80 CHAPTER 2 Transformers

the proper side of the transformer) and basing the derivation on Eq. 2.33. However,
such additional effort is rarely necessary for the purposes of e n g i n e e r i n g accuracy.

EXAMPLE 2.6

With the instruments located on the high-voltage side and the low-voltage side short-circuited,
the short-circuit test readings for the 50-kVA 2400:240-V transformer of Example 2.3 are 48 V,
20.8 A, and 617 W. An open-circuit test with the low-voltage side energized gives instrument
readings on that side of 240 V, 5.41 A, and 186 W. Determine the efficiency and the voltage
regulation at full load, 0.80 power factor lagging.

II S o l u t i o n
From the short-circuit test, the magnitude of the equivalent impedance, the equivalent resistance,
and the equivalent reactance of the transformer (referred to the high-voltage side as denoted
by the subscript H) are
48 617
IZeq'HI = 20.8 = 2.31 f2 Req,H= 20.82 -- 1.42 ~2

Xeq,H -- ~/2.312 _ 1.422 = 1.82 ~2

Operation at full-load, 0.80 power factor lagging corresponds to a current of

50,000
IH = = 20.8A
2400
and an output power

Poutput = Pioad = (0.8)50,000 ~- 40,000 W

The total loss under this operating condition is equal to the sum of the winding loss

Pwinding = 12 Req,H -- 20.82 (1.42) = 617 W

and the core loss determined from the open-circuit test

Pcore = 186 W
Thus

Ploss = Pwinding"+" Pcore = 803 W

and the power input to the transformer is

Pinput = Poutput + Ploss = 40,803 W

The efficiency of a power conversion device is defined as
eoutput einput- eloss eloss
efficiency = = = 1
einput Pinput einput
which can be expressed in percent by multiplying by 100 percent. Hence, for this operating
condition
( Poutput) (40,000)=98.0 %
efficiency = 100% einput = 100% 40,000 + 803
 2.6 Autotransformers; Multiwinding Transformers 81

The voltageregulation of a transformer is defined as the change in secondary terminal

voltage from no load to full load and is usually expressed as a percentage of the full-load value.
In power systems applications, regulation is one figure of merit for a transformer; a low value
indicates that load variations on the secondary of that transformer will not significantly affect
the magnitude of the voltage being supplied to the load. It is calculated under the assumption that
the primary voltage remains constant as the load is removed from the transformer secondary.
The equivalent circuit of Fig. 2.12c will be used with all quantities referred to the high-
voltage side. The primary voltage is assumed to be adjusted so that the secondary terminal
voltage has its rated value at full load, or V2H -- 2400 V. For a load of rated value and 0.8 power
factor lagging (corresponding to a power factor angle 0 = - c o s -1 (0.8) = -36.9°), the load
current will be

'H=(50×103)
A 2 e-j436"9°--20"a(O'
0 0 a-jO'6)
The required value of the primary voltage V1H can be calculated as

VIH = ~r2H-~- ]H(eeq,H 71- jXeq,H)

- 2400 + 2 0 . 8 ( 0 . 8 0 - j0.60)(1.42 + j l . 8 2 )

- 2446 + j13

The magnitude of f'lH is 2446 V. If this voltage were held constant and the load removed,
the secondary voltage on open circuit would rise to 2446 V referred to the high-voltage side.
Then

2 4 4 6 - 2400
Regulation = (100%) = 1.92%
2400

) r a c t i c e P r o b l e m 2.,

Repeat the voltage-regulation calculation of Example 2.6 for a load of 50 kW (rated load, unity
power factor).

Solution

Regulation = 1.24%

2.6 AUTOTRANSFORMERS; MULTIWlNDING

TRANSFORMERS
The principles discussed in previous sections have been developed with specific ref-
erence to t w o - w i n d i n g transformers. They are also applicable to transformers with
other winding configurations. Aspects relating to autotransformers and m u l t i w i n d i n g
transformers are considered in this section.