1.

Locate and name all the singularities of

2𝑧 𝑙𝑛(𝑧−3) 3𝑧 8 +2𝑧 4 +5
(𝑖)𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧 2 (𝑖𝑖)𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑓(𝑧) =
+16)2 𝑧 2 +4𝑧+8 (𝑧−2)3 (2𝑧+5)2

Solution:
2𝑧
(𝑖)𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧 2
+16)2
2𝑧 2𝑧
⇒ 𝑓(𝑧) = {𝑧 2 = {(𝑧−4𝑖)(𝑧+4𝑖)}2
−(4𝑖)2 }2

Since,
Lim(𝑧 − 4𝑖) 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑧⇾4𝑖
2𝑧 2.4𝑖 1
Lim (𝑧+4𝑖)2 = (4𝑖+4𝑖)2 = ≠0
𝑧⇾4𝑖 8𝑖

𝑧 = 4𝑖 is pole of order 2
∴𝑧 = 4𝑖 and𝑧 = −4𝑖 all are singularities.

𝑙𝑛(𝑧 − 3)
(𝑖𝑖)𝑓(𝑧) =
𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + 8
𝑙𝑛(𝑧−3)
Given that, 𝑓(𝑧) =
𝑧 2 +4𝑧+8

The point z = 3 is a brance point and isolated singular

𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + 8 = (𝑧 + 2 + 2𝑖) (𝑧 + 2 − 2𝑖)
S0 z = −2 ± 2𝑖 are pole of order 2

3𝑧 8 +2𝑧 4 +5
(𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑓(𝑧) =
(𝑧−2)3 (2𝑧+5)2
1
We put, 𝑧 = in
𝑤
 1 8 1 4
1 3(𝑤) +2(𝑤) +5
Then 𝑓 ( ) = 1 3 1 2
𝑤 (𝑤−2) (2𝑤+5)

3+2𝑤4 +5𝑤8
𝑤8
= (1−2𝑤)3 (2+5𝑤)2
.
𝑤3 𝑤2

1 5𝑤 8 +2𝑤 4 +3
= .
𝑤 3 (1−2𝑤)3 (2+5𝑤)2

Singularities are obtained by putting

𝑤 3 (1 − 2𝑤)3 (2 + 5𝑤)2 = 0
∴ 𝑤3 = 0 (1 − 2𝑤)3 = 0 (2 + 5𝑤)2 = 0
1 1 1 2 2
∴ 𝑤 = 0,0,0; 𝑤= , , ; 𝑤 = − ,−
2 2 2 5 5
1
Putting 𝑤 = we get,
𝑧
1 1 1 1 2
= 0; = ; =− ;
𝑧 𝑧 2 𝑧 5
5
∴𝑧 = ∞; 𝑧 = 2; 𝑧=−
2

2. Find the derivative of the following

(𝒊)𝒇(𝒛) = 𝟑𝒛𝟒 − 𝟐𝒛𝟑 − 𝟓𝒛 (𝒊𝒊)𝒇(𝒛) = 𝟕𝒛𝟑 + 𝟑𝒊𝒛𝟐 − 𝟓𝒛 + 𝒊; 𝒂𝒕 𝒛 = 𝟑
(𝒊𝒊𝒊)𝒇(𝒛) = 𝟐𝒛𝟓 − 𝟑𝒛𝟒 + 𝟕𝒛𝟑 − 𝟑𝒛 − 𝟏; 𝒂𝒕 𝒛 = 𝟑
(𝑖)𝑓(𝑧) = 3𝑧 4 − 2𝑧 3 − 5𝑧
S: 𝑓(𝑧) = 3𝑧 4 − 2𝑧 3 − 5𝑧
∴ 𝑓(𝑧 + ∆𝑧)
= 3(𝑧 + ∆𝑧)4 − 2(𝑧 + ∆𝑧)3 − 5(𝑧 + ∆𝑧)
= 3(𝑧 4 + 4𝑧 3 ∆𝑧 + 6𝑧 2 ∆𝑧 2 + 4∆𝑧 3 𝑧 + ∆𝑧 4 ) − 2(𝑧 3 + 3𝑧 2 ∆𝑧 + 3𝑧∆𝑧 2 + ∆𝑧 3 ) −
5𝑧 − 5∆𝑧
= 3𝑧 4 + 12𝑧 3 ∆𝑧 + 18𝑧 2 ∆𝑧 2 + 12∆𝑧 3 𝑧 + 3∆𝑧 4 − 2𝑧 3 − 6𝑧 2 ∆𝑧 − 6𝑧∆𝑧 2 −
2∆𝑧 3 − 5𝑧 − 5∆𝑧
∴ 𝑓(𝑧 + ∆𝑧) − 𝑓(𝑧)
= 3𝑧 4 + 12𝑧 3 ∆𝑧 + 18𝑧 2 ∆𝑧 2 + 12𝑧∆𝑧 3 + 3∆𝑧 4 − 2𝑧 3 − 6𝑧 2 ∆𝑧 − 6𝑧∆𝑧 2 −
2∆𝑧 3 − 5𝑧 − 5∆𝑧 − 3𝑧 4 + 2𝑧 3 + 5𝑧
= 12𝑧 3 ∆𝑧 + 18𝑧 2 ∆𝑧 2 + 12𝑧∆𝑧 3 + 3∆𝑧 4 − 6𝑧 2 ∆𝑧 − 6𝑧∆𝑧 2 − 2∆𝑧 3 − 5∆𝑧
= ∆𝑧(12𝑧 3 + 18𝑧 2 ∆𝑧 + 12𝑧∆𝑧 2 + 3∆𝑧 3 − 6𝑧 2 − 6𝑧∆𝑧 − 2∆𝑧 2 − 5)

