Mata Kuliah : English Grammar

Semester/Kelas : 4/Pagi dan Sore

SKS :2
Pertemuan :3
Topik : Review Basic Grammar Part 2

CONJUNCTION
Conjunctions are words that link other words, phrases, or clauses together.

 I like cooking and eating, but I don’t like washing dishes afterward.
 Sophie is clearly exhausted, yet she insists on dancing till dawn.

Conjunctions allow you to form complex, elegant sentences and avoid the choppiness of
multiple short sentences.
Make sure that the phrases joined by conjunctions are parallel (share the same structure).

 I work quickly and careful------INCORRECT

 I work quickly and carefully.-----CORRECT

Types of Conjuction:

1. Coordinating Conjunction

Coordinating conjunctions allow you to join words, phrases, and clauses of equal
grammatical rank in a sentence.

The most common coordinating conjunctions are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so; you can
remember them by using the mnemonic device FANBOYS.

 I’d like pizza or a salad for lunch.

 We needed a place to concentrate, so we packed up our things and went to the library.
 Jesse didn’t have much money, but she got by.

2. Correlative Conjunction

Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work together. Some examples are
either/or, neither/nor, and not only/but also.

 Not only am I finished studying for English, but I’m also finished writing my history
essay.
  I am finished with both my English essay and my history essay.

When using correlative conjunctions, ensure verbs agree so your sentences make sense.

For example:

 Every night, either loud music or fighting neighbors wake John from his sleep.

When you use a correlative conjunction, you must be sure that pronouns agree. For example:

 Neither Debra nor Sally expressed her annoyance when the cat broke the antique
lamp.

When using correlative conjunctions, be sure to keep parallel structure intact. Equal
grammatical units need to be incorporated into the entire sentence.

For example:

 Not only did Mary grill burgers for Michael, but she also fixed a steak for her dog,
Vinny.

More examples of coorelative conjunction:

 She is both intelligent and beautiful.

 I will either go for a hike or stay home and watch TV.
 Jerry is neither rich nor famous.
 He is not only intelligent, but also very funny.
 Would you rather go shopping or spend the day at the beach?

3. Subordinating Conjunction

A conjunction is a connecting word or phrase; a subordinating conjunction is a connecting

word or phrase that introduces a dependent clause and joins it to a main clause or independent
clause. Similarly, a coordinating conjunction sets up an equal partnership between the two
clauses. When a subordinating conjunction is linked to a dependent clause, the unit is called a
subordinate clause.

 Subordinating conjunctions can be found in sentences containing two clauses: an

independent or main clause and a dependent clause.
 They must come at the beginning of a dependent clause.
  Subordinators help lend meaning to a sentence by linking two ideas. Time,
concession, comparison, cause, condition, and place are the types of subordinating
conjunctions, categorized by meaning.
 In most sentences, as long as the subordinating conjunction precedes the dependent
clause, clause order does not matter.
 Subordinating conjunctions are also known as subordinators, subordinate
conjunctions, and complementizers. Many subordinators are single words such as
because, before, and when, but some subordinating conjunctions consist of more than
one word such as even though, as long as, and except that.
 Subordinating conjunctions are separated into categories by meaning and can serve a
few different purposes for a sentence. after

Subordinate conjuction such as althoug, as, as if, as long as, as much as, as soon as, as
though, because, before, by the time, even if, even though, if, in order that, in case, in the
event that, only ifm whenever, whether or not, whereas,.......etc.

 I can stay out until the clock strikes twelve.

 As Sherri blew out the candles atop her birthday cake, she caught her hair on fire.
 Sara begins to sneeze whenever she opens the window to get a breath of fresh air.
 When the doorbell rang, my dog Skeeter barked loudly.

Exercises on Conjunction

Complete each sentence using the appropiate conjunction from the parenthesis:

