13) Take urgent action to combat climate

change and its impacts.

14) Conserve and sustainably use the oceans,

seas and marine resources for sustainable
development.

15) Protect, restore and promote sustainable

use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably
manage forests, combat desertification and halt
and reverse land degradation, and halt
biodiversity loss.
 Sustainable
Development
(SD)
2. The impacts and consequences of climate change
IPCC forecasts a
Warming of
temperature rise of
the climate
system 2.5 to 10 degrees
Fahrenheit over
the next century.
Snow and ice
diminishing Trees flower
sooner

More severe Plant & Animal

weather and ranges shifted
pattern
changes
Glaciers
shrink
Changes in Change in the
Increased
vegetation distribution of
ocean acidity disease vectors
Ice breaks up
zones earlier
2. The impacts and consequences of climate change

Warming of the climate system: 2019 was the second

warmest year on record.
• Earth’s global average surface temperature was 0.95 Celcius above the
20th century average in 2019

Snow and ice diminishing: Greenland and Antarctic ice

sheets losing mass
• Annual average Arctic sea-ice has decreased in every season and every
decade

More severe weather and pattern changes.

• Increased precipitation in mid-latitude N hemisphere, higher salinity

due to increased/changed precipitation in some areas.
• Increase in warm extremes and decrease in cold extremes.
2. The impacts and consequences of climate change

Changes in vegetation zones: Terrestrial and marine and

freshwater species have shifted ranges

• Geographical ranges, seasonal activities, migration patterns, abundance

and interactions changed.

Increased ocean acidity: pH dropped by 0.1 since the

beginning of the Industrial era

• It is expected to fall another 0.3 to 0.4 pH units by the end of the century.

Change in the distribution of disease vectors: Vector-borne

disease accounts for one-sixth of illness/disability suffered
worldwide
• Higher temperatures increase the area for species (mosquitoes, ticks) to
carry malaria and dengue fever.
 Ecosystem services
• An ecosystem is a dynamic complex of plant, animal and
micro-organism communities and the non-living
environment interacting as a functional unit
• Ecosystems provide a range of ‘services’ that are
essential to support our way of life and well-being
• The benefits people obtain from ecosystems can
provide more than one service

iema.net
•Water is an important constituent of biotic community. In nature, it occurs on the land, below
its surface, in atmosphere and in the biomass.
•97% of the total volume of water available is in oceans, 2% stored in the form of ice sheets and
less than 1% is available as fresh water.
•In the atmosphere most of water is present in the form of moisture or in vapour form. Water
vapour comes from evaporation from the oceans, lakes, rivers, ice-fields and glaciers,
transpiration from plants and animal respiration.
•Water plays a significant role in the continuity of life due to its unique qualities.

•Hydrosphere is the discontinuous layer of water at or near the Earth’s surface. The
liquid and frozen surface water, ground water present in soil and rocks, and the water
vapour in the atmosphere are its components.
•About 1,347 million cubic kilometres of water distributed between these reservoirs.
•But, it is a stark fact that Earth’s fresh water reserve is only 2.7 per cent of the total and
out of this, 2.2 per cent is locked up in polar ice caps and glaciers.
•And 0.5 per cent is distributed in ground water.
•The rivers carry only 0.0001 per cent total water reserves.
 Agricultural Sources
Experts predict that, because pollution can no longer be remedied by dilution (i.e. the flow regime is fully
utilized) in many countries, freshwater quality will become the principal limitation for sustainable development
in these countries early in the next century. This "crisis" is predicted to have the following global dimensions:
· Decline in sustainable food resources (e.g. freshwater and coastal fisheries) due to pollution.
· Cumulative effect of poor water resource management decisions because of inadequate water quality data in
many countries.
· Many countries can no longer manage pollution by dilution, leading to higher levels of aquatic pollution.
· Escalating cost of remediation and potential loss of "creditworthiness".
 Mining Wastes
Mining, milling, dressing and processing of ores give rise to dust, ore and metal discards and
large quantities of effluents, which are discharged into streams, ponds and lakes. They not only
increase sediments but also release toxic metals into water sources.
Common trace metals found in sediments and mine effluents are Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and
Zn. Of these, heavy metals Cd, Hg and Pb and metalloids, such as As, are among the most harmful
of the elemental pollutants. Most of them have a great affinity for sulphur and attack –SH groups
and disulphide bonds in proteins and other biological macromolecules. Cadmium, being chemically
similar to zinc, replaces the latter in enzymes and thus affects enzyme action of Zn-containing
proteins. Mercury is of great concern as a heavy-metal pollutant. Lead occurs in water in Pb (II)
state. It is highly poisonous and causes anaemia, central nervous system disorders, kidney and liver
dysfunction.
* Increasing food demand
* ½ habitable land used for farming
* Pollution & social problems
 *
• 70% of developing countries rely on
farming
• Businesses partner with NGO’s (analyze
impacts) & build relationships with the
entire supply chain

