East West University

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE)

Solution to Assignment on Conducting a

Load Flow Analysis
Summer 2021

The given power system is a 5-bus network. Here, bus 1 is the swing bus, buses 2 and 3
are generator buses and buses 4 and 5 are load buses. According to the bus data, the
numbering of the buses is done as follows:

Corresponding admittance diagram:

Bus admittance matrix,

EEE 304 Summer 2021; Solution to Load Flow Assignment

𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆
5.8824 − 𝑗33.5294 0 0 −5.8824 + 𝑗23.5294 0
0 2.0911 − 𝑗15.7259 0 −1.3793 + 𝑗3.4483 −0.7117 + 𝑗2.2776
= 0 0 5.5046 − 𝑗28.2486 0 −5.5046 + 𝑗18.3486
−5.8824 + 𝑗23.5294 −1.3793 + 𝑗3.4483 0 7.2617 − 𝑗26.9777 0
[ 0 −0.7117 + 𝑗2.2776 −5.5046 + 𝑗18.3486 0 6.2163 − 𝑗20.6262 ]

Assumptions:
𝛿2 = 𝛿3 = 𝛿4 = 𝛿5 = 0, 𝑉4 = 𝑉5 = 1 pu
Converting actual quantities into per unit quantities:
𝑃2 = 2 pu, 𝑄2,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 12 pu, 𝑃3 = 2.5 pu, 𝑄3,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 10 pu
𝑃4 = −2.5 pu, 𝑄4 = −1.25 pu, 𝑃5 = −4 pu, 𝑄5 = −1 pu

Iteration 1
𝑄2 = −Imag[𝑉2∗ (𝑌21 𝑉1 + 𝑌22 𝑉2 + 𝑌23 𝑉3 + 𝑌24 𝑉4 + 𝑌25 𝑉5 )]
= −Imag[1∠00
× {(2.0911 − 𝑗15.7259) × 1∠00 + (−1.3793 + 𝑗3.4483) × 1∠00
+ (−0.7117 + 𝑗2.2776) × 1∠00 }] = 10 pu
1 𝑃2 − 𝑗𝑄2
𝑉2 = ( − 𝑌21 𝑉1 − 𝑌23 𝑉3 − 𝑌24 𝑉4 − 𝑌25 𝑉5 )
𝑌22 𝑉2∗
1 2 − 𝑗10
= [ − (−1.3793 + 𝑗3.4483) × 1∠00
2.0911 − 𝑗15.7259 1∠00
− (−0.7117 + 𝑗2.2776) × 1∠00 ] = 1.0243∠7.0080 pu

Set 𝑉2 = 1∠7.0080 pu
𝑄3 = −Imag[𝑉3∗ (𝑌31 𝑉1 + 𝑌32 𝑉2 + 𝑌33 𝑉3 + 𝑌34 𝑉4 + 𝑌35 𝑉5 )]
= −Imag[1.04∠00 {(5.5046 − 𝑗28.2486) × 1.04∠00
+ (−5.5046 + 𝑗18.3486) × 1∠00 }] = 11.58 pu
Since 𝑄3 > 𝑄3,𝑚𝑎𝑥 , set 𝑄3 = 𝑄3,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 10 pu
1 𝑃3 − 𝑗𝑄3
𝑉3 = ( − 𝑌31 𝑉1 − 𝑌32 𝑉2 − 𝑌34 𝑉4 − 𝑌35 𝑉5 )
𝑌33 𝑉3∗
1 2.5 − 𝑗10
= [ − (−5.5046 + 𝑗18.3486) × 1∠00 ]
5.5046 − 𝑗28.2486 1.04∠00
= 1.0063∠4.80 pu
Set 𝑉3 = 1.04∠4.80 pu
1 𝑃4 − 𝑗𝑄4
𝑉4 = ( − 𝑌41 𝑉1 − 𝑌42 𝑉2 − 𝑌43 𝑉3 − 𝑌45 𝑉5 )
𝑌44 𝑉4∗
1 −2.5 + 𝑗1.25
= [ − (−5.8824 + 𝑗23.5294) × 1∠00
7.2617 − 𝑗26.9777 1∠00
− (−1.3793 + 𝑗3.4483) × 1∠7.0080 ] = 0.9325∠−3.610 pu