We know
𝑓(𝑧+∆𝑧)−𝑓(𝑧)
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = lim
∆𝑧→0 ∆𝑧

= lim (12𝑧 3 + 18𝑧 2 ∆𝑧 + 12𝑧∆𝑧 2 + 3∆𝑧 3 − 6𝑧 2 − 6𝑧∆𝑧 − 2∆𝑧 2 − 5)

∆𝑧→0

= 12𝑧 3 − 6𝑧 2 − 5

(𝑖𝑖)𝑓(𝑧) = 7𝑧 3 + 3𝑖𝑧 2 − 5𝑧 + 𝑖; 𝑎𝑡 𝑧 = 3
Solve:
𝑓(𝑧) = 7𝑧 3 + 3𝑖𝑧 2 − 5𝑧 + 𝑖
∴ 𝑓(𝑧 + ∆𝑧)
= 7(𝑧 + ∆𝑧)3 + 3𝑖(𝑧 + ∆𝑧)2 − 5(𝑧 + ∆𝑧) + 𝑖
=7(𝑧 3 + 3𝑧 2 ∆𝑧 + 3𝑧∆𝑧 2 + ∆𝑧 3 ) + 3𝑖(𝑧 2 + 2𝑧∆𝑧 + ∆𝑧 3 ) − 5𝑧 − 5∆𝑧 + 𝑖
=7𝑧 3 + 21𝑧 2 ∆𝑧 + 21𝑧∆𝑧 2 + 7∆𝑧 3 + 3𝑖𝑧 2 + 6𝑖𝑧∆𝑧 + 3𝑖∆𝑧 3 − 5𝑧 − 5∆𝑧 + 𝑖
Now,
∴𝑓(𝑧 + ∆𝑧) − 𝑓(𝑧)
=7𝑧 3 + 21𝑧 2 ∆𝑧 + 21𝑧∆𝑧 2 + 7∆𝑧 3 + 3𝑖𝑧 2 + 6𝑖𝑧∆𝑧 + 3𝑖∆𝑧 3 − 5𝑧 − 5∆𝑧 + 𝑖 −
7𝑧 3 − 3𝑖𝑧 2 + 5𝑧 − 𝑖
= 21𝑧 2 ∆𝑧 + 21𝑧∆𝑧 2 + 7∆𝑧 3 + 6𝑖𝑧∆𝑧 + 3𝑖∆𝑧 3 − 5∆𝑧
= ∆𝑧(21𝑧 2 + 21𝑧∆𝑧 + 7∆𝑧 2 + 6𝑖𝑧 + 3𝑖∆𝑧 2 − 5)
We know
𝑓(𝑧+∆𝑧)−𝑓(𝑧)
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = lim
∆𝑧→0 ∆𝑧

∆𝑧(21𝑧 2 +21𝑧∆𝑧+7∆𝑧 2 +6𝑖𝑧+3𝑖∆𝑧 2 −5)

= lim
∆𝑧→0 ∆𝑧

= lim (21𝑧 2 + 21𝑧∆𝑧 + 7∆𝑧 2 + 6𝑖𝑧 + 3𝑖∆𝑧 2 − 5)

∆𝑧→0

= 21𝑧 2 + 6𝑖𝑧 − 5
At 𝑧 = 3 we get,
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 21(3)2 + 6𝑖(3) − 5
= 189 + 18𝑖 − 5
= 184 + 18𝑖

