form of the clothing. The required functionality may thus differ greatly, and may
be based on the application of compression or the principles of aerodynamics to
reduce wind or air-drag during high speed sports. Compression clothing (e.g. tights,
clothing, and stockings) includes elastic, body-moulded suits with an engineering
compression gradient and which may be worn as upper or lower body pieces. The
function of aerodynamic clothing (i.e. garments for athletic or cycling wear) is to trap
a thin layer of air next to the body. Both principles may be used in combination or
individually, according to the requirements.

Classification of sports-functional clothing:

Golf: Golf stylish clothing (allow also a casual or a formal look of clothing)

Tennis: Short tennis skirts, t-shirts, Tennis dresses made out of a variety of high
performance fabrics, Men shorts, t-shirts

Soccer: Soccer uniform

Basketball: Basketball wear

Baseball: Baseball uniform (sliding shorts and jerseys)

Football: Football shirts, football shorts, Protective clothing – shin guards

Swimming: Swimsuit, bathing suit, swimming costume, Professionals skintight

costumes, Bodysuits, called as dive skins

Diving: Diving suit, Wetsuits

 Running: Women’s running clothing (lightweight performance in an athletic
design), Men’s running clothing (lightweight performance in an athletic design),
Skintight garment.

Skiing: Ski suit, snowsuit, Jumpsuit (two-piece, in the form of a ski jacket and
matching trousers), Racing suit, Cross-country gear, Ski jacket.

Ice skating: Skating dress, Speed skating dress

Cycling: Cyclist wear

Motocross/motorcycle riding: Protective clothing for professional motorcycle riders

(jackets, trousers, one-piece or divided suits)

Aeronautics: One-piece flying suit

Fencing: Fencing clothes, jacket, knickers

Karate: Special karate clothing

Fitness clothing: Men’s t-shirts, tank tops, shorts, pants, Ladies sports bras,
workout pants or shorts

Mountaineering/alpine climbing: Mountaineering clothing, Climbing clothing,

climbing breeches, snowshirt, Expeditionary clothing, Wanderer clothing, Running
wear

Medical-Functional Clothing:

This category refers to functional clothing for healthcare. Characteristics typically

include absorbency (wound-dressing), air permeability (surgeons’ gowns, staff
uniforms) and durability (pressure clothing). These types of functional clothing may
be categorized into four separate and specialized areas of application, as follows:

Healthcare/hygiene clothing,

Surgical clothing,

Therapeutic clothing,

Intelligent functional clothing.

Healthcare/hygiene and surgical clothing are important sectors in the fields of

medicine and surgery. They may be used in operating theatres and on hospital
wards for the care, hygiene, and safety of staff and patients. Therapeutic clothing
includes pressure clothing and clothing designed specifically to aid in reducing the
risk of infection. Intelligent functional clothing is a relatively new and specific area in
medical-functional clothing.

Medical-functional clothing

Fig: Medical-functional clothing

Classification of medical-functional clothing:

1. Health care/hygiene:
 Health care uniform

Clothing for nursing staff, nurse’s uniform

Clothing for patients, scrubs, patient wear

Medical coats, tabards

Medical protective clothing (in isolation wards and intensive care units)

Protective gown for dentist

Protective gown for veterinary

2. Surgical clothing:

Surgeon’s gowns, caps

Surgical cover cloths

Surgical hosiery

Surgical hosiery with graduated compression characteristics

3. Therapeutic clothing:

Pressure clothing

Tubular elasticised net garment

Far infrared therapeutic clothing

Infrared shapewear

Anti-microbial underwear

Anti-irritant’s underwear

4. Intelligent functional clothing:

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation vest

EKG Vests for heart patients

Intelligent biomedical clothing

Intelligent clothing’s physiological monitoring

Intelligent clothing in prehospital emergency care

Intelligent functional clothing for personal health records and medical information
managemen

Clothing for Special Needs:

