Linear Algebra Assignment 01

Author: Jing-Zhong Pan

Department: Information Management
ID: 109403027
Date: Oct. 2, 2021.

NCU MIS Jing-Zhong Pan 109403027

Ⅰ. Problems 𝑹𝟐 × (−𝟏) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟖
⇒ [𝟎 𝟏 −𝟓 | −𝟗]
Solve the following system of linear equations by Gauss-Jordan 𝟎 −𝟏𝟎 −𝟐 𝟏𝟒
elimination and determine whether they are one solution, no
solution, or infinitely many solutions. 𝑹𝟏 −𝑹𝟐 𝟏 𝟎 𝟕 𝟏𝟕
⇒ [𝟎 𝟏 −𝟓 | −𝟗]
𝟎 −𝟏𝟎 −𝟐 𝟏𝟒
𝟏 𝟎 𝟕 𝟏𝟕
𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝟑 = 𝟖 𝑹𝟑 +𝟏𝟎𝑹𝟐
⇒ [𝟎 𝟏 −𝟓 | −𝟗 ]
𝟏. { −𝒙𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙𝟑 = 𝟏
𝟎 𝟎 −𝟓𝟐 −𝟏𝟎𝟒
𝟑𝒙𝟏 − 𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙𝟑 = 𝟏𝟎
𝟏
𝑹𝟑 × ( − ) 𝟏 𝟎 𝟕 𝟏𝟕
𝟓𝟐
⇒ [𝟎 𝟏 −𝟓 | −𝟗 ]
𝟒𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟒 𝟎 𝟎 −𝟓𝟐 −𝟏𝟎𝟒
𝟐. {𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟓 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟑
𝑹𝟏 −𝟕𝑹𝟑
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = −𝟏 ⇒ [𝟎 𝟏 −𝟓 | −𝟗]
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐

𝑹𝟐 +𝟓𝑹𝟑 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟑
𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒘 = 𝟒 ⇒ [𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 | 𝟏]
𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑𝒘 = 𝟑 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐
𝟑. {
−𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟒𝒘 = 𝟑
𝒚 + 𝟕𝒛 + 𝟐𝒘 = 𝟐 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟑
⇒ { 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏
𝒙𝟑 = 𝟐

Ⅱ. Solutions
𝟒𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟒
Below are three steps to solve the problems:
𝟐. {𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟓
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = −𝟏

Step1. Transform the linear systems into augmented matrix form 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒐 𝒂𝒖𝒈𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝟒 𝟏 𝟑 𝟒
⇒ [𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑 | 𝟓]
𝟐 𝟐 𝟎 −𝟏

𝒔𝒘𝒂𝒑 𝑹𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑹𝟑 𝟐 𝟐 𝟎 −𝟏
Step2. Using a sequence of elementary row operations to change ⇒ [𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑 | 𝟓]
the coefficient matrix into reduced echelon form 𝟒 𝟏 𝟑 𝟒

𝑹𝟐 −𝑹𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟎 −𝟏
⇒ [𝟎 −𝟑 𝟑 | 𝟔]
Step3. Check if there are solutions to the linear system, and how 𝟒 𝟏 𝟑 𝟒
many there are.
𝑹𝟑 −𝟐𝑹𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟎 −𝟏
⇒ [𝟎 −𝟑 𝟑 | 𝟔]
𝟎 −𝟑 𝟑 𝟔
Ⅲ. Calculation Process
𝑹𝟑 −𝑹𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟎 −𝟏
⇒ [𝟎 −𝟑 𝟑 | 𝟔 ]
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎

𝟎 −𝟏
𝟏
𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝟑 = 𝟖 𝑹𝟏 × ( ) 𝟏 𝟏
⇒
𝟐
[𝟎 𝟐
𝟏. { −𝒙𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙𝟑 = 𝟏 −𝟑 𝟑 | 𝟔 ]
𝟑𝒙𝟏 − 𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙𝟑 = 𝟏𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟖 𝟏 𝟏
𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒐 𝒂𝒖𝒈𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝑹𝟐 × ( − ) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 −
⇒ [−𝟏 −𝟐 𝟑 | 𝟏] 𝟑 𝟐
⇒ [𝟎 𝟏 −𝟏 | −𝟐 ]
𝟑 −𝟕 𝟒 𝟏𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝑹𝟐 +𝑹𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟖
⇒ [𝟎 −𝟏 𝟓 | 𝟗] 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔
𝟏
𝒙+𝒚=−
𝟑 −𝟕 𝟒 𝟏𝟎 ⇒ { 𝟐
𝒚 − 𝒛 = −𝟐
𝑹𝟑 −𝟑𝑹𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟖
⇒ [𝟎 −𝟏 𝟓 | 𝟗] We can infer that the three original equations are three nonparallel
𝟎 −𝟏𝟎 −𝟐 𝟏𝟒 planes because there is no equation having coefficients in proportion
to one another. Therefore, the three planes must intersect at a line so
there are infinitely many solutions to the linear system.