(𝒊𝒊𝒊)𝒇(𝒛) = 𝟐𝒛𝟓 − 𝟑𝒛𝟒 + 𝟕𝒛𝟑 − 𝟑𝒛 − 𝟏; 𝒂𝒕 𝒛 = 𝟑

Solution: 𝑓(𝑧) = 2𝑧 5 − 3𝑧 4 + 7𝑧 3 − 3𝑧 − 1; 𝑎𝑡 𝑧 = 3
𝑓(𝑧) = 2𝑧 5 − 3𝑧 4 + 7𝑧 3 − 3𝑧 − 1
∴ 𝑓(𝑧 + ∆𝑧)
= 2(𝑧 + ∆𝑧)5 − 3(𝑧 + ∆𝑧)4 + 7(𝑧 + ∆𝑧)3 − 3(𝑧 + ∆𝑧) − 1
= 2(𝑧 5 + 5𝑧 4 ∆𝑧 + 10𝑧 3 ∆𝑧 2 + 10𝑧 2 ∆𝑧 3 + 5𝑧∆𝑧 4 + ∆𝑧 5 ) − 3(𝑧 4 + 4𝑧 3 ∆𝑧 +
6𝑧 2 ∆𝑧 2 + 4𝑧∆𝑧 3 + ∆𝑧 4 ) + 7(𝑧 3 + 3𝑧 2 ∆𝑧 + 3𝑧∆𝑧 2 + ∆𝑧 3 ) − 3𝑧 − 3∆𝑧 − 1
= 2𝑧 5 + 10𝑧 4 ∆𝑧 + 20𝑧 3 ∆𝑧 2 + 20𝑧 2 ∆𝑧 3 + 10𝑧∆𝑧 4 + 2∆𝑧 5 − 3𝑧 4 − 12𝑧 3 ∆𝑧 −
18𝑧 2 ∆𝑧 2 − 12𝑧∆𝑧 3 − 3∆𝑧 4 + 7𝑧 3 + 21𝑧 2 ∆𝑧 + 21𝑧∆𝑧 2 + 7∆𝑧 3 − 3𝑧 − 3∆𝑧 − 1
∴ 𝑓(𝑧 + ∆𝑧) − 𝑓(𝑧)
= 2𝑧 5 + 10𝑧 4 ∆𝑧 + 20𝑧 3 ∆𝑧 2 + 20𝑧 2 ∆𝑧 3 + 10𝑧∆𝑧 4 + 2∆𝑧 5 − 3𝑧 4 − 12𝑧 3 ∆𝑧 −
18𝑧 2 ∆𝑧 2 − 12𝑧∆𝑧 3 − 3∆𝑧 4 + 7𝑧 3 + 21𝑧 2 ∆𝑧 + 21𝑧∆𝑧 2 + 7∆𝑧 3 − 3𝑧 − 3∆𝑧 −
1 − 2𝑧 5 + 3𝑧 4 − 7𝑧 3 + 3𝑧 + 1
= 10𝑧 4 ∆𝑧 + 20𝑧 3 ∆𝑧 2 + 20𝑧 2 ∆𝑧 3 + 10𝑧∆𝑧 4 + 2∆𝑧 5 − 12𝑧 3 ∆𝑧 − 18𝑧 2 ∆𝑧 2 −
12𝑧∆𝑧 3 − 3∆𝑧 4 + 21𝑧 2 ∆𝑧 + 21𝑧∆𝑧 2 + 7∆𝑧 3 − 3∆𝑧
= ∆𝑧(10𝑧 4 + 20𝑧 3 ∆𝑧 + 20𝑧 2 ∆𝑧 2 + 10𝑧∆𝑧 3 + 2∆𝑧 4 − 12𝑧 3 − 18𝑧 2 ∆𝑧 −
12𝑧∆𝑧 2 − 3∆𝑧 3 + 21𝑧 2 + 21𝑧∆𝑧 + 7∆𝑧 2 − 3)
We know
𝑓(𝑧+∆𝑧)−𝑓(𝑧)
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = lim
∆𝑧→0 ∆𝑧

= lim (10𝑧 4 + 20𝑧 3 ∆𝑧 + 20𝑧 2 ∆𝑧 2 + 10𝑧∆𝑧 3 + 2∆𝑧 4 − 12𝑧 3 − 18𝑧 2 ∆𝑧

∆𝑧→0
− 12𝑧∆𝑧 2 − 3∆𝑧 3 + 21𝑧 2 + 21𝑧∆𝑧 + 7∆𝑧 2 − 3)
= 10𝑧 4 − 12𝑧 3 + 21𝑧 2
At 𝑧 = 4 we get,
= 10(4)4 − 12(4)3 + 21(4)2
= 2560 − 768 − 336
= 1456 𝐴𝑛𝑠.