→Supply in long term ensured

• Economic viability: profitable through

increasing yields (previous cases)
 * Performance-based management
* A shared value approach
* Customized and science-based Best
Management Practices
* Access to a worldwide network of
international experts
* Iterative approach and continuous
improvement

Source: IFA Meetings; Paris, January 2015

 * Agriculture and its role in the SDGs
* Investing in the agricultural sector can address not
only hunger and malnutrition but also other challenges
including poverty; water and energy use; climate change;
and unsustainable production and consumption.

Agriculture
Connection to many of the 17 SDGs:
 * GOAL 12: Responsible Consumption
Potential and Indicative Indicators

Consumption of
Global Food
ozone-depleting
Loss Index
substances
Aerosol
Domestic optical
material depth
consumption *
Disclosure of
Municipal Natural
waste
GOAL Resource
generated *
12 Rights
Holdings
* Preliminary SDG indicators for OECD Countires
How is biomass used as a source of energy and
fuels?
Through photosynthesis, plants convert sunlight energy into
chemical energy
 London's Great Smog in England in 1952:
London hospital was packed temporarily due to
patients with respiratory diseases, and people
could hear cough everywhere in London. The
death toll within just four days was up to 4000
persons; and more than 8000 person within
two months died in succession.
This was the horrible "London's Great Smog".
 The atmosphere is the gaseous mantle around the
lithosphere and hydrosphere. It constitutes a number of
gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide,
helium, neon, xenon, ozone and krypton. These gases
have definite percentage in the atmosphere in normal
condition. In addition to this atmosphere also includes,
water vapour, dust particles, smoke, industrial gases,
pollen and several other substances that cause
environmental degradation. The lithosphere is mainly
made up of the solid components and constitute the rocky
substance. Hydrosphere includes the liquid components
such as lakes, rivers, ponds and oceans. Biosphere
includes plants, animals, and all the other organisms.

SOURCE OF FIGURE: http://expeditieaarde.blogspot.com.tr/2014/07/the-four-earth-spheres.html