NCU MIS Jing-Zhong Pan 109403027

 𝟏 (𝐱, 𝐲, 𝐳, 𝐰) = (1, 0, 0, 1)
𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒚 = 𝒕 (𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓) 𝒙 = −𝒕 −
⇒ 𝑳: { 𝟐
𝒚=𝒕
𝒛=𝒕+𝟐

Above are the parametric equations of the line contained by all three
planes in the 𝐱𝐲𝐳- coordinate system. Ⅳ. Answers
Below are the answers to the problems:

𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒘 = 𝟒
𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑𝒘 = 𝟑
𝟑. {
−𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟒𝒘 = 𝟑 1. The linear system has one solution, where the three planes:
𝒚 + 𝟕𝒛 + 𝟐𝒘 = 𝟐
𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝟑 = 𝟖,
𝟐 𝟏 𝟎 𝟐 𝟒 −𝒙𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙𝟑 = 𝟏, intersect at the point (3, 1, 2)
𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒐 𝒂𝒖𝒈𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝟎 𝟐 𝟎 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑𝒙𝟏 − 𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙𝟑 = 𝟏𝟎
⇒ [ | ]
−𝟏 𝟐 𝟎 𝟒 𝟑
𝟎 𝟐 𝟕 𝟐 𝟐 in the 𝐱𝟏 𝐱𝟐 𝐱𝟑 - coordinate system.

−𝟏 𝟐 𝟎 𝟒 𝟑
𝒔𝒘𝒂𝒑 𝑹𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑹𝟑 𝟎 𝟐 𝟎 𝟑 𝟑
⇒ [ | ]
𝟐 𝟏 𝟎 𝟐 𝟒 2. The linear system has infinitely many solutions, where the
𝟎 𝟐 𝟕 𝟐 𝟐 three planes:
𝟏 −𝟐 𝟎 −𝟒 −𝟑 𝟒𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟒 𝟏
𝑹𝟏 ×(−𝟏) 𝟎 𝟐 𝟎 𝟑 𝟑 𝐱 = −𝐭 −
𝟐
⇒ [ | ] 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟓 intersect at the line 𝐋: { 𝐲 = 𝐭
𝟐 𝟏 𝟎 𝟐 𝟒
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = −𝟏 𝐳=𝐭+𝟐
𝟎 𝟐 𝟕 𝟐 𝟐

𝟏 −𝟐 𝟎 −𝟒 −𝟑 in the 𝐱𝐲𝐳- coordinate system.

𝑹𝟑 −𝟐𝑹𝟏 𝟎 𝟐 𝟎 𝟑 𝟑
⇒ [ | ]
𝟎 𝟓 𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎
𝟎 𝟐 𝟕 𝟐 𝟐
3. The linear system has one solution, where the four
𝟏 𝟏 −𝟐 𝟎 −𝟒 −𝟑 pentachorons:
𝑹𝟑 ×( )
𝟓 𝟎 𝟐 𝟎 𝟑 𝟑
⇒ [ | ] 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒘 = 𝟒
𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟐 𝟐
𝟎 𝟐 𝟕 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑𝒘 = 𝟑
intersect at the point (1, 0, 0, 1)
−𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟒𝒘 = 𝟑
𝟏 −𝟐 𝟎 −𝟒 −𝟑 𝒚 + 𝟕𝒛 + 𝟐𝒘 = 𝟐
𝒔𝒘𝒂𝒑 𝑹𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑹𝟑 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟐 𝟐
⇒ [ | ]
𝟎 𝟐 𝟎 𝟑 𝟑 in the 𝐱𝐲𝐳𝐰- coordinate system.
𝟎 𝟐 𝟕 𝟐 𝟐

𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
𝑹𝟏 +𝟐𝑹𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟐 𝟐
⇒ [ | ] Ⅴ. Conclusion
𝟎 𝟐 𝟎 𝟑 𝟑
𝟎 𝟐 𝟕 𝟐 𝟐

𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 Gauss-Jordan elimination is an effective way to solve systems of

𝑹𝟑 −𝟐𝑹𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟐 𝟐 linear equations.
⇒ [ | ]
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 −𝟏 −𝟏
This technique can be applied to many aspects in our daily lives,
𝟎 𝟐 𝟕 𝟐 𝟐
like tracking the traffic flows of a road network with multiple
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 intersections. Each intersection can create an equation of a
𝑹𝟑 ×(−𝟏) 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟐 𝟐 linear system since the entering traffic flow must equal to the
⇒ [ | ] exiting one for each intersection. Even if there are infinitely
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏
𝟎 𝟎 𝟕 𝟒 𝟒 many solutions to the linear system. We can still get useful
information of the relation between each variable, which
𝒙=𝟏 represents the traffic flow of a particular road as in this video
𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒘 = 𝟐 …  from the channel of Professor von Schmohawk:
⇒ {
𝒘=𝟏
𝟕𝒛 + 𝟒𝒘 = 𝟒 …  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wa6kaCwyYRk

Substitute 1 for all variable w in  and , thus

𝒙=𝟏
𝒚=𝟎
⇒{
𝒛=𝟎
𝒘=𝟏

NCU MIS Jing-Zhong Pan 109403027