ABDOMEN & MONOGASTRIC

STOMACH
Objectives:

1- Identify the abdominal regions

2- Identify peritoneal structure as greater omentum (including the

omental bursa & gastrosplenic ligament)

3- Examine stomach (including its curvatures, regions, and sphincters)

4- Stomach comparative (horse, pig and dog)

Def:- Abdomen is the region of the trunk that lies caudal to the
diaphragm.
Abdominal regions
a- Cranial (Epigastric)
b- Middle (Mesogastric)
c- Caudal (Hypogastric)
 Boundaries of the abdominal cavity proper
a- Ventrally: abdominal muscles
b- Laterally:- Abdominal Mm. except rectus abdominis and cartilages of
the sternal ribs.
c- Dorsally: Lumbar vertebrae and Sublumbar mm.
d- Cranially: Diaphragm
e- Caudally: Communicate with the pelvic cavity through the terminal line

Contents of the abdominal cavity proper

a- Alimentary organs: stomach, intestine, liver and pancreas.
b- Urinary organs: kidneys, ureters and urinary bladder.
c- Reproductive organs:
In male: ductus deference, seminal vesicles and prostate gland.
In Female: ovaries, uterine tube and uterus.

Openings of the abdominal cavity

1- Aortic opening (hiatus aorticus)
2- esophageal opening (hiatus esophageus)
3- Caval opening
4- Openings of inguinal canal.
In the fetus, umbilical opening is present.
 The peritoneum

Def: is an elastic membrane, which lines the abdominal wall and the pelvic
cavity in part.

In male, the peritoneum is a closed sac.

In female, it is indirectly communicated with the exterior through the

abdominal opening of uterine tubes.

It consists of two layers:

1- Parietal layer ----- adheres the abdominal wall.

2- Visceral layer ---- is applied to the viscera.

- Between the two layers, the peritoneal cavity which contains small amount

of serous fluid secreted by the membrane.

- The peritoneal cavity is divided into two portions :

1- Greater sac ---- main portion. 2- Lesser sac ------- lesser portion.
 The peritoneal folds
The peritoneal folds are:
1- Mesenteries: broad folds that suspend intestine and small colon to dorsal
abdominal wall. (Mesoduodenum – mesorectum - mesocolon).
2- Ligaments: Are folds, which pass between viscera other than parts of the
digestive tube, or connect them with abdominal wall as ligaments of liver,
uterus and U.B. (lateral and coronary ligaments)
3- Greater omentum: is a fold attached the greater curvature of stomach to
dorsal abdominal wall forming an extensive loose sac (as in horse ).
4- Lesser omentum: is hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal ligaments
-The greater omentum has superficial and deep parts between which there is
the omental bursa (contains nothing in horse and ventral ruminal sac in cow)
-The omentum in ruminants conceals the intestines except the descending
duodenum
- The supra omental bursa in ruminants is situated above the omental bursa.
And it contains the greater part of the intestines
Epiploic (omental) foramen: The entrance of the omental bursa in both
ruminants and non-ruminants'

It is located between the caudate lobe of the liver, the hepatoduodenal

ligament and the caudal vena cava
 Stomach (Gaster – Ventriculus)
Def: The Stomach is a sac-like dilation part of the alimentary canal
between esophagus and intestines.
- It occupies in the left side of cranial abdominal region (epigastrium)
- It is connected with the spleen at the left side, the liver at the right and
front side and pancreas and intestines in caudally

Functions of stomach
Storage - The stomach receives the boluses from the oesophagus and store
them temporarily
Mechanical digestion - The ingesta inside the stomach are pierced and
mixed with gastric juice by the muscular contraction (churning and mashing
of the content)
Chemical (enzymatic) digestion - The gastric juice secreted by the glands in
the stomach wall consists of pepsin, rennin, HCL etc...
 Fixation
1- Pressure of the adjacent organs 2- Esophagus and duodenum.
3- Gastro splenic ligament. 4- Lesser omentum.
5- Greater omentum. - Gastro phrenic ligament.
7- Gastro pancreatic fold.

Classification of the stomach in mammals

The stomach can show considerable diversity among the mammals. These
variety are closely associated in function related with the nutritional habits
and consumed foods
I. According to size and shape;
Monogastric or (one stomach) – Carnivores, human, pig, horse
Polygastric (more than one stomach) – Ruminants (ox,sheep,goat,deer,camel
etc..)
II. According to composition of gastric mucous membran;
Glandular lining (Cardiac, fundic and pyloric gland regions)/Non-Glandular lining
 Simple stomach ; Glanduler lining (Car., human)
 Complex stomach ; Mix lining (Horse, pig, ruminants)
Types of the stomach in mammals
1. Monogastric stomach Simple stomach ; Glanduler lining (Car.,
human)
 Complex stomach ; Mix lining (Horse, pig)

2. Polygastric stomach

 Complex stomach; Ruminants

So, (simple monogastric, complex monogastric, complex polygastric)

N.B: Other Classification:
1- Simple monolocular stomach: Dog –cat
2- Compound monolocular: Horse- Pig
3- Compound multilocular stomach: ruminant's stomach
Simple: lined by glandular epith
Compound: lined by glandular and non glandular
Monolocular: one cavity Multilocular: More than one cavity
Anatomy of the monogastric stomach:
The stomach of the carnivores, pig and horse has a specific-shape
occupies in the left side of cranial abdominal region
Two ends of the stomach: the cardiac opening and the pyloral opening
Two face of the stomach: the parietal surface and visceral surface
Two marges of the stomach: the greater curvature and lesser curvature
(lesser curvature has angular notch in dog)
Parts of the Stomach;
Cardia – the area around the oesophageal opening (strong in horse)
Fundus – blind expanded portion of the stomach’s left side (has gas)
(The fundus bulges forming saccus caecus in horse and diverticulum ventriculi in pig).
Body – the largest part
Pylorus – the area around the duodenal opening
- the pylorus: Incomplete in pig (so it has torus pylorus)
- The pylorus has Pyloric sinus, Pyloric canal and pylorus
Item Dog Pig Horse
Type Monolocular Monolocular Monolocular
simple compound compound
Shape u or piriform shape Pear shape J-shape
Aungular
Deep Shallow Moderate
notch
Saccus
caecus Present

Diverticulum
ventriculae Present

Torus
Present
pylorus
Non Narrow area around Large separated
glandular the cardia from the glandular
region by margo-plicatus.
Cardiac Narrow zone around Extend to the middle Narrow zone
gland region the cardia of the stomach around margo
plicatus
Fundic gland About 2/3 of the Distal part of the Most of the body,
region stomach ( the fundus body except the fundus.
and body ) 14
1. Gastrotomy is usually performed midway between the lesser and greater
curvatures of the stomach of the dog to remove sharp foreign bodies

2. Gastric rupture occurs along greater curvature of stomach due to gastric

distension as in grain overload which can cause sever pain. It can be daignosed by
abdominocentesis and rectal palpation.
Treatment : immediate euthanasia

3. Gastric ulcer in horse