COMPUTER NETWORKS & DATA

COMMUNICATION
EL30105
 Unit – V

Wireless and Sensor Networks

Asutosh Patnaik, Asst. Prof., Dept. of EEE, CGU,

03-03-2021 2
Odisha
 CONTENTS

֍ Wireless LANs
֍ IEEE 802.11
֍ Bluetooth
֍ Virtual LAN
֍ Satellite Networks

Asutosh Patnaik, Asst. Prof., Dept. of EEE, CGU,

03-03-2021 3
Odisha
 Unit – 5 Lecture 5
Objective of Today’s Lecture
Understand the concept of Satellite Networks

Asutosh Patnaik, Asst. Prof., Dept. of EEE, CGU,

03-03-2021 4
Odisha
 Satellite Networks
Introduction
Distance: 378.000 km
Period: 27.3 days

Asutosh Patnaik, Asst. Prof., Dept. of EEE, CGU,

03-03-2021 5
Odisha
 Satellite Networks
Introduction
• Satellites in circular orbits Distance: 378.000 km
• attractive force Fg = m g (R/r)²
Period: 27.3 days
• centrifugal force Fc = m r ²
gR 2
• m: mass of the satellite r3
• R: radius of the earth (R = 6370 km) (2 f ) 2
• r: distance to the center of the earth
• g: acceleration of gravity (g = 9.81 m/s²)
• : angular velocity ( = 2  f, f: rotation frequency)
• Stable orbit
• Fg = Fc

Asutosh Patnaik, Asst. Prof., Dept. of EEE, CGU,

03-03-2021 6
Odisha
 Satellite Networks
Introduction
24 satellite
Distance:
velocity [ x1000378.000
km/h] km
20 period [h]
Period: 27.3 days
16
12
8
4 synchronous distance
35,786 km
10 20 30 40 x106 m
radius
Asutosh Patnaik, Asst. Prof., Dept. of EEE, CGU,
03-03-2021 7
Odisha
 Satellite Networks
Inclination
plane of satellite orbit

satellite orbit
perigee
d

inclination d
equatorial plane

Asutosh Patnaik, Asst. Prof., Dept. of EEE, CGU,

03-03-2021 8
Odisha
 Satellite Networks
Elevation
Elevation:
angle e between center of satellite beam
and surface

minimal elevation:
e
elevation needed at least
to communicate with the satellite

Asutosh Patnaik, Asst. Prof., Dept. of EEE, CGU,

03-03-2021 9
Odisha
 Satellite Networks
Orbits Distance (km) Period
Low Earth Orbit (LEO) 700 - 2000 ~2 hr
Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) 10.000 – 15.000 ~6 hr
Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) 36.000 24 hr

Asutosh Patnaik, Asst. Prof., Dept. of EEE, CGU,

03-03-2021 10
Odisha
 Satellite Networks
GEO
• No handover
• Altitude: ~35.786 km.
• One-way propagation delay: 250-280 ms
• 3 to 4 satellites for global coverage
• Mostly used in video broadcasting
• Example: TURKSAT satellites
• Another applications: Weather forecast, global communications, military
applications
• Advantage: well-suited for broadcast services
• Disadvantages: Long delay, high free-space attenuation

Asutosh Patnaik, Asst. Prof., Dept. of EEE, CGU,

03-03-2021 11
Odisha
 Satellite Networks
MEO
• Altitude: 10.000 – 15.000 km
• One-way propagation delay: 100 – 130 ms
• 10 to 15 satellites for global coverage
• Infrequent handover
• Orbit period: ~6 hr
• Mostly used in navigation
• GPS, Galileo, Glonass
• Communications: Inmarsat, ICO

Asutosh Patnaik, Asst. Prof., Dept. of EEE, CGU,

03-03-2021 12
Odisha
 Satellite Networks
LEO
• Altitude: 700 – 2.000 km
• One-way propagation delay: 5 – 20 ms
• More than 32 satellites for global coverage
• Frequent handover
• Orbit period: ~2 hr
• Applications:
• Earth Observation
• GoogleEarth image providers (DigitalGlobe, etc.)
• RASAT (First satellite to be produced solely in Turkey)
• Communications
• Globalstar, Iridium
• Search and Rescue (SAR)
• COSPAS-SARSAT

Asutosh Patnaik, Asst. Prof., Dept. of EEE, CGU,

03-03-2021 13
Odisha