Link words

AND –put 2 actions together or put N or ADJ

together –I went home and watched TV.

ALSO-means the same as and,use with V or

put 2 ss together-I need a hammer ;I also need nails.

NOT…EITHER,or NEITHER…NOR if
ss are negative-He’s not a good husband.He’s not a good
father either.He’s neither a good husband nor a good father.

OR – use with a choice of 2 or 3.-We can have a

party on Monday,Tuesday or Wednesday.

BUT- when you’re saying smth different to

what you said before.- I need a hammer but don’t need
nails.

ALTHOUGH-means that there were good

reasons for smth not to happen,but it still
happened.- Andy came to the party,although I told him not to.

UNLESS-means smth will happen if smth

else does not stop it.-They should arrive at 6,unless there
is snow on the roads.
Cause and result
BECAUSE or BECAUSE OF- say smth
happened(its cause)- We didn’t go out because it was
raining./We didn’t go out because of the rain.

DUE TO/OWING to/BECAUSE of+N

–because of more usual in spoken English.- He’s
retiring due to bad health.Owing to bad weather,this morning’s
flight will be delayed.

AS/SINCE-less common than because but

have the same meaning.-We asked Phil to come with us
as/since he knew the way.Since/As she doesn’t know,perhaps we
should ask smb else.

SO/THEREFORE/AS A RESULT- talk

about the result of smth.-Gemma has a motorbike
now ,so she can travel more. Progress has been
excellent.Therefore, we are certain the work will finish on
time.The currency has recently lost 18% of its value.As a result,
imports will be more expensive.
Time

WHILE/AS-for 2 actions happening at the

same time.- I was doing the shopping while she was having a
rest.That car hit the other one as I was coming out of the shop.

JUST AS-want to emphasize that smth

happened together at the same time.-That car hit
the other one just as I was coming out of the shop.
AS SOON AS-talk about one thing
happening immediately after smth else.-You can
go as soon as you’ve finished.I came as soon as I heard the news.

WHEN-use for the time smth happened or

will happen.-Daniel looked fine when I saw him.
Contrast

DESPITE( + noun phrase or a verb +ing) /IN

SPITE OF-use to link 2 contrasting ideas.-In
spiteof/Despite assurance that the product is safe,people have
stopped buying it.Despite making huge profits,they are laying off
staff.

ALTHOUGH/THOUGH/EVEN
THOUGH-Although/Though we spent a lot of
money ,it was worth it.

HOWEVER- introduces a contrast,may

come at the beginningof a sentence or in the
middle, separated by commas.The Commission has
accused a group of manufacturers of price-fixing.However,the
commission did not name the companies.

WHEREAS- use to make comparisons.

Motorola is strong in the US,whereas Nokia is strong in Europe.
ON ONE HAND…ON THE OTHER
HAND-to contrast 2 different facts or
opinions about a situation.-On the one hand,the city
offers a lot of entertainment.On the other hand,it’s very noisy.