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝅𝒛𝟐 +𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝅𝒛𝟐
3. Evaluate ∮ 𝒅𝒛
𝒛𝟐 −𝟗𝒛+𝟐𝟎

Solve:
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑧 2 +𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋𝑧 2
∮ 𝑑𝑧
𝑧 2 −9𝑧+20

Let 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑧 2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋𝑧 2

1 1 1 1
Since, = (𝑧−5)(𝑧−4) = (𝑧−5) − (𝑧−4)
𝑧 2 −9𝑧+20

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑧 2 +𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋𝑧 2 𝑓(𝑧)

∴ (𝑧−5)(𝑧−4)
= ∮ (𝑧−5)(𝑧−4) 𝑑𝑧
𝑓(𝑧) 𝑓(𝑧)
=∮ (𝑧−5) 𝑑𝑧 − ∮ (𝑧−4) 𝑑𝑧

= 2𝜋𝑖𝑓(5) − 2𝜋𝑖𝑓(4)
= 2𝜋𝑖(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋(5)2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋(5)2 ) − 2𝜋𝑖𝑓(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋(4)2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋(4)2 )
= 2𝜋𝑖(1) − 2𝜋𝑖(−1)
= 4𝜋𝑖 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑧 2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋𝑧 2
∮ 𝑑𝑧
𝑧 2 − 5𝑧 + 20
Let 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑧 2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋𝑧 2
Since,
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑧 2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋𝑧 2 𝑓(𝑧)
∴ = ∮ 𝑑𝑧
𝑧 2 − 5𝑧 + 20 𝑧 2 − 5𝑧 + 20
𝑓(𝑧)
=∮ 𝑑𝑧
5 + 𝑖√55 5 − 𝑖√55
(𝑧 − 2 ) (𝑧 −
2 )

𝑓(𝑧) 𝑓(𝑧)
=∮ −∮
5 + 𝑖√55 5 − 𝑖√55
(𝑧 − 2 ) (𝑧 − 2 )

5+𝑖 √55 5−𝑖 √55

= 2𝜋𝑖𝑓 ( ) − 2𝜋𝑖𝑓 ( )
2 2
2 2
5 + 𝑖√55 5 + 𝑖√55
= 2𝜋𝑖 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝜋 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 ( ) 𝜋]
2 2
2 2
5 − 𝑖√55 5 − 𝑖√55
− 2𝜋𝑖 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝜋 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 ( ) 𝜋]
2 2

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟓 𝒛
5. Evaluate∮ 𝝅 𝟒
𝒅𝒛, if c is the circle |𝒛| = 𝟐
(𝒛− )
𝟑

Solution:
Let, 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝑧
By the Cauchy’s integral formula, we have
𝑛! 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑓 𝑛 (𝑎) = ∮ 𝑑𝑧,
2𝜋𝑖 (𝑧−𝑎)𝑛+1
 𝑓(𝑧) 2𝜋𝑖
⇒∮ (𝑧−𝑎)𝑛+1 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑛 (𝑎)………….(𝑖)
𝑛!
𝜋
Putting 𝑛 = 3 and 𝑎 = , we get,
3
𝑓(𝑧) 2𝜋𝑖 𝜋
∮ (𝑧−𝑎)𝑛+1 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑓 3 ( )…………..(𝑖𝑖)
3! 3

Now,
𝑓 3 (𝑧) = 5𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑧(− sin 𝑧)
= 5[4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑧 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑧. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧]
= 5[4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑧 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝑧]
Here,
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 3 ( ) = 5 [4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ( ) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 ( )]
3 3 3 3
2
1 3 √3 1 5
= 5 [4 ( ) (2) −( ) ]
2 2

11
=5× = 1.71875
32

From(𝑖𝑖) we have,
2𝜋𝑖
(1.71875)
3!
𝜋𝑖
= (1.71875) = 𝜋𝑖(1.5277) (𝐴𝑛𝑠)
3

𝒆𝟓𝒛
6. Evaluate ∮ (𝒛+𝟒)𝟓 𝒅𝒛, 𝒄: |𝒛| = 𝟑

Solve:
𝑒 5𝑧
Given that, ∮ (𝑧+4)5 𝑑𝑧

We have the Cauchy’s integral formula is:

𝑛! 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑓 𝑛 (𝑎) = ∮ 𝑑𝑧, 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3
2𝜋𝑖 (𝑧−𝑎)𝑛+1

𝑓(𝑧) 2𝜋𝑖
⇒∮ (𝑧−𝑎)𝑛+1 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑛 (𝑎)
𝑛!
Now,
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑒 5𝑧 then,
𝑓′(𝑧) = 5𝑒 5𝑧
𝑓′(𝑧) = 25𝑒 5𝑧
𝑓′(𝑧) = 125𝑒 5𝑧
∴𝑓 3 (−4) = 125𝑒 −20