This category of clothing is concerned with improving the quality of life for people
with special needs or disabilities. This includes wheelchair users, stroke victims,
arthritis sufferers, and those with restricted movement.
Special needs clothing for disabled people are garments made to measure for
individual comfort. This includes clothing with modifications for paraplegics, the
elderly and handicapped, hypo-allergenic garments, clothing for Alzheimer’s
sufferers, arthritis patients, incontinence sufferers, jumpsuits, sensory-perceptive
children’s clothing and clothing for those with other disabilities. The needs of each
group are distinct. It is therefore necessary for the clothing to be engineered to
specific requirements. Design considerations include changes in body shape,
limitation of mobility, ergonomic and physiological requirements and psychological
and social needs.

https://clothingindustry.blogspot.com/2017/12/functional-clothing.html

B. Elements and principles of Design

Elements and Principles of Design To Use For Inspiratio

You’re probably wondering what makes good design and how you can create visual
materials that stand out.

While no one can answer this question in just one paragraph, you should know that
there are a few elements and principles of design that can make your work much
more manageable. So, what are the elements of design?

The elements of design are the parts that define the visual, the tools and
components that a person uses to create a composition. In other words, they
represent the base of graphic design.

The principles of design, on the other hand, are all about how a person uses the
elements to create a visual and convey a message.

These elements and principles of design represent a set of guidelines that have the
purpose of helping you create aesthetically pleasing visuals.

The most significant difference between design principles and elements is that the
latter can be labeled as rules, while elements are the components that are going to
help you follow those rules for the best design outcome.

And even though rules can be broken, they have been created for a reason.

Design is all about carefully combining design elements and using the right principles
to create a visual representation of an idea.

In today’s article, I will walk you through some of the most essential design elements
and principles of design that will hopefully provide the inspiration you need for your
next projects.

Elements Of Design

1. Line

Lines are the most basic element of design, and they make up pretty much
everything. They can also be defined as linear marks that can describe a shape or
outline something.
You’ll often see that lines are also used to create perspective or evoke a certain
feeling. They can be thick or thin, vertical, horizontal, or diagonal, or they can create
texture. A straight line can send the feel of order and neatness, while a wavy line
can create movement.

A technique that’s often used with lines is directing the eye towards a particular area
of a design. You can play around with this type of element and see how you can
implement it in your visual materials.

Lines in banner snack

The great thing about using a design tool such as Bannersnack is the fact that you
don’t need to create lines from scratch. In the Elements section, you can now find 80
new, end-to-end scalable, flexible lines and arrows.

These elements will help you create more diverse content, such as infographics,
mind maps, flows, or routings. You can also use them as connectors or separators.

The design possibilities are endless thanks to these elements.

2. Color

Color is one of the most important elements of design because they can evoke
certain emotions. It’s well-known that the color red is usually associated with love,
passion, or anger.

There are also cultural differences that you need to take into account when using
colors in design. For example, a color that’s happy in a particular country can send
negative emotions in another one.

Also, something as simple as changing the hue or the saturation can send a different
type of feeling.

Color has three different properties:

Hue, which is the color name;

Saturation refers to how intense the hue is;

Value refers to the lightness and darkness of the hue.

You can use color as a background, or to support other elements in your design.
Combining colors between them is the key to creating a visual that matches your
brand.

3. Shape

I talked above how lines can create shapes, among other things. By reversing this,
we can define shapes as something enclosed by lines, which are its boundaries.

Shapes can be geometric (rectangle), realistic (animals), or abstract (icons), and

they have two dimensions: height and width.

If you want to suggest feminity, then you can use curvy shapes such as circles. If,
on the other hand, you want to induce a more masculine feeling, then use angular
shapes.
The Elements section in Bannersnack has a Shapes category as well, where you can
find anything from arrows to stars, ribbons, labels, badges, frames, speech bubbles,
or blobs.

4. Space

You’ll often hear people refer to space as white space or negative space, which can
be defined as the space between or around objects.

