NAMA : MARIA VERONIKA

NIM : 042893407

KODE / NAMA MATA KULIAH : PBIS4131 / SOCIOLINGUISTICS

JURUSAN : SASTRA INGGRIS

KODE/NAMA UPBJJ : UPBJJ-JAKARTA

MASA UJIAN : 2021/22.1(2021.2)

 1. Definition of Language and Society
Language : a system of conventional spoken , manual (signed), or written symbol by means of
which human beings, as members of a special group and participants in its culture, express-
themselves.
Society : a group of persons with a common interest, belief or purpose historical societies.

Relationship between Language & Society :

Language and communication can’t separate. People use the language as a means of
communication to express their ideas and feelings. They communicate either with each other
using language in every social interaction ; communicate with others directly or indirectly in the
spoken and written form. Therefore, language is an important thing of communication in
society. In the society, language and society are two things that support each other. Because
language is a device to communicate one to another.

2. a. Linguistics : The study of human speech including the units, nature, structure, and
modification of language.

b. Sociolinguistics : The study of language in relation to social factors, including differences of

regional, class, and occupational dialect, gender differences, and bilingualism.

c. Applied Sociolinguistics : A broad range of activities which involve solving some language-
related problem or addressing some language-related concern.

The difference between sociolinguistics and linguistics is that sociolinguistics is the study of
social and cultural effects on language while linguistics is the scientific study of language.
Applied Linguistics is a larger categorization of linguistics that encompasses multiple disciplines.
Sociolinguistics is usually considered a part of Applied linguistics, as is language pedagogy.

3. Some of the communicative codes that humans employ include:

 Language – Language could be further reduced to written (visual) versions and spoken
(auditory) versions as both display enough systematic differences that it would be productive to
examine and understand why those differences exist.

 Modern Musical Notation System – This refers to how music is written, including information
about the order and length of notes, time signature, key, and more.

 Mathematical Notion Systems – This refers to how math is written, including numbers,
symbols for mathematical operations, and notation used in proofs (e.g., “QED”).
 Aesthetic Codes – Various arts – e.g., painting, sculpting, acting, dancing, film production, music
composition, music performance – can be considered communicative codes in that they employ
behavior and artifacts in rule-governed ways that systematically evoke particular meme states
in others.

 Kinesic Code – This refers to how we use our physical bodies to activate meme states in others.
This code does not necessarily require an actual physical body as a medium. When we look at a
comic strip the media system employed is paper and ink. The kinesic code, however, is visible in
the faces the comic strip characters make and the way their bodies are position.

 Proxemic Code – This refers to how we used physical space to activate memes in other. As with
the kinesic code, the proxemic code can be evident in a variety of different media systems –
animations, movies, photographs – and is not limited to use only between actual human beings.

 Vocalic Code – This refers to all the qualities of our voices that accompany the content, or the
words, spoken. This can include pitch, rate, variation in pitch, accent, volume, articulation, etc.
It, too, can be evident in a variety of different media systems. In fact, we would argue that what
is referred to as “punctuation” in print can be understood as graphic indicators of vocalic code.
Commas, semi-colons, periods, ellipses, question marks, exclamation marks are all indicators of
vocalic behavior. For example, person who posts something online in ALL CAPS is often told to
“stop shouting.”

 Haptic Code – This code includes all the ways we activate meme states via touching another
person.

 Chronemic Code – This refers to how we can activate meme states via the use of time. Arriving
late, arriving early, imposing on something unannounced, multi-tasking while someone is
talking with you – these are all examples of how we use time to activate meme states.

 Physical Appearance – We present our physical selves a variety of ways to others. Some of
these meme states get activated by qualities of our appearance less directly under our control
(e.g., height, skin color, hair color), some more directly under our control (e.g., weight, size,
shape).

 Artifacts and Environment – This code includes what George Carlin refers to as “our stuff,” and
how it activates particular meme states for those interacting with us. How we dress, what
glasses we wear, our purses, backpacks, jewelry, and all the ways we manipulate and decorate
our immediate environment (e.g., bedroom, office) can all be part of this code.
 Olfactory Code – This code, which addresses how smell systematically activates memes, has
only recently become recognized and studied by researchers, despite a “personal odor
manipulation” industry (e.g., perfumes, colognes, after shaves, deodorants, breath fresheners,
mouth washes, scented shampoos, “odor eaters” for shoes) that generates tens of billions of
dollars annually.
Much of human communication takes places through a shared language. Shared language
qualifies as a communicative code: languages are systems that pair structurally related stimuli
(e.g., words) with meme states (e.g., definitions of those words), and do so in structured and
organized ways. It is also the case that much of our communication employs nonverbal
behavior as well. Any number of textbooks that address nonverbal communication identify and
describe various nonverbal codes—that is, the “meaning” or meme states, that people
systematically associate with different forms of nonverbal behavior. Many traditional
definitions of communication make reference to some sort of “shared code” or “shared signal
system”. Given this focus on language and nonverbal codes in scholars’ discussions of
communication, it intuitively seems that communication would be dependent on some sort of
shared communicative code(s).
We contend that a shared code is not an essential component of a communicative event—in
other words, it is possible to communicate without a code. However, codes
do facilitate communication, and can be an emergent phenomenon following repeated
communicative events. Put another way, we do not have to have a code to communicate, but
codes make communication easier—so much so that even if we start communicating without a
code, we likely will develop one along the way, if we communicate for long enough.

4. Code mixing is mixing of two or more language while communicating. Now, it is often
common for a speaker who knows two or more languages to take one word or more than one
word from one language and introduce it while speaking another language.

For example :

I’m currently taking German lessons. there will be times when I will mix some German words in
my English sentences. That’s, in fact, very common. Languages have this kind of effect on other
languages. It is also very rare for Bilinguals to utter sentences that belong to purely one
language.

5. Bilingualism is ability to speak two languages. It may be acquired early by children in regions
where the most adults speak two language. Children may be also become bilingual by learning
languages in two different social settings.

For the example : Indonesian children who attend to international school learn English language
which is the main language in their school. So that they can use Indonesia and English language
as their daily language.