 Troposphere is of primary importance to living systems on Earth, and it is also the main
region of pollution. The troposphere serves a the medium through which pollutants are
transported and dispersed locally and globally.
 Carbon dioxide and water vapour in the troposphere play an important role in Earth’s heat
balance.
 The ozone layer in the stratosphere absorbs most of the ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the
Sun and shields life on Earth from its deleterious effects.
 Stratosphere is of interest to aeronautics, communications and for dispersion of pollutants on
a global scale.
 Atmosphere also transports water from the oceans ( due to evaporation and precipitation ).
 Therefore, pollution of such an important system is bound to have direct and indirect effects
on living organisms.
 Around 3 billion people cook and heat their homes using
solid fuels (i.e. wood, charcoal, coal, dung, crop wastes) on
open fires or traditional stoves.
 Such inefficient cooking and heating practices produce high
levels of household (indoor) air pollution which includes a
range of health damaging pollutants such as fine particles
and carbon monoxide.
 In poorly ventilated dwellings, smoke in and around the home
can exceed acceptable levels for fine particles 100-fold.
Exposure is particularly high among women and young
children, who spend the most time near the domestic hearth.
 According to WHO, 4.3 million people a year die from the
exposure to household air pollution.
The atmosphere has several built-in self cleaning processes such as dispersion, gravitational
settling, flocculation, absorption, rain-washout, etc. to cleanse the atmosphere. However,
control of contaminants at their source level is a desirable and effective method through
preventive or control technologies.
Source control: Some measures that can be adopted in this direction are:
 Using unleaded petrol
 Using fuels with low sulphur and ash content
 Encouraging people to use public transport, walk or use a cycle as opposed to private
vehicles
 Ensure that houses, schools, restaurants and playgrounds are not located on busy streets
 Plant trees along busy streets as they remove particulates, carbon dioxide and absorb noise
 Industries and waste disposal sites should be situated outside the city preferably on the
downwind of the city.
 Catalytic converters should be used to help control emissions of carbon monoxide and
hydrocarbons.
SOLID WASTE - Solid Waste Disposal - Resource Recovery - Hazardous Waste

Solid Waste Collection:

 Solid waste is most commonly collected by garbage trucks equipped with

hydraulic rams to compact the refuse.

One driver and two loaders work on each truck. Inefficient!

 80% of the solid waste management cost is spent on collection!

Solid Waste – SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL - Resource Recovery - Hazardous Waste

Landfill Processes

Two main by-products of a landfill are (1) Leachate and (2) Gas:

Leachate is a highly contaminated liquid that comes from solid waste.

Although the volume of a leachate is relatively low, its pollutional capacity is
very high.

Gas produced in a landfill as a result of anaerobic decomposition is mostly

methane and carbon dioxide

Anaerobic decomposition takes place inside landfills, degrading the

organic portion of the solid waste placed in a landfill. Slow process!
Solid Waste – SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL - Resource Recovery - Hazardous Waste

Problems associated with incineration

 The ash may contain high amounts of heavy metals and toxic substances
and may be difficult to dispose

 Incinerators have high capital costs and operating expenses

 Air pollution
Sürdürülebilir Tüketim ve Üretim

Sorumlu Tüketim ve Üretim

Hedef 12.5: 2030 yılına kadar, önleme, yeniden kullanım ve geri dönüşüm aracılığıyla atık oluşumunun
önemli ölçüde azaltılması.
Gösterge 12.5.1: Ulusal geri dönüşüm oranı, geri dönüştürülen materyal miktarı10(ton,%).
Hedeflenen yeniden kullanım ve geri dönüşüm uygulamaları, döngüsel ekonomi kavramının desteklediği
temel uygulamalardan ikisidir (Schroeder ve diğerleri, 2018).
Solid Waste – Solid Waste Disposal – Resource Recovery – HAZARDOUS WASTE

Hazardous waste is a type of waste (solid, liquid, or gas) which because

of its quantity, concentration, or chemical, physical, or infectious
characteristics pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human
health or the environment.

Hazardous waste possesses at least one of four characteristics:

•Corrosivity

•Reactivity

•Toxicity

•Ignitability
Solid Waste – Solid Waste Disposal – Resource Recovery – HAZARDOUS WASTE