𝒆𝟒𝒛
7. Evaluate ∮ (𝒛𝟐 𝒅𝒛, where C is the circle |𝒛| = 𝟒
+𝝅𝟐 )𝟐

Solution:
For poles 𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧 2 + 𝜋 2 )2
(𝑧 2 − 𝑖 2 𝜋 2 )2 = 0
⇒ {(𝑧 − 𝑖𝜋)2 (𝑧 + 𝑖𝜋)2 }2 = 0
⇒ (𝑧 − 𝑖𝜋)2 (𝑧 + 𝑖𝜋)2 = 0
⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑖𝜋, 𝑖𝜋 and 𝑧 = −𝑖𝜋, −𝑖𝜋
Where 𝑧 = 𝑖𝜋 is a pole of order 2, 𝑧 = −𝑖𝜋 is a pole of order 2
So Residue at 𝑧 = 𝑖𝜋 is
𝑑 𝑒 4𝑧
lim
𝑑𝑥
{(𝑧 − 𝑖𝜋)2 (𝑧−𝑖𝜋)2(𝑧+𝑖𝜋)2}
𝑧→𝑖𝜋

𝑑 𝑒 4𝑧
= lim { }
𝑧→𝑖𝜋 𝑑𝑥 (𝑧+𝑖𝜋)2

𝑑 (𝑧+𝑖𝜋)2 .4𝑒 4𝑧 −2𝑒 4𝑧 (𝑧−𝑖𝜋)

= lim { (𝑧+𝑖𝜋)4
}
𝑧→𝑖𝜋 𝑑𝑥

(𝑖𝜋+𝑖𝜋)2 .4𝑒 4𝑖𝜋−2𝑒 4𝑖𝜋 (𝑖𝜋+𝑖𝜋)

={ (𝑖𝜋+𝑖𝜋)4
}

16𝑖 2 𝜋2 (−1)4 −4𝑖𝜋(−1)4

={ }
16𝑖 4 𝜋4

−16𝜋2 −4𝑖𝜋 −4𝜋(4𝜋+𝑖)

= =
16𝜋4 16𝜋4
 −(4𝜋+𝑖)
=
4𝜋3

So Residue at 𝑧 = −𝑖𝜋 is
𝑑 𝑒 4𝑧
lim
𝑑𝑥
{(𝑧 + 𝑖𝜋)2 (𝑧−𝑖𝜋)2(𝑧+𝑖𝜋)2 }
𝑧→−𝑖𝜋

𝑑 𝑒 4𝑧
= lim { }
𝑧→−𝑖𝜋 𝑑𝑥 (𝑧−𝑖𝜋)2

𝑑 (𝑧−𝑖𝜋)2 .4𝑒 4𝑧−2𝑒 4𝑧(𝑧−𝑖𝜋)

= lim { (𝑧−𝑖𝜋)4
}
𝑧→−𝑖𝜋 𝑑𝑥

(−𝑖𝜋−𝑖𝜋)2 .4𝑒 −4𝑖𝜋 −2𝑒 −4𝑖𝜋(−𝑖𝜋−𝑖𝜋)

={ (−𝑖𝜋−𝑖𝜋)4
}

16𝑖 2 𝜋2 (−1)4 +4𝑖𝜋(−1)4

={ }
16𝑖 4 𝜋4

−16𝜋2 +4𝑖𝜋 4𝜋(𝑖−4𝜋)

= =
16𝜋4 16𝜋4
(𝑖−4𝜋)
=
4𝜋3

By the Cauchy’s residue theorem, we have

𝑒 4𝑧 −(4𝜋+𝑖) (𝑖−4𝜋)
∮ (𝑧 2+𝜋2)2 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝑖𝜋 { 4𝜋3
+
4𝜋3
}
−4𝜋−𝑖+𝑖−4𝜋
= 2𝑖𝜋 { }
4𝜋3
−8𝜋
= 2𝑖𝜋 { }
4𝜋3
−4𝑖
= (𝐴𝑛𝑠)
𝜋

𝟏
8. Find the residue of (𝒛−𝟏)(𝒛+𝒊)𝟐

Solution:
The poles of 𝑓(𝑧) are obtained by solving the equation
(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 + 𝑖)2 = 0
⇒𝑧 = 1, 𝑧 = −𝑖, −𝑖
∴𝑧 = 1 is a simple pole and 𝑧 = −𝑖 is double pole.
Residue at 𝑧 = 1 is,
1
lim {(𝑧 − 1) }
𝑧→1 (𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 + 𝑖)2
1
= lim { }
𝑧→1 (𝑧 + 𝑖)2

1
=
(1 + 𝑖)2
1
=
1 + 2𝑖 − 1

1
= (𝐴𝑛𝑠)
2𝑖

Residue at 𝑧 = −𝑖 is,
𝑑 1
lim {(𝑧 + 𝑖)2 }
𝑧→−𝑖 𝑑𝑥 (𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 + 𝑖)2
𝑑 1
= lim { }
𝑧→−𝑖 𝑑𝑥 (𝑧 − 1)

1
= lim −
𝑧→−𝑖 (𝑧 − 1)2
1
= − (−𝑖−1)2
1 1
= = (𝐴𝑛𝑠)
−1+2𝑖+1 2𝑖

𝒆𝒕𝒛
9. Evaluate ∮ (𝒛+𝟏)𝟐(𝒛−𝟒) 𝒅𝒛 at all its poles in a finite plane.

