APPENDIX I

Search terms

MEDLINE search

1. exp government/ or exp "legislation as topic"/ or exp formal social control/

2. "legislation & jurisprudence".fs.
3. (law? or ordinance? or jurisprudence or legal or legislation or ((control* or access) adj3
(tobacco or smoking)) or smoking ban?).ab,kf,ti.
4. or/1-3 [legal]
5. commerce/ or exp marketing/ or consumer participation/ or tobacco industry/
6. (economics or "supply and distribution").fs.
7. (commerc* or tobacco industry or purchas* or sale? or (access adj3 (youth or minors)) or
retail*).ab,kf,ti.
8. or/5-7 [purchase]
9. adolescent/ or young adult/ or Psychology, adolescent/ or adolescent behavior/ or
adolescent health/ or students/
10. (student? or youth* or juvenile or teen or teens or teenage* or young people or pupil? or
minors or adolescen*).ab,kf,ti.
11. or/9-10 [adolescents]
12. and/4,8,11
13. tobacco control.jn. and 11
14. 12 or 13 [legal purchase age adolescents]
15. smoking/
16. (smoker? or smoking or cigarette? or cigar?).ab,kf,ti.
17. 15 or 16 [smoking]
18. social facilitation/ or adolescent behavior/ or health knowledge, attitudes, practice/ or life
style/ or social norms/ or social values/
19. (behavior* or behaviour or social facilitation or habit? or life style? or lifestyle? or norm?
or value? or (health adj3 (knowledge or attitude? or practice?))).ab,kf,ti.
20. 18 or 19 [behavior]
21. 17 and 20
22. exp "tobacco use"/ or exp "tobacco use cessation"/ or "tobacco use disorder"/
23. (smoking cessation or "tobacco use" or "use of tobacco" or "tobacco possession use" or
"tobacco purchase use" or "cigarette use" or "use of cigarettes" or (nicotine adj3 (disorder or
dependence?))).ab,kf,ti.
24. or/21-23 [smoking behavior]
25. 14 and 24
26. animals/ not humans/
27. 25 not 26
28. remove duplicates from 27

Total number of articles initial search: 1456

1
Embase search

1. exp *government/ or exp legal aspect/ or *social control/

2. (law? or ordinance? or jurisprudence or legal or legislation or ((control* or access) adj3
(tobacco or smoking)) or smoking ban?).ab,kw,ti.
3. or/1-2 [legal]
4. *commercial phenomena/ or *consumer/ or *tobacco industry/
5. (commerc* or tobacco industry or purchas* or sale? or (access adj3 (youth or minors)) or
retail*).ab,kw,ti.
6. or/4-5 [purchase]
7. *adolescent/ or *young adult/ or *youth/ or *adolescent behavior/ or *adolescent health/ or
*student/
8. (student? or youth* or juvenile or teen or teens or teenage* or young people or pupil? or
minors or adolescen*).ab,kw,ti.
9. or/7-8 [adolescents]
10. and/3,6,9
11. tobacco control.jn. and 9
12. 10 or 11 [legal purchase age adolescents]
13. exp *"smoking and smoking related phenomena"/
14. (smoker? or smoking or cigarette? or cigar?).ab,kw,ti.
15. 13 or 14 [smoking]
16. *social behavior/ or exp *adolescent behavior/ or exp *health behavior/ or *life style/ or
*social norm/
17. (behavior* or behaviour or social facilitation or habit? or life style? or lifestyle or norm?
or value? or (health adj3 (knowledge or attitude? or practice?))).ab,kw,ti.
18. 16 or 17 [behavior]
19. 15 and 18
20. *"tobacco use"/ or *smoking cessation/ or *tobacco dependence/ or *smoking/ or
*adolescent smoking/ or *cigarette smoking/ or *smoking habit/
21. (smoking cessation or "tobacco use" or "use of tobacco" or "tobacco possession use" or
"tobacco purchase use" or "cigarette use" or "use of cigarettes" or (nicotine adj3 (disorder or
dependence?))).ab,kw,ti.
22. or/19-21 [smoking behavior]
23. 12 and 22
24. (animal/ or animal experiment/ or animal model/ or nonhuman/ or rat/ or mouse/ or (rat or
rats or mouse or mice).ti.) not human/
25. 23 not 24
26. remove duplicates from 25

