1 .

Stress strain diagram for Mild steel

2. Concepts of stress and strain. (Like What is stress? Stress unit?)

Stress is defined as the force experienced by the object which causes a change in the
object while a strain is defined as the change in the shape of an object when stress is
applied.

Subscript 0 denotes the original dimensions of the sample. The SI unit for stress is
newton per square metre, or pascal (1 pascal = 1 Pa = 1 N/m2), and strain is unitless.

3. What are the four basic forms of deformation of solid bodies?

3 Introduction Forces result in four basic forms of deformations or displacements of

structures or solid bodies and these are: TENSION COMPRESSION BENDING
TWISTING Torsion is one of the common modes of deformations in which shafts are
subjected to torques about its longitudinal axis resulting in twisting deformations.

4. What is Poisson's ratio?

Poisson's ratio is defined as the ratio of the change in the width per unit width of a material, to the
change in its length per unit length, as a result of strain.
5. What is Hooke's law?

Hooke's law, law of elasticity discovered by the English scientist Robert Hooke in 1660, which
states that, for relatively small deformations of an object, the displacement or size of the deformation
is directly proportional to the deforming force or load.

6. What is True stress and True strain?

The true stress, , is the value of stress in the material considering the actual area of
the specimen. Because the area decreases as a material is loaded, true stress is
higher than engineering stress.

7. Theories Failure?

The principal theories of failure for a member subjected to biaxial stress are as follows:
Maximum Principal/Normal Stress Theory (Rankine's Theory) Maximum Shear Stress
Theory (Guest's Theory) Maximum Principal /Normal Strain Theory (Saint's Theory)
8. What is plane stress and plane strain?

A state of plane strain is defined as follows: Plane Strain: If the strain state at a
material particle is such that the only non-zero strain components act in one plane only,
the particle is said to be in plane strain.

In continuum mechanics, a material is said to be under plane stress if the stress vector
is zero across a particular plane. ... A related notion, plane strain, is often applicable to
very thick members. Plane stress typically occurs in thin flat plates that are acted upon
only by load forces that are parallel to them.

9. Why Mohr's circle are used?

be represented in graphical form by a plot known as Mohr's Circle. because it enables

you to visualize the relationships between the normal and shear stresses acting on
various inclined planes at a point in a stressed body. stresses, maximum shear stresses
and stresses on inclined planes.

10. What is fatigue?

Fatigue is failure under repeated or otherwise varying load which never reaches a level
sufficient to cause failure in a single application.

11. What is creep?

Creep is a type of metal deformation that occurs at stresses below the yield strength of a metal,
generally at elevated temperatures.

12. What is finite element analysis? Steps in FEM analysis?

The finite element method (FEM) is a widely used method for numerically solving
differential equations arising in engineering and mathematical modeling. Typical
problem areas of interest include the traditional fields of structural analysis, heat
transfer, fluid flow, mass transport, and electromagnetic potential.

The general procedure of finite element analysis can be split largely into 3 stages:
preprocessing for preparation of modeling data, processing for assembly and solution of
the equations, and postprocessing for visualization of analysis results.
13. What are the different types of Analysis?

With CAE, there is a large spectrum of engineering simulation analysis types

to consider, including:

● Stress and dynamics analysis using finite element analysis (FEA)

● Thermal and fluid analysis using computational fluid dynamics
(CFD)
● Kinematics and dynamic analysis of mechanisms (multibody
dynamics)
● Acoustics analysis using FEA or a boundary element method
(BEM)
● 1D CAE, or mechatronic system simulation, for multi-domain
mechatronics system design
● Simulation of manufacturing processes like casting, molding and
die press forming
● Particle simulation as part of a flow industrial process
● Multiphysics analysis based on multiple simulation phenomena
● Optimization of the product or process
14. What are the types of Elements used in FEA?

