MAHARASHTRA STATE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

VIDYAVARDHINI’S
BHAUSAHEB VARTAK POLYTECHNIC
MICRO PROJECT
Academic year: 2020-2021

TITLE OF PROJECT
Levers and applications in Engg practice. Design procedure of hand lever
&problem

Program/ Code: M.E. / 1738. Semester: V

Course/ Code: E.M.D./ 22564.
Roll No..: 2137-2140. Group No.: 10
Name of Faculty: Mr.Hanumant Bhosale.
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Certificate

This is to certify that Mr. /Ms.                                                                                        

Roll No.                     Of                         Semester of Diploma in                                  
                                                    Of Institute, B. V. POLYTECHNIC
(Code :               )
Has completed the Micro-Project satisfactorily in course                                             
For the academic year                            as prescribed in the Curriculum.

Place:                                          
Date:                                           

Enrollment No.:                                 

Exam Seat No.:                                  
 Subject Teacher Head of Department Principal
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education
MICRO PROJECT
Seal of PROPASAL
Institution
ANNEXURE– I
Semester: V
Academic Year: 2021-2022 Course/ Code: E.M.D./ 22564.
Program: T.Y.M.E. (Shift- II).
Name of Faculty: Mr.Hanumant Bhosale.
Title of Project
Levers and applications in Engg practice. Design procedure of hand lever &problem
Course Outcomes addressed:
a) Identify Various links in Popular Mechanisms.
b) Select suitable mechanisms for various Applications.

ACTIONS PLAN:
Name of
Planned Start Planned
Sr. No. Details of Activity Responsible
Date Finished Date
Team Member
1. Making of Chart Shubh Mistry
Hardik
2. Making of Report
Kharkhandi
 NAME OF TEAM MEMBERS:
Marks of out of 6 Marks out of 4
Roll Name of performance in for individual Total out
Sr. No.
No. Students. group activity. (D5 performance. of 10.
Col. 8) (D5 Col.9)
1. 2137 Shubh Mistry.
2. 2138 Mangesh Rajput.
Hardik
3. 2139
Kharakhandi.
4. 2140 Omkar Tare

MICRO PROJECT EVALUATION SHEET

Annexure IV
Academic Year: 2020-2021
Institute Code: 1738 Program: T.Y.M.E. (Shift- II).
Course/ Code: E.M.D./ 22564. Semester: V
Group No.: 10 Roll No.: 2137-2140.

SR. POOR AVERAGE GOOD EXCELLENT

CHARACTERISTICS SUB TOTAL
NO. (1-3) (4-5) (6-8) (9-10)
(A) Process and Product Assessment (convert above total marks out of 6 marks)
1. Relevance to course.
2. Literature Survey.
Completion of
3. Target as per Project
proposal.
 Analysis of data/
4.
Representation.
Quality of Prototype/
5.
Model.
6. Report Presentation.
(B) Individual Presentation / VIVA (convert above total marks out of 4 marks)

1. Presentation (oral)
2. VIVA

Process and Product Individual Presentation/ Total Marks (10 Marks)

Assessment (6 Marks) VIVA (4 Marks)
 WEEKLY ACTIVITY SHEET
Annexure IV
Institute Code: 1738. Semester: V
Program: T.Y.M.E. (Shift-II). Academic Year: 2020-2021.
Group No.: 10. Roll No.: 2337-2340.
Name of Faculty: Mr. Hanumant Course/ Code: E.M.D./ 22564.
Bhosale.
Sr. SIGN OF
WEEK ACTIVITY PERFORMED DATE
No. GUIDE
1. 1ST Discussion and Finalizing of Topic.
2. 2ND Literature review.
3. 3RD Collection of Data.
4. 4TH Collection of Data.
5. 5TH Discussion and outline of Content.
6. 6TH Formulation of Content.
7. 7TH Editing and Proof reading of Content.
8. 8TH Compilation of Report.
9. 9TH Report Presentation.
10. 10TH Final Submission of Micro-Project.
11. 11TH
12. 12TH
 Micro-Project Report
Annexure II
Title of Micro-Project
Levers and applications in Engg practice. Design procedure of hand lever &
problem

Rationale:
Power producing and absorbing devices are essentials for mechanical
engineering. It is necessary for mechanical engineering technologists
to analyze working and plot the performance of devices like internal
combustion engines, air compressor, gas turbines so that he will able
to operate them effectively in an industrial situation. This knowledge
is also useful in selecting suitable prime mover for given application
and to maintain and test the same. This course is also given basic
exposure of refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment which play
a vital role in maintaining controlled atmosphere in different
domestic and industrial applications. A separate elective course
Refrigeration and Air-conditioning is also available in sixth semester
for in-depth knowledge of course.
 INDEX
SR. NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.