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EEE 304 Summer 2021; Solution to Load Flow Assignment

1 𝑃5 − 𝑗𝑄5
𝑉5 = ( − 𝑌51 𝑉1 − 𝑌52 𝑉2 − 𝑌53 𝑉3 − 𝑌54 𝑉4 )
𝑌55 𝑉5∗
1 −4 + 𝑗1
= [ − (−0.7117 + 𝑗2.2776) × 1∠7.0080
6.2163 − 𝑗20.6262 1∠00
− (−5.5046 + 𝑗18.3486) × 1.04∠4.80 ] = 0.9363∠−4.50 pu

|Δ𝑉2 | = |1∠7.0080 − 1∠00 | = 0.1222

|Δ𝑉3 | = |1.04∠4.80 − 1.04∠00 | = 0.0871
|Δ𝑉4 | = |0.9325∠−3.610 − 1∠00 | = 0.0909
|Δ𝑉5 | = |0.9363∠−4.50 − 1∠00 | = 0.0992

As all the errors are outside the acceptable range, we need to conduct iteration 2.

Iteration 2
𝑄2 = −Imag[𝑉2∗ (𝑌21 𝑉1 + 𝑌22 𝑉2 + 𝑌23 𝑉3 + 𝑌24 𝑉4 + 𝑌25 𝑉5 )]
= −Imag[1∠−7.0080
× {(2.0911 − 𝑗15.7259) × 1∠7.0080 + (−1.3793 + 𝑗3.4483) × 0.9325∠−3.610
+ (−0.7117 + 𝑗2.2776) × 0.9363∠−4.50 }] = 10.106 pu
1 𝑃2 − 𝑗𝑄2
𝑉2 = ( − 𝑌21 𝑉1 − 𝑌23 𝑉3 − 𝑌24 𝑉4 − 𝑌25 𝑉5 )
𝑌22 𝑉2∗
1 2 − 𝑗10.106
= [ − (−1.3793 + 𝑗3.4483) × 0.9325∠−3.610
2.0911 − 𝑗15.7259 1∠−7.0080
− (−0.7117 + 𝑗2.2776) × 0.9363∠−4.50 ] = 1.008∠9.880 pu

Set 𝑉2 = 1∠9.880 pu
𝑄3 = −Imag[𝑉3∗ (𝑌31 𝑉1 + 𝑌32 𝑉2 + 𝑌33 𝑉3 + 𝑌34 𝑉4 + 𝑌35 𝑉5 )]
= −Imag[1.04∠−4.80 {(5.5046 − 𝑗28.2486) × 1.04∠4.80
+ (−5.5046 + 𝑗18.3486) × 0.9363∠−4.50 }] = 12.16 pu
Since 𝑄3 > 𝑄3,𝑚𝑎𝑥 , set 𝑄3 = 𝑄3,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 10 pu
1 𝑃3 − 𝑗𝑄3
𝑉3 = ( − 𝑌31 𝑉1 − 𝑌32 𝑉2 − 𝑌34 𝑉4 − 𝑌35 𝑉5 )
𝑌33 𝑉3∗
1 2.5 − 𝑗10
= [ − (−5.5046 + 𝑗18.3486) × 0.9363∠−4.50 ]
5.5046 − 𝑗28.2486 1.04∠−4.80
= 0.9628∠3.570 pu
Set 𝑉3 = 1.04∠3.570 pu
1 𝑃4 − 𝑗𝑄4
𝑉4 = ( − 𝑌41 𝑉1 − 𝑌42 𝑉2 − 𝑌43 𝑉3 − 𝑌45 𝑉5 )
𝑌44 𝑉4∗
1 −2.5 + 𝑗1.25
= [ − (−5.8824 + 𝑗23.5294) × 1∠00
7.2617 − 𝑗26.9777 1∠00
− (−1.3793 + 𝑗3.4483) × 1∠9.880 ] = 0.9207∠−3.310 pu