Total number of articles initial search: 979

2
PsychINFO search

1. exp "law (government)"/ or exp law enforcement/ or exp government policy making/
2. (law? or ordinance? or jurisprudence or legal or legislation or ((control* or access) adj3
(tobacco or smoking)) or smoking ban?).ab,id,ti.
3. "4230".cc.
4. or/1-3 [legal]
5. exp consumer attitudes/ or exp consumer behavior/ or exp commerce/ or exp marketing/ or
exp retailing/
6. (commerc* or tobacco industry or purchas* or sale? or (access adj3 (youth or minors)) or
retail*).ab,id,ti.
7. or/5-6 [purchase]
8. adolescent attitudes/ or adolescent psychology/ or exp students/
9. (student? or youth* or juvenile or teen or teens or teenage* or young people or pupil? or
minors or adolescen*).ab,id,ti.
10. ("200" or "320").ag.
11. "3560".cc.
12. or/8-11 [adolescents]
13. and/4,7,12
14. "tobacco control: an international journal".jn. and 9
15. 13 or 14 [legal purchase age adolescents]
16. exp tobacco smoking/ or *smoking cessation/
17. (smoker? or smoking or cigarette? or cigar? or smoking cessation or "tobacco use" or "use
of tobacco" or "tobacco possession use" or "tobacco purchase use" or "cigarette use" or "use
of cigarettes" or (nicotine adj3 (disorder or dependence?))).ab,id,ti.
18. 16 or 17 [smoking behavior]
19. 15 and 18

Total number of articles initial search: 825

After removal of duplicates: 1680 articles are included for first screening (title and abstract).

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APPENDIX II
In- and exclusion criteria

Inclusion:

- Ban on sales to minors policies (including other synonyms e.g. tobacco sales laws,
sales to minors, access to minors, age of sales laws, minimum age laws, local tobacco
sales ordinance, purchase use and possession laws, ban on sales to minors, legal
tobacco purchasing age, etc.)
- Must be smoking-related (tobacco, smoking, cigarettes, smoking policy,
characteristics of the smoking policy (such as retailer compliance, enforcement, fines,
etc.)).
- Must have smoking/tobacco-related outcome: starting to smoke (initiation), smoking
prevalence, smoking behavior, (perceived) access to cigarettes, sources of cigarettes,
etc.
- Must have adolescent/youth focus.
- Must contain mechanisms (explanations for findings).

Exclusion:

- Studies only looking at cessation of smoking

- Studies only looking at implementation challenges such as adoption of the policy
- Reviews, commentary/editor columns, model-based studies
- Studies only looking at e-cigarettes.
- Studies only looking at retailer interventions unless its comparing enforced vs.
unenforced situations. If assessing access then include, unless it is solely-retailer
focused (e.g. perceptions of retailers or looking at variables that influence a successful
sale).

4
APPENDIX III

Table 1A. List of included studies and quality of evidence.

Author (year) Setting Aim of study Study design Study outcomes Study population

Altman, California, “The objective of this study was Quantitative Retail tobacco sales Students grades 7-12
Wheelis, U.S. to examine the effectiveness of a (longitudinal, paired and self-reported from four communities.
McFarlane, et longitudinal community experimental intervention consumption of
al. intervention on the reduction of study) tobacco
1999 tobacco sales to minors and
subsequent effects on tobacco
consumption by youths” (p.
759)
Borland & Lothian, “To explore the perceived Qualitative Convenience sample of
Amos Scotland impact among a group of (individual or friendship- early school leavers aged
2009 Scottish 16-and 17-year-old pair semi-structure 16 and 17 attending a
school leavers of the recent interviews) work skills programme
increase in age of sale of in Lothian, all regular
cigarettes (1 October 2007) from smokers.
16 to 18 years on their ability to
purchase and access cigarettes”
(p.673)
Castrucci, U.S. “The purpose of this study is to Quantitative Smoking status, Nationally representative
Gerlach, examine the association between (survey) sources of sample of students
Kaufman, et demographic and smoking cigarettes, grades 9 to 12 from 202
al. 2002 behaviour variables and the perceived ease of schools in 200 counties.
likelihood of acquiring access
cigarettes through non-
commercial sources” (p.323).
Cummings, New York, “…to investigate whether Quantitative Prevalence of 9th grade students in 12
Hyland, U.S. increases in retailer compliance (retailers compliance data current smoking, communities in Erie
Perla, et al. with a youth access law were and survey data) frequent smoking, County, NY.

