Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
Introduction to
FEM
1. Axial Spring
2. Bar Element
3. Truss Element
4. Beam Element
5. Frame Element 2
Steps in Finite Element Analysis
1. Discretize and Select Element Type
2. Determine Boundary Conditions (B.C.’s)
3. Derive Element Stiffness Matrix and Equations
4. Assemble Equations and Introduce Boundary
Conditions (B.C.’s)
5. Solve for the Unknown Degrees of Freedom
3
Finite Element Analysis: Bar Element
E, A, L
F(i ) = k • u(i )
(1) (2)
𝐹1 𝐹2
𝑢1 𝑢2
➢ 𝐹 𝑖 – nodal force matrix
➢ 𝑘 – stiffness matrix
➢ 𝑢 𝑖 – nodal displacement matrix
k − k EA 1 −1
k = =
−k k L −1 1 4
Finite Element Analysis of Bar Structures
E, A, L
(1) (2)
𝐹1 𝐹2
𝑢1 𝑢2
EA 1 −1
k =
L −1 1 5
Finite Element Analysis of Bar Structures
u = a1 + a2 x
at x = 0, u =u1 at x = L, u =u 2
u = a1 + a2 x u = a1 + a2 x
u1 = a1 + a2 (0 ) u2 = u1 + a2 (L )
a1 = u1 u2 − u1
a2 =
L
Finite Element Analysis of Bar Structures
Substituti ng a1 and a2 in u
u = a1 + a2 x
u2 − u1
u = u1 + x
L
u u u = a1 + a2 x
u = u1 − 1 x + 2 x
L L
x x
u = 1 − u1 + u2
L L
u = N1u1 + N 2u 2
x
N1 = 1 −
L
x
N2 =
L
Finite Element Analysis of Bar Structures
u = a1 + a2 x x x
N1 = 1 − , N2 =
L L
u = a1 + a2 x x x 1 1
N1 = 1 − , N 2 = B1 = − , B2 =
L L L L
−1/ L 1 AE 1 −1
L
1
k = E − Adx =
0
1/ L L
L L −1 1
Finite Element Analysis of Bar Structures
u1
= E B1 B2
u 2
1 1 u1
= E −
L L u 2
Example
Determine the stresses in the two bar
assembly shown in the figure below.
Solution
Element 1 Element 2
2 EA 1 − 1 EA 1 − 1
k = k =
L − 1 1 L − 1 1
1 2
Global matrix
2 −2 0
EA
K= − 2 3 − 1
L
0 − 1 1
Ku=F
2 − 2 0 u F
1 1
EA
− 2 3 − 1 u = F
L
2 2
0 − 1 1 u F
3 3
Apply bcs – u1 = 0, u3 = 0 and F2 = P
2 − 2 0 0 F1
EA
− 2 3 − 1 u2 = P
L
0 − 1 1 0 F3
3EAu PL
= Pu =
2
2
L 3EA
Stresses
− 1 1 u
= E = EBu = E
1
1 1
L L u 2
u − u E PL P
=E 2
=
1
− 0 =
L L 3EA 3 A
and
− 1 1 u
= E = EBu = E
2
2 2
L L u 3
u −u E PL P
=E 3
= 0 −
2
=−
L L 3EA 3A
Static Beam Structures
The constitutive equation of the beam element is
F2(1) − u2(1)
6 3 L 6 3 L
M 12(1) 2 D 3L 2 L2 −3L L2 12(1)
= 3
F2( 2) L −6 −3L 6
−3L u2( 2)
M 2
3 L L 2
−3 L 2 L
12( 2) 12( 2)
16
Shape Functions
17
Stiffness Matrix
Formal procedure
• The stiffness matrix for a beam element is:
L
k = BEIB T dx
0
6 12 x 4 6x 6 12 x 2 6x
B = − 2 + 3 − + 2 − 3 − + 2
L L L
2
L L L L L
Substituting B and integrating yields:
6 12 x 4 6x 6 12 x 2 6x
B = − 2 + 3 − + 2 − 3 − + 2
L L L
2
L L L L L
L
k = BEIB dx T
12 EI / L3 6 EI / L2
− 12 EI / L 3
6 EI / L
2
6 EI / L2
4 EI / L − 6 EI / L2 2 EI / L
k=
− 12 EI / L3 − 6 EI / L2 12 EI / L3 − 6 EI / L2
6 EI / L2
2 EI / L − 6 EI / L2 4 EI / L
Bending stress - b = My/I, M bending moment from curvature d2u/dx2.
My
Bending Stress, b =
I
d 2u
M = EI 2 = EIBu
dx
END
http://www.leapsecond.com/notes/cartoons.htm
23