INCINERATION TECHNOLOGY
Incineration is an ultimate disposal process, applied to certain wastes that cannot be
recycled, reused or safely deposited in a landfill site. It is a high temperature, thermal
oxidation process in which hazardous wastes are converted, in the presence of oxygen
in the air, into gases and an incombustible solid residue.
The product gases are released to the atmosphere, with or without gas cleaning, and
the solid residues are landfilled. Properly managed, incineration can serve several
purposes as destruction of the wastes accompanied by a significant reduction in its
weight and volume, and the production of a sterile solid residue. On the other hand, the
risk of causing nuisance and environmental pollution form emission of particulates,
acidic gases, unburnt waste and trace quantities of hazardous organic by-products
should be appreciated when selecting equipment and siting hazardous waste
incineration facilities.
Despite its high construction cost, incineration is the most popular and is the only
method that offers the detoxification of waste such as combustible carcinogens and
pathological waste. Incineration significantly reduces the volume of hazardous waste.
The specific equipment used for each step depends on the incinerator type and the
physical and chemical characteristics of the wastes the incinerator is designed to
burn.
Solid Waste – Solid Waste Disposal – Resource Recovery – HAZARDOUS WASTE

INCINERATION TYPES
• Types of incinerators can be classified as;
• Rotary Kiln
• Fluidized Bed
• Liquid Injection
• Multiple Hearth
• Catalytic Combustion
• Waste-Gas Flare
• Direct-Flame
Of these, rotary kiln, fluidized bed, and liquid injection are the most,
prevalent in industry because of their applicability to large scale use and
their versatility. Consequently, these most widely used kinds as rotary kiln,
fluidized bed, liquid injection and multiple hearth will be emphasized
Solid Waste – Solid Waste Disposal – Resource Recovery – HAZARDOUS WASTE

Incineration

The three Ts of good combustion:

1. Temperature:

The temperature choice depends on the type of the hazardous waste and
temperature limits of the incinerator unit.

2. Turbulence:

High turbulence provides a good mixing of air with waste fuel. Turbulence
can be achieved by mechanical or aerodynamic means.

3. Time: Sufficient time must be provided for the complete combustion of

waste materials.
 Tokyo : 38 million
 Delhi : 25 million,
 Shanghai :23 million
 Mexico City, Mumbai, São Paulo : 21million

**By 2030, the world is projected to have 41

mega-cities with more than 10 million inhabitants.
**The fastest growing urban agglomerations are
medium-sized cities and cities with less than 1
million inhabitants located in Asia and Africa.
 Northern America : 82 %
 Latin America and the Caribbean : 80 %
 Europe : 73 %
 Asia : 48 %
 Africa : 40 %

**Africa and Asia are urbanizing faster than the

other regions and are projected to become 56
and 64 % urban by 2050.
 How to increase sustainability of cities?

 Self-reliance (reducing dependence on

external flows, rehabilitating own natural
capital stocks, promoting the use of local
fisheries, forests, agricultural land, etc.)
 Tackling over-consumption and global
ecological mismanagement
 Striving for zero-impact development
 Reconsideration of development values
What are the SDGs?

• A set of 17 goals for the world’s future, through 2030.

• Backed up by a set of 169 detailed targets.
• Negotiated over a two-year period at the United Nations.
• Agreed to by the world’s nations, on 25 September 2015.
Gender equality in the SDGs

• The SDGs see gender equality and the empowerment of all women as accelerators
for the global agenda as a whole.

• None of these development goals will be achieved without gender inequality,

women’s rights and women’s empowerment.

• SDG 5 is dedicated to gender equality

• 14 out of 17 SDGs have targets for reducing economic, social, political and cultural
conditions that reproduce gender inequality.
Key gender-based deprivations
• Persisting high levels of sexual and gender-based violence
• Lack of secondary education
• Child marriage and harmful traditional practices (son preference)
• Lack of reproductive health services