If you want to be creative with your designs, you can leverage negative space by
manipulating it and forming an object, a shape, or an animal. When you use it
strategically, you can genuinely create stunning designs that draw people’s attention.

5. Symmetry

Symmetry is one of those things that us, humans, find extremely pleasing. According
to science, this happens because we love familiarity and when we see something
that has symmetry in it, it’s easy for us to recognize it. It’s also one of the shortcuts
we use to make sense of the world around us.

There are plenty of brands, such as Starbucks, Target, or Chanel, that use symmetry
in their logos, and not only in their designs.

However, note that there’s a fine line between symmetry and making it seem like the
other side of the design was copied and pasted from the other one. It’s
recommended not to strive for perfect symmetry but to add elements that suggest
this idea.

6. Scale

Scale refers to the size of an element in relation to another one, and it can help bring
balance, proportion, and hierarchy in any design.

Usually, scale is used in design to represent the accurate size of an object or to

emphasize the difference in size between two objects. However, if you want to
create something that you will make an impact on your audience, then it’s best if you
forget about scaling objects according to reality.

For example, you can make an elephant dramatically smaller than a cat and make
the cat the size of a dinosaur.

If you want to draw attention to a particular object, then this is the way to go.

7. Texture

Texture refers to the surface quality of a design, which can be smooth, rough,
glossy, etc. It can be physical or visual. For the purpose of this article, we’ll talk
about visual texture.

Clean designs are nice and all but adding a little bit of texture can make it pop even
more. You can use it to accentuate a specific part of your visual, so you draw
people’s attention to the dominant part.

The use of a font or a background image that mimics a particular texture is going to
help you create a memorable design.
8. Direction

Direction not only gives the illusion that there’s movement in your design, but it also
lets people know where to look and how to move their eyes across the visual.

Generally, the human eye starts with the top left of a page and then gravitates
towards the bottom right corner so you can take advantage of this pattern whenever
you’re designing.

Principles of Design

1. Balance

You know how sometimes you look at a design, whether it’s a poster or a banner ad,
and everything feels right about it? That means the composition is balanced.

Balance is all about how your elements weigh in the visual, and it can be achieved
through symmetry, asymmetry, or radial symmetry.

Shapes, colors, objects, textures, or values can create balance in a design. This is an
essential principle because imbalance can cause discomfort for the viewer.

2. Contrast

When you want to emphasize key elements in your design and make it pop, then
using this principle is one of the best things you can do. Contrast helps you grab
people’s attention and generate interest in your visual by making an object more
distinguishable than the other objects present in the design.

A good example of contrast is negative space or the use of complementary colors,

which is going to redirect someone’s attention to a particular portion of the visual.
Other common forms of contrast are dark vs. light, large vs. small, or thick vs. thin.

Another significant advantage of using contrast is the fact that it improves the
design’s readability and legibility.

3. Repetitio

Repetition is boring and monotonous only when there’s no variation. When some
degree of variation is added to a design where certain elements are being repeated,
it changes everything.

You can repeat colors, fonts, shapes, and other objects to create consistency and
unity. Moreover, repetition is a crucial principle in branding because it’s going to
keep your design on the same level.

4. Emphasis

Emphasis is all about highlighting the most important area in your design. For
example, if you want to accentuate the headline in your visual, then make sure to
use a font size that will stand out and will draw people’s attention. Similarly, you can
utilize a bold color to make the text pop.

If you want to make a particular element more prominent, you can use scale to
make it bigger or smaller than it is in real life.
Let’s say that you want to use a bunny in your design. You can make it look
humongous, or you can make its eyes look bigger and bolder.

5. Movement

You’ve probably heard before someone explaining a piece of art as having a lot of
movement. Even though a visual is static, it can still give the feeling as if the design
is actually moving.

For movement, you can use shapes, lines, edges, or color, the purpose being to
direct the human eye.

When designing something, you can take advantage of certain elements to control
how the human eye travels over a design.