1) INTRODUCTION
2) CLASSIFICATION OF IC ENGINE
FOUR STROKE PETROL/DIESEL
3)
ENGINE
4) TWO STROKE S.I. AND C.I. ENGINES
5) VALVE TIMING DAIGRAM
6) REFRENCE AND RESOURCES
 Content (Report of Micro-Project)

Lever
Introduction
Lever is a simple mechanical device, in the form of a straight or curved link or a rigid rod,
pivoted about the fulcrum. It works on the principle of moments and is used to get
mechanical advantage and sometimes to facilitate the application of force in a desired
direction. Examples of levers are: straight tommy bar used to operate screw jack, bell crank
lever, rocker arm, lever of lever loaded safety valve etc. Figure shows the construction of a
simple lever. P is the applied effort required to overcome load, W.

Ratio of load to effort is called Mechanical Advantage and ratio of effort arm length to load
arm length is called leverage.

Depending upon the position of load point, effort point and fulcrum, levers are classified
into following classes:
 Lever having the fulcrum located between the load point and effort point is
Class I called Class I lever. Examples are rocker arm, bell crank lever etc.
Levers Mechanical advantage of such levers is greater than one as effort arm is larger
than the load arm.

Lever having load point located between the fulcrum and effort point is called
Class II Class II lever. Lever used in safety valve is an example of lever of this class.
Levers The effort arm is larger than the load arm; therefore the mechanical advantage
is more than one.

Lever having effort point located between the fulcrum and load point is called
Class III lever. The effort arm, in this case, is smaller than the load arm;
Class III
therefore the mechanical advantage is less than one. Due to this, the use of
Levers
such type of levers is not recommended. However a pair of tongs, the treadle
of a sewing machine etc. are examples of this type of lever.

Design of Lever
Design of lever involves determination of various dimensions of the lever for a specified
load or output force required. For a specified load or output force desired, effort required
can be calculated using principle of moments. Due to these forces, arms of the lever are
subjected to bending and are designed based on that. Reaction force acting on the fulcrum
can be calculated. Fulcrum of the lever is a pin joint and is designed based on bending and
bearing considerations. Design procedure is discussed below.

 Determination of Forces
If the load and effort are parallel to each other, as shown in figure, reaction on the fulcrum
is the algebraic sum of these two forces. But if the load and effort are inclined to each other
at an angle q, as shown in figure, reaction (R) at the fulcrum can be determined as:
 Design of Lever Arms
Arms are subjected to bending moment and their section is estimated from bending stress
consideration. Figure 29.4 shows lever with fulcrum located between the load and the effort
point. Bending moment is zero at the point of application of forces and is maximum at the
fulcrum. Maximum Bending Moment is given by,

Maximum Bending Stress is then given by, M = Plp

Most commonly used sections for lever arms are: rectangular, elliptical and I-section.
Values of moment of inertia, I and distance of farthest fibre from neutral axis, y for these
sections are given in table.

Common Sections used for Lever Arms

  
Therefore using suitable values of I and y for selected section, its dimensions can be
finalised so that the bending stress remains within the allowable limits. Often the arms are
made with cross-section reducing from central portion to the point of application of load.
This is done to save material using uniform strength condition. Critical section of the lever
(section of maximum bending moment) becomes weak due to hole made for pin. To
compensate for the reduced strength, width of that section is increased or boss is provided
as shown in figure.

Design of Fulcrum
Fulcrum of lever is a pin joint as shown in figure. Pin is designed based on bearing and
bending considerations as discussed below.
Bearing Failure
The permissible bearing pressure ([Pbearing]) depends upon relative velocity, frequency of
relative motion and the lubrication condition between the pin and the bush. The usual range
of allowable bearing pressure for brass/bronze bush and steel pin is 10-25 N/mm 2. Lower
values are used for high relative velocity, frequent motion and intermittent lubrication
conditions. If dp and lp are diameter and length of the pin respectively, bearing pressure is
given by,

Shear Failure:
Pin is subjected to double shear and maximum shear stress is given

by, 

Bending Failure
As discussed in the design of pin for knuckle joint, when the pin is loose in the eye, which
is a desired condition here for relative motion, pin is subjected to bending moment. It is
assumed that: Load acting on the pin is uniformly distributed in the eye and uniformly
varying in the two parts of the fork. Maximum Bending Moment (at centre) is given by,

Maximum Bending Stress in the pin, 

where, 

Lever Material & Factor of Safety

Levers are generally forged or cast. It is difficult to forge curved levers with complicated
cross-sections and have to be cast. As the levers are subjected to tensile stress due to
bending, cast iron is not recommended to be used as material for levers. Aluminium alloys
are generally used for levers. For severe loading and corrosive conditions, alloy steels are
used. Suitable heat treatment processes are also often employed to improve wear and shock
resistance of lever. Factor of safety of 2 to 3 on yield strength is generally used. For severe
loading conditions or fatigue loading higher factor of safety is also taken.