Solution:
The poles of 𝑓(𝑧) are obtained by solving the equation
(𝑧 + 1)2 (𝑧 − 4) = 0
⇒𝑧 = −1, −1 𝑧 = 4
∴𝑧 = −1 is double pole and 𝑧 = 4 is a simple pole.
Residue at 𝑧 = −1 is,
𝑑 2
𝑒 𝑡𝑧
lim {(𝑧 + 1) }
𝑧→−1 𝑑𝑥 (𝑧 + 1)2 (𝑧 − 4)
𝑑 𝑒 𝑡𝑧
= lim { }
𝑧→−1 𝑑𝑥 (𝑧 − 4)

𝑑 (𝑧 − 4). 𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑧 − 𝑒 𝑡𝑧 (𝑧 − 4)
= lim { }
𝑧→−1 𝑑𝑥 (𝑧 − 4)2
𝑒 𝑡𝑧 (𝑡 − 1)
= lim { }
𝑧→−1 (𝑧 − 4)
𝑒 −𝑡 (𝑡−1) 𝑒 −𝑡 (1−𝑡)
= = (𝐴𝑛𝑠)
(−1−4) 5

Residue at 𝑧 = 4 is,
𝑑 𝑒 𝑡𝑧
lim {(𝑧 − 4) }
𝑧→4 𝑑𝑥 (𝑧 + 1)2 (𝑧 − 4)
𝑑 𝑒 𝑡𝑧
= lim { }
𝑧→4 𝑑𝑥 (𝑧 + 1)2

𝑑 (𝑧 + 1)2 . 𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑧 − 𝑒 𝑡𝑧 . 2(𝑧 + 1)
= lim { }
𝑧→4 𝑑𝑥 (𝑧 + 1)4
(𝑧 + 1). 𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑧 − 2𝑒 𝑡𝑧
= lim { }
𝑧→4 (𝑧 + 1)3
𝑒 𝑡𝑧 {(𝑧 + 1). 𝑡 − 2}
= lim { }
𝑧→4 (𝑧 + 1)3
𝑒 4𝑡 {(4+1).𝑡−2} 𝑒 4𝑡(5𝑡−2)
= = (𝐴𝑛𝑠)
(4+1)3 125
 𝒛𝟑𝒊𝒛
10. Evaluate .∮𝒄 𝒅𝒛
(𝒛+𝟓)(𝒛−𝟐𝒊)𝟐

𝑧 3𝑖𝑧
Let 𝑓(𝑧) = ∮𝑐 𝑑𝑧
(𝑧+5)(𝑧−2𝑖)2

The poles of f(z) are obtained by solving the equation

(𝑧 + 5)(𝑧 − 2𝑖)2 = 0
⇒ 𝑧 = −5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 2𝑖, 2𝑖
⇒ 𝑧 = −5 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 2𝑖 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
Residue at z = −5 is
𝑧 3𝑖𝑧
lim (𝑧 + 5)
𝑧→−5 (𝑧 + 5)(𝑧 − 2𝑖)2
𝑧 3𝑖𝑧
= lim
𝑧→−5 (𝑧 − 2𝑖)2

𝑒 −15𝑖
=
(−5 − 2𝑖)2
Residue at z = 2i is
1 𝑑 2
𝑧 3𝑖𝑧
lim (𝑧 − 2𝑖)
𝑧→2𝑖 1! 𝑑𝑧 (𝑧 + 5)(𝑧 − 2𝑖)2
𝑑 𝑧 3𝑖𝑧
= lim
𝑧→2𝑖 𝑑𝑧 (𝑧 + 5)

3𝑖𝑒 3𝑖𝑧 (𝑧 + 5) − 𝑒 3𝑖𝑧 . 1

= lim
𝑧→2𝑖 (𝑧 + 5)2
3𝑖𝑒 −6 (2𝑖 + 5) − 𝑒 −6
=
(2𝑖 + 5)2
𝑧 3𝑖𝑧
Therefore, by Cauchy’s residue theorem we have∮𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 ∑ 𝑅𝑐
(𝑧+5)(𝑧−2𝑖)2
 𝑒 −15𝑖 3𝑖𝑒 −6 (2𝑖 + 5) − 𝑒 −6
= 2𝜋𝑖 [ + ]
(−5 − 2𝑖)2 (2𝑖 + 5)2