5
2003 correlated with changes in perceived access,
adolescent smoking behaviour” sources of
(p.466). cigarettes.
Dent & Oregon, U.S. “To examine the relation Quantitative Smoking in last 30 8th and 11th grade
Biglan between rates of sales of (survey data and retailer days, sources of students in 75
2004 tobacco to minors and youth compliance data) cigarettes, and communities in Oregon.
smoking prevalence” (p.334). frequency of source
use.
DiFranza & Massachusetts, “This study enlisted focus Qualitative Regular smokers ages
Coleman U.S. groups to investigate the (Focus groups) 12-19 years from 10
2001 methods used to obtain tobacco communities in
by underage smokers living in Massachusetts with a
communities with strong merchant compliance
enforcement programmes” rate above 90%.
(p.323)

Forster, Minnesota, “This study tested the Quantitative Prevalence of Students grades 8 to 10.
Murray, U.S. hypothesis that adoption and (randomized community smoking, ease of
Wolfson, et implementation of local policies trial and surveys) cigarette access,
al. regarding youth access to source of
1998 tobacco can affect adolescent cigarettes, number
smoking” (p.1193). of purchase
attempts
Gilpin, California, “…we examine whether Quantitative Smoking 12 to 15 year olds, never
Lee, U.S. adolescent perception that (survey data) behaviour, smokers
Pierce cigarettes are easy or hard to get perceived ease of
2004 is predictive of future access to smoking,
experimentation during the school
period where access laws were performance,
less well enforced, compared to depressive
a period when enforcement (and symptoms, and
compliance) increased” (p.486). adolescent

6
 rebelliousness.
Gratias, North “… to identify where and how Quantitative Smoking status, Students in 6th-8th grade.
Krowchuk, Carolina, U.S. middle school students living in (survey data) age of first use,
Lawless a tobacco growing state acquire sources of
1999 cigarettes and to describe factors cigarettes.
associated with the likelihood of
being asked for identification
while attempting to purchase
cigarettes over the counter”
(p.277)
Hamilton, Massachusetts, “This study examines whether Quantitative Perceived smoking All residents between 12
Biener, U.S. local regulations regarding clean (survey data) norms, smoking and 17 and adults (above
Brennan indoor air and youth access to status, 18).
2008 tobacco are associated with rebelliousness, and
residents’ subsequent sensation seeking.
perceptions of smoking norms”
(p.709)
Harrison, Minnesota, “This study examines youth Quantitative Substance use Students in grades 6, 9,
Fulkerson, U.S. access to substances by (survey data) frequency, smoking and 12.
Park, et al. investigating both commercial status, access to
2000 and social sources for alcohol, cigarettes, source
tobacco, and other drugs” of cigarettes.
(p.40).
Jones, U.S. “The purposes of this study Quantitative Smoking status, Students grades 9 to 12.
Sharp, were to examine: how high (survey data) and sources of
Husten, et al. school students under 18 years cigarettes
2002 (minors) who smoke usually
obtain cigarettes; whether
minors frequency of smoking is
associated with their sources of
cigarettes; secular trends in
usual sources of cigarettes

7
 among minors 1995-1999; and
whether minors are asked to
show proof of age when they
buy cigarettes in a store” (p.20).