6. Unity

Unity is all about how the different elements of your design come together and form
a relationship. You’ve most likely seen before designs that give you the impression
that the fonts and everything else were chosen at random, so there wasn’t any sense
of unity.

All the visual elements you use in your design should be connected to one another.
Also, unity is going to help you communicate your message in a clear, organized,
and concise manner.

7. Rhythm

The same way spaces between musical notes create rhythm, spaces between design
elements can give rhythm as well to a visual.

Visual rhythms can be regular, flowing, progressive, random, and alternating.

Regular rhythm is when the spacing between elements is the same. The flowing
rhythm gives a sense of movement through curves and bends. Progressive rhythm is
all about changing and iterating with each step. The random rhythm doesn’t have
any clear pattern. Alternating rhythm uses a set of patterns.

Final Thoughts

Graphic design has its principles and rules that you generally need to follow to create
stunning visuals. You can learn some things by following these principles and using
the elements I talked about, but in the end, you’ll also do a lot of learning on your
own.

Trust your instinct, take every principle with a grain of salt, and feel free to dismiss
any rule when you feel like it doesn’t make sense to apply it.

As a beginner, however, these elements and principles of design will definitely come
in handy and will help you develop a personal style.

If you have any other tips you’d like to share, feel free to leave us a comment.

https://blog.bannersnack.com/elements-and-principles-of-design/
 C. Consumers Behavior and choice of clothing

Clothing sector is one of the oldest industries in India. India is witnessing change in
lifestyle of large section of population. Clothing also forms to be a basic need of
living. To understand the consumer behavior concerning to leading clothing brands.
Consumers give importance to brands and relate their prestige with different brands.
They see brands in different perspectives and expect better quality of brands. For
the consumers to identify their needs to understand how they behave what
influences them to buy particular clothing brand what process they follow while
selecting a product or service. Consumer attributes (like brand consciousness, social
class & other factors personal characteristics) were explored in relation to the
purchase behavior of the youth. Also this paper helps to understand that what the
reasons consumers make for purchasing the product. Also study how factors
influence consumer purchases. The purpose of the research is to investigate the
youth in the city of Ahmedabad to understand if any factors affect their buying
behavior for clothes.

Clothing is a kind of product that is required by the customer in their everyday life.
Customer are also very choosy about their clothing especially today’s customer who
are becoming very fashion conscious. Customers now search for brand when making
purchases. At the same time various local clothing brands of our country are also
trying their level best how to give superior brand experience to the customers.
Actually many local brands are becoming popular among the masses.On top of that
this is the age of globalization which made it possible to access clothing from
different countries.Customers now-a-days have lots of options when they make
purchase decision regarding clothing.Many customers wear both local and foreign
brands,which has arose the curiosity to know actually what encourage customer to
purchase either local or foreign clothing brands.This curiosity leads to conduct this
study to know consumers ’shopping behavior for clothing products. Although there
are lots of article regarding consumer shopping behavior but only few of them
focused on clothing product. Al the same time no major study has been conducted to
compare consumer shopping behavior regarding local brand and foreign brands for
clothing product. This study tries to find out this fact.

https://eprawisdom.com/jpanel/upload/articles/326pm9.Sigma%20Islam%20&%20S
hadrul%20Hassan%20Himel.pdf

II. home management and Design

Elements of design (home Decoration)

The 7 Elements of Great Interior Design

There are 7 time-tested elements that make up great interior design: space, light,
texture & pattern, colour, line, form and furniture & objects. We’ve put together a
rough guide to each of the elements so you can take home design into your own
hands.

These elements should be used in tandem with the 7 principles of interior design,
which explain how to use the 7 elements effectively to create your dream space
(watch this space – 7 principles blog will be published in July).
Great Interior Design or Decoration?

Interior design relates to the design of a room or living area from the ground up –
often this is confused with interior decorating, which uses a pre-built space that is
then adorned with furniture, wallpaper and various other features. Interior
decorating makes up some elements of interior design (furniture, colour and objects
particularly) but thinking about the initial space will help to bring the decorative
features you like to life.