𝒛
11.Evaluate .∮𝒄 𝒅𝒛
𝒛(𝒛−𝟒)𝟐

Ssolve:
𝑧
Given that 𝑓(𝑧) = ∮𝑐 𝑑𝑧
𝑧(𝑧−4)2

The poles of f(z) are obtained by solving the equation 𝑧(𝑧 − 4)2 = 0
⇒ 𝑧 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑧 − 4)2 = 0
⇒ 𝑧 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 4,4
∴ z = 0 is a simple pole and z = 4,4 is two poles
Residue at z = 0 is.
1
lim(𝑧 − 0)
𝑧→0 𝑧(𝑧 − 4)2
1 1
= =
(0 − 4)2 16
Residue at z = 4 is.

1 𝑑 1
lim (𝑧 − 4)2
𝑧→4 1! 𝑑𝑧 𝑧(𝑧 − 4)2
𝑑 1
= lim
𝑧→4 𝑑𝑧 𝑧
 1 𝑖2
= lim − 2 =
𝑧→4 𝑧 16

𝑧
Therefore, by Cauchy’s residue theorem we have∮𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 ∑ 𝑅𝑐
𝑧(𝑧−4)2

1 𝑖2
= 2𝜋𝑖 [ + ]
16 16
2𝜋𝑖(1 + 𝑖 2 ) 𝜋𝑖(1 + 𝑖 2 )
= =
16 8

𝒛
12.Evaluate ∮𝒄 𝒅𝒛
(𝟗−𝒛𝟐 )(𝒛+𝒊)

𝑧
Solve: Given that 𝑓(𝑧) = ∮𝑐 (9−𝑧 2 )(𝑧+𝑖)
𝑑𝑧

𝑧
=∮ 𝑑𝑧
(3 + 𝑧)(3 − 𝑧)(𝑧 + 𝑖)
𝑐

The poles of f(z) are obtained by solving the equation

(3 + 𝑧)(3 − 𝑧)(𝑧 + 𝑖) = 0
⇒ 𝑧 = −3, 𝑧 = 3, 𝑧 = −𝑖
∴ 𝑧 = −3 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 , 𝑧 = 3𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒, 𝑧 = −𝑖 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒

Residue at z = −3 is
𝑧
lim (𝑧 + 3)
𝑧→−3 (3 + 𝑧)(3 − 𝑧)(𝑧 + 𝑖)
𝑧
= lim
𝑧→−3 (3 − 𝑧)(𝑧 + 𝑖)

3 1
= =
(3 + 3)(−3 + 𝑖) (−6 + 2𝑖)
Residue at z = 3 is
𝑧
lim(𝑧 − 3)
𝑧→3 (3 + 𝑧)(3 − 𝑧)(𝑧 + 𝑖)
𝑧
= lim
𝑧→3 (3 + 𝑧)(𝑧 + 𝑖)

3 1
= =
(3 + 3)(3 + 𝑖) (6 + 2𝑖)
Residue at z = −i is
𝑧
lim (𝑧 + 𝑖)
𝑧→−𝑖 (3 + 𝑧)(3 − 𝑧)(𝑧 + 𝑖)
𝑧
= lim
𝑧→−𝑖 (3 + 𝑧)(3 − 𝑧)

−𝑖 −𝑖
= =
(3 − 𝑖)(3 + 𝑖) 10
Therefore, by Cauchy’s residue theorem we have

𝑧
∮ 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 ∑ 𝑅𝑐
(9 − 𝑧 2 )(𝑧 + 𝑖)
𝑐

1 1 𝑖
= 2𝜋𝑖 [ + − ]
(−6 + 2𝑖) (6 + 2𝑖) 10
6 + 2𝑖 + 2𝑖 − 6 𝑖
= 2𝜋𝑖 [ − ]
4𝑖 2 − 62 10
4𝑖 𝑖
= 2𝜋𝑖 [ − ]
−2−36 10

2𝑖 𝑖 −2𝑖 2𝜋
= 2𝜋𝑖 [− − ] = 2𝜋𝑖 × =
10 10 10 5
 𝟐𝝅 𝒅𝜽
13. Evaluate ∫𝟎
𝟏+𝒃𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

Solution: Let, 𝑍 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
Then 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑖𝑧 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑧
⇒𝑑𝜃 =
𝑧𝑖
1
𝑒 𝑖𝜃 +𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 𝑧+
𝑧 𝑧 2 +1
And 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = = =
2 2 2𝑧