Elements in FEA are generally grouped into 1D element, 2D element, and 3D

element. They are recognised based on their shapes. For example, elements can take
on the form of a straight line or curve, triangle or quadrilateral, tetrahedral and many
more. The simplest element is a line made of two nodes.

15. What is Volumetric strain

Volumetric Strain: The volumetric strain is the unit change in volume, i.e. the change
in volume divided by the original volume.

16. What are SFD and BMD? Why it is used?

Shear and bending moment diagrams are analytical tools used in conjunction with
structural analysis to help perform structural design by determining the value of shear
force and bending moment at a given point of an element.

17. What is the Moment of Inertia?

Moment of inertia tells you how difficult it is to rotate an object. It is equivalent to the mass in linear
problems. Moment of inertia is proportional to an objects mass and to it's distance from the
rotational axis squared. The distance from the rotational axis dominates over the objects mass due
to the square
18. What is Torsion? Concepts of torsion?

In the field of solid mechanics, torsion is the twisting of an object due to an applied
torque. ... In sections perpendicular to the torque axis, the resultant shear stress in this
section is perpendicular to the radius.

If a material is subjected to twisting by the application of a couple a shear stress will be

induced within the material. If a couple is applied to a cylindrical rod in such a way that
the axis of the couple is coincident with the axis of the rod, then the rod is said to be
subject to pure torsion.

19. What is a stiffness matrix?

In the finite element method for the numerical solution of elliptic partial differential equations, the
stiffness matrix represents the system of linear equations that must be solved in order to ascertain
an approximate solution to the differential equation.

20. What is the degree of freedom?

Degrees of Freedom refers to the maximum number of logically independent values,

which are values that have the freedom to vary, in the data sample. ... Calculating
Degrees of Freedom is key when trying to understand the importance of a Chi-Square
statistic and the validity of the null hypothesis.
21. Shear stress and Shear strain?

Shear strain is the deformation of an object or medium under shear stress. The shear
modulus is the elastic modulus in this case. Shear stress is caused by forces acting
along the object's two parallel surfaces.

22. Concept of Elongation?

Elongation is a measure of deformation that occurs before a material eventually breaks

when subjected to a tensile load. As the latter is applied, an increase in length and a
uniform reduction in cross-sectional area take place, while the material maintains a
constant volume.

The elongation is calculated as the relative increase in length. Elongation = ɛ = (ΔL/L)

x 100. Where: » ΔL: Final Length. » L: Initial Length.

23. Types of support? ( draw cantilever or Simply supported)

● Simply Supported Beam. It is one of the simplest structural elements that both
ends rest on supports but is free to rotate. ...
● Fixed Beam. It is supported at both ends and fixed to resist rotation. ...
● Cantilever Beam. ...
● Continuous Beam. ...
● Reinforced Concrete Beams. ...
● Steel Beams. ...
 ● Timber beams. ...
● Composite Beams.

24. What is convergence criteria in FEM?

Convergence: Mesh convergence determines how many elements are required in a

model to ensure that the results of an analysis are not affected by changing the size of
the mesh. System response (stress, deformation) will converge to a repeatable solution
with decreasing element size.
25. What is Truss Element?

Truss elements are rods that can carry only tensile or compressive loads. They have
no resistance to bending; therefore, they are useful for modeling pin-jointed frames.
Moreover, truss elements can be used as an approximation for cables or strings (for
example, in a tennis racket).

26. What is Natural frequency?

An object's natural frequency is the frequency or rate that it vibrates naturally when
disturbed. ... We call the frequency in which an object naturally vibrates, its natural
frequency. We can utilize harmonic oscillators as tools to model an object's natural
frequency

27. what is the S-N curve?

A SN-Curve (sometimes written S-N Curve) is a plot of the magnitude of an

alternating stress versus the number of cycles to failure for a given material.
Typically both the stress and number of cycles are displayed on logarithmic
scales.

28. What is the shape function?

Shape functions are used to determine the value of state variable at any point of
element based on values of state variable on three nodes.