Space

Space, as you would expect, relates to the room itself – the shape, size, walls and
windows – which provide the building blocks for your ideas. Knowing the space well,
including floor size, height, any cubby holes or alcoves, will make decisions easier as
you will have a better understanding of what will work well with the area.

Once the room is complete, there will be clear areas of ‘positive space’ (areas where
there are objects or furniture) and ‘negative space’ (empty areas). Finding the
balance between positive and negative space is important to make the room feel
right – not too busy, not too boring.

Light bulb in hands

Light can change a room dramatically by changing the impact of texture, lines and
colour, so give some thought to the impact that different lighting types and styles
will have. Remember that other elements of the room will look different dependent
on the lighting so include lights in your planning to get your desired room.

There are 4 types of lighting – the most obvious is natural light which can be
controlled by cleverly placing doors and windows around the space.

Artificial lighting makes up the other 3 types: task lighting (think desk lamps and
bedside lighting which makes a specific task easier), mood lighting (a.k.a. ambient
lighting – this is general lighting for the space) and accent lighting (think spotlights
that will highlight particular features, like artwork).

Line

Lines provide the basis for form and shape in a room, and can be put into 3 basic
categories: horizontal, vertical and dynamic. Using lines correctly is vital to produce
correct forms (see next element).

Horizontal lines add stability to a room (think tables, chairs). Vertical lines give a
feeling of freedom and nature (think windows, doors). Dynamic lines add interesting
movement and energy to a space (think stairs) and can be tied in with patterns and
colour to bring a room design together, or to focus your eye on a particular point.
Using soft dynamic lines can bring together other lines in harmony.

Form

Form is the shape of the space and the things that you put into it, and is the shape
of the lines put into the space. Take some time to think about the proportions of the
room in comparison to the scale of what you are adding to make sure things don’t
overwhelm the space, nor get lost.

Using similar forms in a room can bring harmony, but using too many different forms
or shapes can result in an unbalanced effect. Use forms carefully in each room to
give the desired effect: rectangles are hard shapes, but create a flow through the
room. Circles soften a room, and triangles give stability to the feel of a room. This
image shows a hard table softened by the use of curved chairs, balancing the room.

Forms can be categorised into natural and man made, and open or closed forms
(whether you can see into the shape). Having a good understanding of space and
lines will inherently bring positive form to the room.

Colour Charts for Great Interior DesignColour

Colour is an obvious category to add, but has some hidden concepts that you
probably do without thinking. It is also more on the side of interior decoration and fit
into your comfort zone more easily.

Colour changes the feel of a room dramatically, from a calm pale palette to an
exciting and energising bright red. Remember that using darker colours will make a
room look smaller, but using feature colours (in objects or ‘feature walls’) can be a
great way to get a strong colour into a smaller space.

Use colour to provide connections between objects and furniture within the room,
bringing the room together. It is always worth noting the emotive value of colour
too: blue is a productive colour, green and lavender colours bring tranquillity and
calm, red is energetic (which is linked with appetite in a dining room!) and brown
can be used for a secure and safe space.

Textured Fabrics and patternsPattern & Texture

Pattern is closely linked with colour, and should be used to tie in various areas of the
room and add interest points. Think painting technique, curtain and upholstery fabric
pattern, and wallpapers. Patterns should be used in close conjunction with colour to
highlight and contrast certain areas of the room.

Texture is used for depth and interest points, and is split into 2 broad groups; visual
texture and actual texture. Texture is usually discussed in relation to upholstery and
curtains – using a rough texture creates a cosy, homely feeling, and a more formal
or grand appearance can be achieved using smooth or shiny materials. Use of rugs
and blankets also adds texture.