Key gender-based inequalities

• Inequalities in work, employment and social protection
• Gender-based impacts of fiscal austerity in households and access to basic
services
• Impacts of women’s disproportionate share of unpaid care and household work
• Inequalities in political representation
 1. ECO DESIGN
Eco-design as defined in ISO 14062 (ISO/TR
14062, 2002) is a design approach aiming to reduce
the environmental impacts of products and services
throughout the whole life cycle, while assuring similar
or improved services to the end customer.
 Environmental Product Declaration (EPD)
In life cycle assessment, an Environmental Product Declaration
(EPD) is a standardized way of quantifying the environmental
impact of a product or system. Declarations include information on
the environmental impact of raw material acquisition, energy use
and efficiency, content of materials and chemical substances,
emissions to air, soil and water and waste generation.
 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

to assess the
environmental aspects
and potential impacts
by compiling an
inventory of inputs
and outputs of the
entire life cycle of a
product

The Phases of Life Cycle Assessment

ISO 14040:2006
 Selected Impact Categories & Units

Impact
Categories

Global Photochemical
Warming Acidification Eutrophication Ozone
Potential Potential (AP) Potential (EP) Creation
(GWP) Potential
(POCP)
kg CO2 kg SO2 kg Phosphate
equivalent equivalent equivalent
kg ethan
equivalent
 CARBON FOOTPRINT
A carbon footprint is historically defined as
"the total sets of greenhouse gas emissions
caused by an organization, event, product or
individual.

Wright, Kemp, and Williams *:

A measure of the total amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) and
methane (CH4) emissions of a defined population, system or
activity, considering all relevant sources, sinks and storage
within the spatial and temporal boundary of the population,
system or activity of interest. Calculated as carbon dioxide
equivalent (CO2e) using the relevant 100-year global warming
potential (GWP100).
* writing in the journal Carbon Management
 ECO LABELLING APPROACH

• The Ecolabel helps you identify

products and services that have a
reduced environmental impact
throughout their life cycle, from the
extraction of raw material through to
production, use and disposal.

• Recognised throughout Europe, EU

Ecolabel is a voluntary label
promoting environmental excellence
which can be trusted.
• Eco labelling
approach is a
voluntary
application since
1992.

• This apprach
examines every stage
of the product from
cradle to grave
(entire life cycle).
 ÇEVRE ETİKETİ ve TÜRKİYE’deki kapsamı
İlgili T.C. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı
Yönetmelikleri
26
KİŞİSEL BAKIM ve KOZMETİK ÜRÜNLERİ için
Ambalaj Atıklarının Kontrolü Yönetmeliği
(27.12.2017, No.30283) ÇEVRE ETİKETİ KRİTERLERİ
Kriter 1: Palm Yağı, Palm Çekirdek Yağı ve
Atık Yönetimi Yönetmeliği (02.04.2015, No.29314)
Türevlerinin Sürdürülebilir Temini

Çevre Etiketi Yönetmeliği (19.10.2018,No.30570) Kriter 2: Biyobozunurluk

Kriter 3: Sucul Organizmalar için Toksisite –

Sıfır Atık Yönetmeliği (12.07.2019,No.30829) Kritik Seyreltme Hacmi (CDV)

Kriter 4: Hariç Tutulan ve Kısıtlı Kimyasallar
 Bir ürünün veya hizmetin, yaşam döngüsü Kriter 5: Enerji Yönetimi
boyunca hammadde temininden üretimine, Kriter 6: Ambalaj
ambalajlanmasından dağıtımına, kullanım ömrünün Kriter 7: Atık Yönetimi
tamamlanması ile bertaraf edilmesine kadar geçen
Kriter 8: Organik ve Doğal İçerik
süreçlerde, insan ve çevre sağlığı üzerine etkilerinin
Kriter 9: Kullanıma Uygunluk
belirli sınırlar altında tutulduğunu gösteren ve kriter
gereklilikleri test metotları ile doğrulanmış dünya Kriter 10: Çevre Etiketinde Verilecek Bilgi

üzerinde farklı ülke ve/veya bölgelerde kabul edilen

güvenilirlik sunan etiketlerdir. Eko-etiketler gönüllü
uygulamalardır.
 Ülkemize ait Çevre Etiketi Tip I Çevre Etiketi’dir.