1.

Answer the following questions

a. Name a semiconductor device and draw its symbol which has bi-directional current
carrying ability. 2
b. Using one IGBT and any number of diodes make a 4-quadrant switch. Give brief logical
reasoning to show its 4-quadrant operation. 2
c. An IGBT carries 200A when on and blocks 360 V when off. The device loss is about
0.03mJ/A during turn-on and 0.11 mJ/A during turn-off. The forward drop is 2.0V at
20A and the leakage current is 3mA at 360V. The thermal resistance from junction to
case and case to the heat sink surface is 0.05 ºC/W each. With no heat sink the thermal
resistance from case to ambient is 25 ºC/W. The switching frequency is 12 kHz and
the device duty ratio is 50%. Maximum junction temperature is Tjunction = 150 ºC.
Ambient temperature is at 30 ºC.
i. What is the power loss in the IGBT?
ii. Is a heat sink required? Give reason.
iii. If heat sink is required then what should be heat sink thermal resistance for
successful operation? 4+2+2
d. Anode of an SCR is connected to the positive terminal of a 100V dc source. Its cathode
is connected to a series R-L load of 20ῼ and 0.5H. The other end of the load is
connected to the negative terminal of the dc source. The latching current of the SCR
is 70 mA. Calculate the width of the firing pulse which is required to turn on the
thyristor properly. 4
e. Assume an SCR is used in a single-phase half wave rectification circuit and the load is
a pure resistance. Gate pulse to the SCR is not yet given. Draw a diagram of SCR
showing its semiconductor junctions. Indicate the forward and reversed biased
junctions within one full cycle of input voltage. Label / indicate all the salient features
in the diagrams/s. 4
2. A battery of voltage E = 125 V is charged through a resistor R = 10  using a single-phase half-
wave SCR based rectifier. A continuous positive gate pulse is given to the SCR. The battery
voltage may be assumed as constant. Single phase source is of 230 V, 50 Hz.
a. Draw the circuit diagram and waveform of input voltage, battery voltage, voltage
across SCR and average current through R. Indicate salient features on the waveform.
b. Derive an expression for the average value of charging current. Find the value of
average charging current for the given circuit parameters.
c. Find the power supplied to battery. 4+4+2

3. Assume a single-phase full bridge SCR based fully controlled rectifier is operating from a supply
of single phase 230V 50Hz. It has firing angle α = π/6 and average continuous load current of
10 A. Find out a) Voltage and current ratings required for the thyristor switches; b) Power
factor at input side of rectifier; c) THD of input current; d) Active and reactive power consumed
at fundamental frequency; e) If a transformer is used to supply this system then what should
be the kVA rating of the transformer. 5x2=10

4. A DC-DC Boost converter has an input voltage Vs=5 V. The required average output voltage
Vo=15 V and an average load current Io=0.5 A. The switching frequency of the regulator is 25
kHz. The inductor value is given as 150 μH and output capacitor is 220 μF. Assume CCM
operation. Determine the values of:
a. Duty ratio of the converter (d),
b. Peak to peak ripple current of the inductor
c. The peak value of inductor current
d. Peak to peak ripple voltage of the capacitor
e. The peak value of the capacitor current. 5x2 = 10

5. A Buck converter has an input voltage, 𝑉𝑖 = 10𝑉. The required average output voltage 𝑉𝑜 = 6𝑉
and the peak-to-peak output ripple voltage is 10mV. The switching frequency is 20kHz. The
peak-to-peak ripple current of inductor is limited to 0.5A. Load resistance R = 6 Ω. Assuming
continuous conduction mode (CCM) of operation, find out the following:
a. The duty cycle d,
b. The filter inductance L,
c. The filter capacitance C,
d. The critical value of inductor L for the given loading condition.
e. Draw waveforms of voltage across and current through semiconductor devices of the
circuit. Indicate salient features. 1+1+2+2+4
6. Draw the circuit diagram of a 3-phase 2-Level full bridge Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)
supplying a balanced 3 phase star connected resistive load. Assume IGBT and Diodes are used
to make the required switches and the VSI is operated in 180º mode of operation. Also
assume that dc bus voltage is Vdc = 480V. midpoint of dc bus ‘O’ and neutral point of load ‘N’
are available. Indicating all salient features, draw waveforms of
a. R phase output pole voltage (VRO) ;
b. Line voltage VRY;
c. R phase voltage across load (VRN) ;
d. Voltage between dc bus midpoint and load neutral (VNO).
e. Does the load voltage waveform contain third harmonic component of voltage? Give
justification to your answer. 5x2=10

7. The above waveform is of a pole voltage of a half bridge VSI. The width ‘x’ is in ‘rad’ and it is
symmetrical around π/2 and 3π/2. Assume frequency of VRO is 50 Hz.
a. Find out an expression for the rms value of fundamental voltage component present
in VRO.
b. Is it possible to eliminate 5th harmonic component of voltage only by selection of ‘x’?
If so then what is the value of ‘x’. 5+5
8. A single phase AC voltage controller is used to supply a 230V, 1 kW heater. It is shown in above
figure. The input voltage to the AC voltage controller is 230V, 50Hz. The power converter is
controlled in ON-OFF mode. It is such that for 20 consecutive full fundamental cycles of input
voltage, full supply waveform is applied on the load and then for 60 consecutive full
fundamental cycles zero voltage is applied on the load. Find
a. RMS value of output voltage?
b. Average value of current flowing through switch ‘S’ and diode D1?
c. Input side power factor? 3+4+3

9. An Induction motor is supplied by 3-phase two level VSI having 700 V dc bus. The 3phase
motor ratings are 3.3kW, 400V, 50 Hz, 4pole and full load speed is 1470 rpm. The VSI is
controlled by Sine triangle PWM (SPWM). The range of supply frequency within which it is to
be operated in constant V/f mode is from 10 Hz to 50 Hz. Here V is the magnitude of
fundamental voltage and f is the fundamental frequency during operation.
a. Find the values of Depth of Modulation (M) for operations at 10 Hz, 20Hz, 30Hz, 40Hz,
and 50Hz, maintaining constant V/f.
b. Plot a graph of M vs f for the given operating range. 8+2