Lever: Classification and Application of Levers

In the use of a small force to overcome a large one the lever finds its many common
applications. The lever is used for prying, as in the case of the crowbar, or for lifting. For
example, the fulcrum is the point upon which a crowbar rests when used to lift or to pry
loose some object; the effort is applied at the end farther from the fulcrum and is relatively
small. The distance from the operator's hands to the fulcrum is known as the lever arm, or
effort arm; the object being pried loose is the resisting force, or resistance; the object's
distance from the fulcrum is the resistance arm. Levers in which the fulcrum is located
between the effort and the resistance, as in the crowbar and the beam balance, are known as
first-class levers. The fulcrum may also be located at one end of the lever, with the effort
applied at the other end and the resistance in between; this type of lever, illustrated by the
wheelbarrow and the nutcracker, is known as a second-class lever. The final possibility,
known as a third-class lever, has the effort applied between the fulcrum and the resistance
and is illustrated by various types of tongs.
Many other common tools, instruments, and appliances are applications of the principle of
the lever. The human forearm is an application of the third-class lever, the elbow acting as
the fulcrum, the weight held in the hand and being lifted as the resistance, and the pull of
the muscles between the elbow and the hand as the effort. In a second-class lever, the effort
arm is always longer than the resistance arm, so that a smaller effort moves a larger
resistance, while in a third-class lever the reverse is always true, with the effort greater than
the resistance. In a first-class lever, the effort may be either larger or smaller than the
resistance, depending upon the location of the fulcrum.

Lever: Principle of the Lever

It has been found by experiment that two equal forces acting in opposite directions, i.e.,
clockwise and counterclockwise, and applied to a uniform lever at equal distances from the
fulcrum counteract each other and establish a state of equilibrium, or balance, in the lever.
Experiment has also shown that two unequal forces when acting in opposite directions will
bring about an equilibrium when the product of the magnitude of one force and its effort
arm, or lever arm (the distance of its point of application from the fulcrum), is equal to the
product of the magnitude of the other force and its effort arm. In physics the product of a
force by its effort arm is called a moment of the force; the general conclusion known as the
principle of moments states that equilibrium is established when the sum of the moments of
the forces acting in a clockwise direction is equal to the sum of the moments of the forces
acting in a counterclockwise direction. It is possible, as a result, to overcome a very large
force at a short distance from the fulcrum with a very small force at a great distance from
the fulcrum. Archimedes is supposed to have boasted, having the lever in mind, that given
a place to stand he could move the world.

Types of Levers
• According to the application of load and effort, the levers are classified as
1) One Arm Lever
2) Two Arm Lever
3) Angular Lever
4) Bell Crank Lever

1. One Arm Lever

• The one arm lever is an example of hand lever, foot lever and cranking lever.
• It has only one arm and that is effort arm.
• This type of lever is used to apply external torque.

2. Two Arm Lever

• Depending upon the position of fulcrum pin, load and effort the two arm lever are of three
types as explain below.
1) Fig. Shows two arm lever, in which the load arm and effort arm are of equal length. The
fulcrum pin is pivoted in between the load and effort arm.

The examples of such lever are rocket arm of I.C. engine, beam of a balance, handle of
hand pump. These lever have mechanical advantage is equal to one.
2) Fig. shows the two arm lever in which the effort arm is longer than the load arm and
mechanical advantages than one.
Such types of lever used in boiler safety valve.
3) Fig. shows the two arm lever in which the effort arm is smaller than the load
arm and mechanical advantage is less than one.
Such types of levers are used in stapler and forceps.

Why levers are tapered at the end?

• The thickness of lever is kept uniform throughout.
• The width of the lever is tapered from boss to the handle because the arm is
subjected to varying bending moment which is maximum near the boss and
decreases to the end and also for easy gripping of the hand on lever.
 Resources /References Used
We have collected the data from the following sources;
a) https://www.teachengineering.org/lessons/view/cub_simp_machines
b) https://lo.unisa.edu.au/mod/book/view.php?id=424248
c) https://www.google.com/search
d) https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/tech/terms/lever/classificatio
n-and-application-of-levers
e)

Skills Developed / Learning Outcomes of Micro- Project

a) Working as Leader/Team Member.
b) Follow Ethical Practices.
c) Practice Good House Keeping.