1. I visit the Grand Canyon _________ I go to Arizona. (once, whenever, wherever)

2. This is the place _________ we stayed last time we visited. (where, when, how)
3. _________ you win first place, you will receive a prize. (wherever, if, unless)
4. You won’t pass the test _________ you study. (when, if, unless)
5. I could not get a seat, _________ I came early. (as, though, when)
6. We are leaving Wednesday _________ or not it rains. (if, whether, though)
7. Pay attention to your work _________ you will not make mistakes. (so that, unless,
or)
8. The musicians delivered a rousing performance _________ they had rehearsed often.
(though, as, once)
9. She’s honest _________ everyone trusts her. (if, so, when)
10. Write this down _________ you forget. (or, when, lest)
11. My car has a radio _________ a CD player. (but, or, and)
12. Sharon hates to listen to rap music, _________ will she tolerate heavy metal. (but,
nor, or)
13. Carol wanted to drive to Colorado, _________ Bill insisted that they fly. (and, or, but)
14. I’m afraid of heights, _________ I appreciate the view from the top of this building.
(and, yet, nor)
15. I have to be on time, _________ my boss will be annoyed if I’m late. (and, nor, for)
16. Do you like chocolate _________ vanilla ice cream better? (or, nor, and)
17. I have to go to work at six, _________ I’m waking up at four. (but, so, yet)
18. I was on time, _________ everyone else was late. (so, but, for)
19. Nadia doesn’t like to drive, _________ she takes the bus everywhere. (but, yet, so)
20. Our trip to the museum was interesting, _________ there were several new artifacts
on display. (but, for, yet)
21. Bianca wore her rain boots; _________, her feet stayed dry during the storm.
(however, therefore, on the other hand)
22. I love the color red; _________, this shade seems a little too bright. (therefore,
nonetheless, in fact)
23. You have to be on time; _________, you’ll miss the train. (nonetheless, however,
otherwise)
24. Teresa likes to read; _________, her sister Julia prefers to watch TV. (however, in
contrast, again)
25. She really wanted to eat ice cream; _________, she had a salad. (however, likewise,
instead)
26. We were working hard; _________, Jill and Jerry were lounging by the pool.
(meanwhile, instead, therefore)
27. He is a weak leader; _________, he has plenty of supporters. (otherwise, moreover,
nevertheless)
28. She has an incredible voice; _________, she will go far in her music career.
(otherwise, undoubtedly, similarly)
29. Natalie wanted to make pie but didn’t have apples; _________, she decided to bake a
cake. (therefore, namely, in contrast)
30. We had hoped to go to Spain; _________, we ended up in France. (otherwise, instead,
again)
 31. I plan to take my vacation _________ in June _________ in July. (whether / or,
either / or, as / if)
32. _________ I’m feeling happy _________ sad, I try to keep a positive attitude.
(either / or, whether / or, when / I’m)
33. _________ had I taken my shoes off _________ I found out we had to leave again.
(no sooner / than, rather / than, whether / or)
34. _________ only is dark chocolate delicious, _________ it can be healthy.
(whether / or, not / but, just as / so)
35. _________ I have salad for dinner, _____________________I can have ice cream
for dessert. (if /then, when / than, whether / or)
36. _________ flowers _________ trees grow ______ during warm weather. (not
only / or, both / and, not / but)
37. _________ do we enjoy summer vacation, _________ we _________ enjoy winter
break. (whether / or, not only / but also, either / or)
38. Calculus is _________ easy _________ difficult _________ (not / but, both / and,
either / or)
39. It’s _________ going to rain _________ snow tonight. (as / if, either / or, as / as)
40. Savory flavors are _________ sweet _________ sour. (often / and, neither / nor,
both / and)

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

In English, Subjects and verbs must AGREE with one another in number (singular or
plural).  Thus, if a subject is singular, its verb must also be singular; if a subject is plural, its
verb must also be plural.

Examples:

 Someone Is Talking.
 Each Student Wears a Tidy Uniform.
 Several Students Wear A Tidy Uniform.
 Some Sugar Is In The Topless.
  Some of Cherries Are On The Table.
 Ardi and Fariz Are Playing Mobile Legends.
 Ardi Nor Fariz Is Playing Mobile Legends.
 My Favorite Novel Is Paper Town by John Green.
 Novels By John Green Are My Favorite Novel.

In present tenses, nouns and verbs form plurals in opposite ways:  

                        nouns ADD an s to the singular form,

                                                    BUT

                        verbs REMOVE an s from the singular form.

Here are some subject-verb agreement rules:

1. A phrase or clause between subject and verb does not change the number of the
subject.

                Examples:
2. Indefinite pronouns as subjects

 Singular indefinite pronoun subjects take singular verbs.

 Plural indefinite pronoun subjects take plural verbs.

PLURAL: several, few, both, many

 Some indefinite pronouns may be either singular or plural: with uncountable, use
singular; with countable, use plural.
EITHER SINGULAR OR PLURAL: some, any, none, all, most
 Sugar is uncountable; therefore, the sentence has a singular verb.

Marbles are countable; therefore, the sentence has a plural verb.