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EEE 304 Summer 2021; Solution to Load Flow Assignment

1 𝑃5 − 𝑗𝑄5
𝑉5 = ( − 𝑌51 𝑉1 − 𝑌52 𝑉2 − 𝑌53 𝑉3 − 𝑌54 𝑉4 )
𝑌55 𝑉5∗
1 −4 + 𝑗1
= [ − (−0.7117 + 𝑗2.2776) × 1∠9.880
6.2163 − 𝑗20.6262 1∠00
− (−5.5046 + 𝑗18.3486) × 1.04∠3.570 ] = 0.9183∠−5.640 pu

|Δ𝑉2 | = |1∠9.880 − 1∠7.0080 | = 0.0501

|Δ𝑉3 | = |1.04∠3.570 − 1.04∠4.80 | = 0.0223
|Δ𝑉4 | = |0.9207∠−3.310 − 0.9325∠−3.610 | = 0.0128
|Δ𝑉5 | = |0.9183∠−5.640 − 0.9363∠−4.50 | = 0.0258

As the error in 𝑉2 is outside the acceptable range, we need to conduct iteration 3 only for
𝑉2 .

Iteration 3
𝑄2 = −Imag[𝑉2∗ (𝑌21 𝑉1 + 𝑌22 𝑉2 + 𝑌23 𝑉3 + 𝑌24 𝑉4 + 𝑌25 𝑉5 )]
= −Imag[1∠−9.880
× {(2.0911 − 𝑗15.7259) × 1∠9.880 + (−1.3793 + 𝑗3.4483) × 0.9325∠−3.610
+ (−0.7117 + 𝑗2.2776) × 0.9363∠−4.50 }] = 10.106 pu
1 𝑃2 − 𝑗𝑄2
𝑉2 = ( − 𝑌21 𝑉1 − 𝑌23 𝑉3 − 𝑌24 𝑉4 − 𝑌25 𝑉5 )
𝑌22 𝑉2∗
1 2 − 𝑗10.106
= [ − (−1.3793 + 𝑗3.4483) × 0.9207∠−3.310
2.0911 − 𝑗15.7259 1∠−7.0080
− (−0.7117 + 𝑗2.2776) × 0.9183∠−5.640 ] = 1.005∠11.630 pu

Set 𝑉2 = 1∠11.630 pu
|Δ𝑉2 | = |1∠11.630 − 1∠9.880 | = 0.0304
Therefore, the final result of the load flow problem is:
𝑉1 = 1∠00 pu
𝑉2 = 1∠11.630 pu
𝑉3 = 1.04∠3.570 pu
𝑉4 = 0.9207∠−3.310 pu
𝑉5 = 0.9183∠−5.640 pu

Power Flow Calculations

Line currents:
𝑉1 − 𝑉4 1∠00 − 0.9207∠−3.310
𝐼14 = = = 2.3457∠−42.650 pu
𝑧14 0.01 + 𝑗0.04

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EEE 304 Summer 2021; Solution to Load Flow Assignment

𝑉2 − 𝑉4 1∠11.630 − 0.9207∠−3.310
𝐼24 = = = 0.9721∠8.480 pu
𝑧24 0.1 + 𝑗0.25
𝑉2 − 𝑉5 1∠11.630 − 0.9183∠−5.640
𝐼25 = = = 0.7138∠4.680 pu
𝑧25 0.125 + 𝑗0.4
𝑉3 − 𝑉5 1.04∠3.570 − 0.9183∠−5.640
𝐼35 = = = 3.8045∠−21.980 pu
𝑧35 0.015 + 𝑗0.05