Kanda, Japan “…aimed to clarify the relation Quantitative Smoking status, High school students
Osaki, between smoking behaviour (survey data) sources of
Ohida, et al. among high school students and cigarettes,
2010 prevalence of age
their usage of age verification
verification card
cards by conducting a cross- use, methods of
sectional nationwide survey in obtaining cards.
Japan” (1).

Landrine & California, “We examined the standard Quantitative/qualitative Buy cigarettes, 15-17 year olds
Klonoff U.S. compliance protocol and its (Youth Access Methods where they buy
2003 validity as a measure of youth Interviews and retailer cigarettes,
access to tobacco”(p.1883). compliance rate data) compliance checks
Leatherdale Ontario, “The purpose of the present Quantitative Source of Students grades 9 to 13,
2005 Canada study was to examine (survey data) cigarettes, parental regular smokers.
characteristics that predict background,
whether occasional and regular number of times
smokers buy their own asked for proof of
cigarettes, buy their cigarettes age.
from friends, or get someone
else to buy their cigarettes”
(p.348).

Leatherdale Ontario, “…to examine how the number Quantitative Source of Students grade 9 to 12
& Canada of tobacco retailers surrounding (survey data) cigarettes, parental ages 18 and younger.
Strath a school, the prevalence of background,
2007 smoking within a school, and smoking status,
student characteristics are how often smoke

8
 associated with the likelihood during the day or in
that underage smoking youth: the weekends,
usually buy their own cigarettes, number of times
usually get someone else to buy asked for proof of
their cigarettes, or usually get age.
their cigarettes from friends”
(p.105).
Lee, Taiwan “This study assesses area Quantitative Perceived Students aged 8-13 years
Hsu, disparities in perceptions of (cross-sectional, survey accessibility and old.
Chen, et al. access to tobacco, cigarette data) purchasing
2014 purchasing experiences, and its experiences of
related factors among cigarettes
elementary schoolchildren in
Taiwan” (p.508).
Loukas, Texas, U.S. “The current study examined the Qualitative Youth aged 11 to 19
Spaulding, meaning of citation for 14- to (Focus groups) years old who “received
Gottlieb 19- year- old adolescents who an MIP citation when he
2006 received an MIP of tobacco or she was younger than
citation during high school and 18 years but did not
who were attending a court- complete the court-
mandated tobacco awareness mandated class until 1 or
and education class in one Texas 2 years following
community” (p.199). citation”(p.199).

Marsh, New Zealand “This study seeks to examine Qualitative Youth aged 15-17 years
Dawson, young NZ smokers' access to (Focus groups) old, regular smokers.
McGee social supplies of cigarettes”
2013 (p.156).

Millett, England, U.K. “… to examine the hypothesis Quantitative Smoking status, Youth aged 11-15 years.
Lee, that raising the age for the legal (survey data) sources of
Gibbons, et purchase of tobacco had a lesser cigarettes, and ease
al. of access.
9
2011 impact on access to cigarettes
and regular smoking prevalence
among young people from lower
SES groups than those from
more affluent groups because
they were able to gain access to
tobacco from other sources” (p.
863).

Minnaker, Canada “This paper… describes Quantitative Smoking status, Students in grades 6 to
Soni, differences in youth retail (survey data) access to cigarettes, 12
Nguyen, et al. tobacco access by province… sources of
2015 explores youths' perceptions of cigarettes, number
ease of access to tobacco and of times asked for
identifies youth characteristics proof of age
associated with the odds of
purchasing cigarettes from
stores” (p.2).

Nelson, New Zealand “…investigates more recent Quantitative Tobacco access Students in grade 10,
Paynter, trends in sources of cigarettes (survey data) behaviour, smoking regular smokers.
Arroll for youth in New Zealand” environment
2011 (p.115).

Proctor, Southeastern, “The purpose of this study is to Quantitative Smoking Students 14 to 19 years
Barnett, U.S. examine race and gender as (survey data) behaviour, sources old
Muilenburg potential predictors for access to of cigarettes,
2012 cigarettes and purchasing purchasing
behaviours among an adolescent behaviour, and
population” (p.514). access to cigarettes

Rimpela, Finland “The aim of the study is to Quantitative Purchasing Students 12, 14, 16, and
Rainio (survey data) behaviour, sources 18 years old

10
2004 assess the effects of the tobacco of cigarettes, ease
sales bans in Finland from 1977 of access
to 2003 in a quasi-experimental
design using tobacco purchase
from commercial sources as
well as from friends as
indicators”(p.167).