3. Compound subjects joined by and are always plural.

4. With compound subjects joined by or/nor, the verb agrees with the subject
nearer to it.

In the above example, the plural verb are agrees with the nearer subject actors.

In this example, the singular verb is agrees with the nearer subject director.
5. Inverted Subjects must agree with the verb.
6. Collective Nouns (group, jury, crowd, team, etc.) may be singular or plural,
depending on meaning.

In this example, the jury is acting as one unit; therefore, the verb is singular.

In this example, the jury members are acting as twelve individuals; therefore, the verb
is plural.
7. Titles of single entities (books, organizations, countries, etc.) are always singular.

8. Plural form subjects

 Plural form subjects with a singular meaning take a singular verb. (e.g. news,
measles, mumps, physics, etc.)

 Plural form subjects with singular or plural meaning take a singular or plural verb,
depending on meaning. (e.g. politics, economics, etc.)

In this example, politics is a single topic; therefore, the sentence has a singular
verb.
 In this example, politics refers to the many aspects of the situation; therefore, the
sentence has a plural verb.

 Plural form subjects with a plural meaning take a plural verb. (e.g. scissors,
trousers)

Note: In this example, the subject of the sentence is pair; therefore, the verb must
agree with it. (Because scissors is the object of the preposition, scissors does not
affect the number of the verb.)
9. With subject and subjective complement of different number, the verb always
agrees with the subject.

10. A. With one of those ________ who, use a plural verb.

 The above example implies that others besides Hannah like to read comic books.
Therefore, the plural verb is the correct form to use.
B. With the only one of those ________who, use a singular verb.

The above example implies that no one else except for Hannah likes to read comic
books. Therefore, the singular verb is the correct for to use.

11. A. With the number of _______, use a singular verb.

B. With a number of _______, use a plural verb.

12. With every ______ and many a ________, use a singular verb.
Activity 14. Grammar. Subject- Verb Agreement.

Part A: Choose the correct form of the verb that agrees with the
subject.
1. Annie and her brothers (is, are) at school.
2. Either my mother or my father (is, are) coming to the meeting.
3. The dog or the cats (is, are) outside.
4. Either my shoes or your coat (is, are) always on the floor.
5. George and Tamara (doesn't, don't) want to see that movie.
6. Benito (doesn't, don't) know the answer.
7. One of my sisters (is, are) going on a trip to France.
8. The man with all the birds (live, lives) on my street.
9. The movie, including all the previews, (take, takes) about two hours to watch.
10. The players, as well as the captain, (want, wants) to win.
11. Either answer (is, are) acceptable.
12. Every one of those books (is, are) fiction.
13. Nobody (know, knows) the trouble I've seen.
14. (Is, Are) the news on at five or six?
15. Mathematics (is, are) John's favorite subject, while Civics (is, are) Andrea's
favorite subject.
16. Eight dollars (is, are) the price of a movie these days.
17. (Is, Are) the tweezers in this drawer?

18. Your pants (is, are) at the cleaner's.

19. There (was, were) fifteen candies in that bag. Now there (is, are) only one left!
20. The committee (debates, debate) these questions carefully.
21. The committee members (leads, lead) very different lives in private.
22. The Prime Minister, together with his wife, (greets, greet) the press cordially.
23. All of the CDs, even the scratched one, (is, are) in this case.

Part B: Choose the correct form of the verb that agrees with the
subject:
1. His pants ____ torn during the match.
A. Are B. Is
2. Aron, together with his wife ____ the guests of the party.
A. Greet B. Greets
3. Tweezers ____ always useful to handle small objects.
A. Are B. Is
4. The jury ____ not convinced.
A. Was B. were
5. To cry ____ never the solution to any problems.
A. Is B. Are
6. A number of soldiers ____ injured during the war.
A. Was B. were
7. The number of deceased soldiers ____ not stored in the record book.
A. Are B. Is
8. A pack of lions ____ approaching the camp.
A. Were B. Was
9. Killing ____ not always considered a bad thing.
A. Is B. Are
10. There ____ many difficulties regarding the situation.
A. Are B. Is

11. Either she or her friends ____ responsible for this accident.
A. Is B. Are
12. None of them ____ able to solve this question.
A. Were B. Is
13. Eight fifty dollars ____ what it would cost to buy the new pixel phone.
A. Are B. Is
14. A pair of trousers ____ all that I brought along
 A. Is B. are
15. Everything ____ fine when it’s done correctly.
A. Are B. Is
16. Ronaldo and Messi ____ the greatest football players of the 21st century.
A. Are C. Is

GOOD LUCK