Power flows:
∗
𝑆14 = 𝑉1 𝐼14 = 1∠00 × 2.3457∠42.650 = 1.7253 + 𝑗1.5892 pu = 172.53 MW + 𝑗158.92 Mvar
∗
𝑆41 = 𝑉4 𝐼41 = 0.9207∠−3.310 × (−2.3457∠42.650 ) = −1.6703 − 𝑗1.3691 pu
= −167.03 MW − 𝑗136.91 Mvar
∗
𝑆24 = 𝑉2 𝐼24 = 1∠11.630 × 0.9721∠−8.480 = 0.9709 + 𝑗0.0533 pu = 97.09 MW + 𝑗5.33 Mvar
∗
𝑆42 = 𝑉4 𝐼42 = 0.9207∠−3.310 × (−0.9721∠−8.480 ) = −0.8761 + 𝑗0.1829 pu
= −87.61 MW + 𝑗18.29 Mvar
∗
𝑆25 = 𝑉2 𝐼25 = 1∠11.630 × 0.7138∠−4.680 = 0.7085 + 𝑗0.0863 pu = 70.85 MW + 𝑗8.63 Mvar
∗
𝑆52 = 𝑉5 𝐼52 = 0.9183∠−5.640 × (−0.7138∠−4.680 ) = −0.6449 + 𝑗0.1175 pu
= −64.49 MW + 𝑗11.75 Mvar
∗
𝑆35 = 𝑉3 𝐼35 = 1.04∠3.570 × 3.8045∠21.980 = 3.5697 + 𝑗1.7066 pu
= 356.97 MW + 𝑗170.66 Mvar
∗
𝑆53 = 𝑉5 𝐼53 = 0.9183∠−5.640 × (−3.8045∠21.980 ) = −3.3526 − 𝑗0.9829 pu
= −335.26 MW − 𝑗98.29 Mvar

Power supply and consumption:

Power supplied by generator at bus 1 = 𝑆14 = 1.7253 + 𝑗1.5892 pu
= 172.53 MW + 𝑗158.92 Mvar
Power supplied by generator at bus 2 = 𝑆24 + 𝑆25 = 0.9709 + 𝑗0.0533 + 0.7085 + 𝑗0.0863
= 1.6792 + 𝑗0.1397 pu = 167.92 MW + 𝑗13.97 Mvar
Power supplied by generator at bus 3 = 𝑆35 = 3.5697 + 𝑗1.7066 pu
= 356.97 MW + 𝑗170.66 Mvar
Power supplied by load at bus 4 = 𝑆41 + 𝑆42 = −1.6703 − 𝑗1.3691 − 0.8761 + 𝑗0.1829
= −2.5464 − 𝑗1.1862 pu = −254.64 MW − 𝑗118.62 Mvar
Power supplied by load at bus 5 = 𝑆52 + 𝑆53 = −0.6449 + 𝑗0.1175 − 3.3526 − 𝑗0.9829
= −3.9975 − 𝑗0.8654 pu = −399.75 MW − 𝑗86.54 Mvar
Note that the supplied powers by the loads are negative, which indicates positive
consumed power. Also note that the real power supplied by the generators and the real
and reactive powers consumed by the loads are close to the given values, but not exactly
equal to them. This is due to a very lenient error limit and fewer number of iterations
(only 3). More iterations would give better results.

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EEE 304 Summer 2021; Solution to Load Flow Assignment

Power losses:
Loss at line 14 = 𝑆14 + 𝑆41 = 0.055 + 𝑗0.2201 pu = 5.5 MW + 𝑗22.01 Mvar
Loss at line 24 = 𝑆24 + 𝑆42 = 0.0945 + 𝑗0.2363 pu = 9.45 MW + 𝑗23.63 Mvar
Loss at line 25 = 𝑆25 + 𝑆52 = 0.0637 + 𝑗0.2038 pu = 6.37 MW + 𝑗20.38 Mvar
Loss at line 35 = 𝑆35 + 𝑆53 = 0.2171 + 𝑗0.7237 pu = 21.71 MW + 𝑗72.37 Mvar

Power flow diagram:

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