Robinson & Birmingham, “…to explore how 12-15 year Qualitative Students from secondary
Amos U.K. olds living in disadvantaged (Focus groups) school and 12 to 15 year
2010 areas in one part of the United olds outside of schools.
Kingdom access cigarettes from
non-social sources, to help
inform future prevention and
enforcement policy and activity”
(p.1836).

Robinson, Memphis, U.S. “…to assess the popularity of a Quantitative Perceived Seventh grade students
Klesges, variety of sources through which (survey data) availability of
Zbiwoski young adolescents obtain cigarettes, ease of
1998 cigarettes. To determine whether access, attitude
sources vary with smoking towards price of
frequency, data are presented cigarettes, family
separately for experimental smoking status,
smokers and those who consume sources of
cigarettes regularly”(p.354). cigarettes,
rebelliousness,
smoking status
Schneider, Germany “…the aim of the study was to Quantitative Smoking status, Students between 12 and
Meyer, compare the number of tobacco (commercial tobacco proportion of 15 years old.
Yamamoto, et vending machines and other sources data and survey smokers within
al. commercial sources before and data) class, ease of
2009 access, and sources
11
 after the enactment of the new of cigarettes.
law in a geographically defined
area” (p.295).
Siegel, Massachusetts, “This paper reports the results of Quantitative Smoking initiation Youth between ages 12
Biener, U.S. the first state-wide, longitudinal (longitudinal, telephone and local tobacco and 15 years old.
Rigotti study of the impact of local survey data) sales legislation
1999 tobacco sales ordinances on
youth smoking initiation…to
determine whether living in a
town with a local tobacco sales
ordinance in place in 1993
reduced the rate of smoking
initiation of a 4-year follow-up
period” (p. 335).

Speizer, Virginia, U.S. “The purpose of this study is to Quantitative Perceived access at Students in grades 6 to
Bean, examine correlates of perceived (survey data) home, school, and 12.
Obando, et al. access to cigarettes at home, at the store,
2008 school, and commercially in a smoking status,
large sample of Virginia youth” peer smoking, and
(p.400). family smoking
status.
Thomson, Massachusetts, “…to test whether community- Quantitative Strength of local 12 to 17 year old youth
Hamilton, U.S. level restrictions on youth youth access
Siegel, et al. access to tobacco (including policy, smoking
2007 both ordinances and status, and
enforcement) are associated rebelliousness
with less smoking initiation or
less progression to established
smoking among adolescents”
(p.119).
Turner, Scotland, U.K. “…assesses whether variation in Quantitative/qualitative Smoking Students 13 and 15 years
12
Gordon, pupil access to commercial (survey data and focus behaviour, ease of old in 2 state schools.
Young and/or social sources could groups) access, family
2004 contribute to school differences smoking status,
in pupil smoking rates, and peer smoking,
considers how levels of peer source of cigarettes
smoking affect adolescents'
access to cigarettes”(p.429).

Unger, California, “…examined awareness of anti- Quantitative Smoking status, 10th grade students
Rohrbach, U.S. tobacco policies and support for (survey data) attitudes towards
Howard, et anti-tobacco policies among anti-tobacco
al. 10th grade youth in policies, awareness
1999 California…” (p.754). of policies, support
for policies,
perceived access,
perceived
consequences of
smoking.
Verdonk- Netherlands “This study aims to assess the Quantitative Smoking status, Adolescents aged 13 to
Kleinjan, effect of the introduction of a (survey data) purchasing 15 years.
Knibbe, legal tobacco sales ban in the behaviour,
Bieleman, et Netherlands for adolescents <16 frequency of
al. years, on tobacco purchasing buying
2008 among adolescents aged 13
through 15 years” (p.498).

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