A dominant or common texture should be balanced by a contrasting texture to

prevent boring or overbearing room design. Combine textures and patterns to make
a room design flo

Texture rug candle and ball Furniture & Objects

Furniture is a functional element of design, as well as an important one to use to

bring together a room and the feeling of a house. Furniture forces particular paths to
be taken throughout the space and are a great way to express creativity or
personality.

Placing furniture around a focal point can be a good way to highlight a feature, such
as a fireplace, and shuffling furniture at intervals can be a quick and easy way to
change the feel of a room.

Objects are the most personal element of the overall design, and tell a story. The
objects used in a room, whilst personal, should still be linked with the design, and
flow with the room.

https://www.gartechome.com/blog/the-7-elements-of-great-interior-design/

The Philippine traditional and Modern home

Traditional Philippine Home Decor

Hygge is home for Vanessa. If you're wondering how she likes to keep her house,
think tidy and uncluttered. She even has a personal Pinterest board featuring only
white colored homes, appealing to her minimal design aesthetic.

Located in South East Asia, the tropical archipelago of the Philippines is home to over
7,000 islands rich in lush green forests, surrounded by crystal blue seas. With this
comes an abundance of natural resources like abaca, bamboo, straw, palms and
corals.

Given how plentiful they are, it comes as no surprise that houses were traditionally
made out of bamboo and mangrove palms, also known as nipa. After the Spanish
settlement in the country, European architectural influences became widespread and
were adapted to suit the tropical climate. This led to the development of Bahay na
bato – the colonial Filipino house which combines a typical nipa hut’s open
ventilation, with contemporary materials.

Although the days of traditional nipa huts and colonial Filipino houses are gone,
these tropical design elements continue to influence Philippine home decor to this
day. From the high-pitched ceilings to woven storage baskets, we take a look at
traditional Philippine home decor perfect for the summer.

High-Pitched Ceilings

Because of the eternal sunshine in the tropics, houses were generally built with high-
pitched ceilings to allow air to flow around the home as much as possible.

High pitched ceilings in traditional Philippine home decor | NONAGON.style

This was complemented with beautiful chandeliers and ceiling fans that served as
home decor accents, yet remained fully functional.

High pitched ceilings in traditional Philippine home style | NONAGON.style

Alluding to the palm roofs of traditional huts, wooden slats or bamboo are often used
as materials for the ceiling, providing the home a natural atmosphere. It’s common
to match these elements with wooden furniture and fittings for an overall cohesive
look.

Shiny Shells

With all the water surrounding the country, there’s no shortage of capiz shells – or
windowpane oysters – fashioned into sliding doors, windows, decorative lighting, and
even kitchenware.

Capiz windows in traditional Philippine-style homes | NONAGON.style

The subtle shiny white surface of the shells is a wonderful accent tone that stand out
against the rich shades of wooden doors. These iconic capiz sliding doors and
windows can be found in the majority of traditional Filipino homes, and work well
with contemporary modern design.

Guide to Philippine home decor | NONAGON.style

Wooden Furniture

Speaking of iconic Filipino design elements, the butaka chair is one not to be missed.
Also known as the planter’s chair, the butaka chair features a reclining perforated
back and extending flat arm rests.

Butaka or plantation chair | Guide to understanding traditional Philippine home decor

| NONAGON.style

It is said to draw influences from the Campeche chair, popular in the Latin American
region during the 19th century. Unlike loungers with fabric back rests, the butaka
chair’s perforated backrest is better suited for taking naps in the warmer regions.

Gallinera bench | Guide to understanding traditional Philippine home decor |

NONAGON.style

Another, traditional furniture staple is the gallinera bench. Made out of molave wood,
the gallinera bench features a storage area underneath originally meant to store
roosters. Nowadays, the gallinera bench is often placed in the sitting room to make
room for receiving guests, or even by the entryway.Woven Home Accessories

The bilao, or rattan tray, was originally used as a rice winnower, or a tray to carry
food across rural villagers.

Woven plate decor | Guide to traditional Philippine home decor | NONAGON.style

Made out of sturdy bamboo strips, it can carry a decent weight of food and can
easily be dried off during the rain. It’s a versatile piece for a modern home, working
both as decorative and functional.

Woven abaca table runner | Guide to traditional Philippine home decor |

NONAGON.style
Native to the Philippines, abaca or Manila hemp is made out of Musa textilis fibers
often woven into mats, table runners, slippers, hand-held fans and even bags. It is
known to be one of the strongest natural fibers which makes it perfect for creating
home decor items. For instance, this fish net table runner evokes a laid back coastal
vibe.

Mindanao textiles | Guide to traditional Philippine home decor | NONAGON.style

Finally, located in the southern part of the Philippines is an island well-known for its
beautiful weaving traditions. Home to over 18 different indigenous tribes, the
Mindanao region produces colorful textiles with plenty of playful patterns. Usually,
these textiles are used as blankets, table runners, wall decor, and even bunting. The
natural materials from the Philippines give way to some really splendid home décor.

What do you think? Would you add Philippine decor to your space? Let us know in
the comments below. Interested in more articles like this? You might want to take a
tour around Philippine blogger Marilen Style’s Hong Kong apartment, in a video
interview where she describes the changes between styling her home differently.

If you haven’t already, subscribe to our newsletter to make sure you receive the
latest news, interviews, tips and guides. Did you enjoy this piece? Share it on
Facebook so your friends can read it too.

ttps://nonagon.style/guide-to-understanding-philippines-home-decor/
Assessment Test:
A. Graded Assessment:

I.Identify the statements if it is correct. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and
FALSE if otherwise.
1. Functional clothing is a relatively new and exciting segment of the
technical textiles group.
2. Functionalities required of clothing can be very similar, depending on the
end use.
3. A variety of functional clothing products are available in the market as a
protective clothing, medical or sports clothing.
4. Functional clothing is defined as the personally choose and designed to
ensure predefined performance requirements and functionality for the
users.
5. Protective clothing can be defined as clothing including those protectors
whi9ch cover or replace personal clothing.
6. Protection clothing protects against heat or cold, fire, rain and snow.
7. Balance is all about how your element weigh in visuals and it can be
achieved through segments, asymmetry or radical symmetry.
8. Line are the most difficult elements of design.
9. Color is one of the most important elements of design.
10. Shape can be geometric(rectangle) realistic(animal) or abstract(icons).

II.Read the questions properly and write your best answer in a space given before
each number.
1.____ has 3 different properties which are hue, saturation and value.
A. line b. color c. scale d. space

2. _____ refers to the size of an element in relation to another one, and it can be
bring balance, portion and hierarchy in any design.

a. texture b. direction c. scale d. space

3._______ it refers to the element of design wherein it let people know where to
look and how to move their eyes across the visual.

a. direction b. symmetry c. space d. shape

4. ____ this refers to the surface quality of design, which can be smooth, rough,
glossy and etc.

a. direction b. shape c. space d. texture

5. ______ It is one of the basic elements od design and the makeup perfectly much
everything.

a. line b. color c. shape d. texture

6. ____ It is all about on how your element weigh in he visual, ad it can be achieved
through symmetry, asymmetry or radical symmetry.

a. contrast b. repetition c. balance d. emphasis

7. ___ It helps you grab people’s attention and generate interest in your visual by
making an object more distinguishable than the other objects present in design.

a. contrast b. repetition c. movement d. unity

8. ____ It is the same way spaces between musical notes create rhythm, space
between design elements can give rhythm as well as to a visual.

a. rhythm b. unity c. movement d. emphasis

9. ____It refers to an act of changing physical location or position or having this

changed.

A. emphasis b. unity c. movement d. rhythm

10.____ it refers to the highlighting the most important area in your design.

A. contrast b. emphasis c. unity d. movement

II. Enumerate the following

1. 5 elements of interior design
2. 3 different properties of color
3. 2 dimension of shape