We consider the unit C with center at the origin as our contour. Then the given
integral takes the form,
2𝜋 𝑑𝜃
𝐼 = ∫0
1+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑑𝑧
⇒𝐼 =∮ 𝑏
𝑖𝑧{1+ (𝑧 2 +1)}
2𝑧

𝑑𝑧
⇒ 𝐼 = ∮ 𝑖𝑧 1
{2+𝑏(𝑧+ )}
2 𝑧

2 𝑑𝑧
⇒𝐼 = ∮ 2𝑧+𝑏𝑧2 +𝑏
𝑖 𝑧{ }
𝑧

2 𝑑𝑧
⇒𝐼 = ∮ 2𝑧
𝑖𝑏 𝑧 2 + +1
𝑏

2 1
⇒𝐼 = ∮ 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 where 𝑓(𝑧) = 2𝑧
𝑖𝑏 𝑧 2 + +1
𝑏

Poles of 𝑓(𝑧) are given by,

2𝑧
𝑧2 + +1=0
𝑏

2 4 2 1
− ±√ 2 −4 − ±2√ 2 −1
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
⇒𝑧 = =
2 2

1 1−𝑏2 1 1 −1±√1−𝑏2
=− ±√ =− ± √1 − 𝑏 2 =
𝑏 𝑏2 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏

−1+√1−𝑏2 −1−√1−𝑏2
So, ⇒𝑧 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 =
𝑏 𝑏
 −1+√1−𝑏2
Now residue at 𝑧 = is
𝑏

−1 + √1 − 𝑏 2 1
lim (𝑧 − )
−1+√1−𝑏2 𝑏 −1 + √1 − 𝑏 2 −1 − √1 − 𝑏 2
𝑧→ (𝑧 − ) (𝑧 − )
𝑏
[ 𝑏 𝑏 ]

1
= lim
𝑧→
−1+√1−𝑏2 −1 − √1 − 𝑏 2
𝑏 (𝑧 − )
[ 𝑏 ]
1
=
−1 + √1 − 𝑏 2 −1 − √1 − 𝑏 2
[ − ]
𝑏 𝑏
𝑏
=
2√1 − 𝑏 2
Now by residue theorem we have ,
2𝜋
𝑑𝜃
𝐼=∫
0 1 + 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
2
= ∮ 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧
𝑖𝑏
2
= 2𝜋𝑖 ∑ 𝑅𝑐
𝑖𝑏
2 𝑏 2𝜋
= 2𝜋𝑖 × =
𝑖𝑏 2√1 − 𝑏 2 √1 − 𝑏 2

2𝜋
𝑑𝜃
14. 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑒 ∫
0 5 + 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑆𝑜𝑙:
𝑙𝑒𝑡 , 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑧 = 𝐼 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 , 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑖𝑧 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝜃 =
𝑖𝑧
1
𝑒 𝑖𝜃 +𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 𝑧+
𝑧 𝑧 2 +1
And cos 𝜃 = = =
2 2 2𝑧
We consider the unit circle c with centre at the origin as our contour .then the given
interval takes the from ,
2𝜋 𝑑𝜃
I=∫0
5+4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝑧
= ∮𝑐 4
𝑖𝑧 {5+ (𝑧 2 +1)}
2𝑧
𝑑𝑧
= ∮𝑐 2
𝑖𝑧 {5+ (𝑧 2 +1)}
𝑧
𝑑𝑧
= ∮𝑐 𝑖𝑧
{5𝑧+2𝑧 2 +2}
𝑧
𝑑𝑧
=∮𝑐 𝑖 5
{𝑧 2 + 𝑧+1}
2 2
2 1
= ∮𝑐 𝑓(𝑧) dz , where 𝑓(𝑧) = 5
𝑖 𝑧 2 + 𝑧+1
2
Poles of 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 ,
5
𝑧2 + 𝑧 + 1 = 0
2
5 25
− ±√ −4
2 4
z=
2
5 1
− ±√ (25−16)
2 4
z=
2
5 1
− ± √9
2 2
z=
2
z= −5 ± 3
𝑠𝑜 , 𝑧 = −5 + 3 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = −5 − 3 = −8

Since 5> 4 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑧 = −2

Now residue at z= -2 is

lim [{𝑧 − (−2)}𝑓 (𝑧)]

𝑧⇾−2
1
= lim [(𝑧 + 2) ]
𝑧⇾−2 (𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 + 8)
1
= lim
𝑧⇾−2 (𝑧 + 8)
 1 1
= =
−2+8 6

Now by residue theorem , we have ,

2𝜋 𝑑𝜃
I=∫0
5+4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2 𝑑𝑧
= ∮𝑐 5
𝑖 𝑧 2 + 𝑧+1
2
2
= 2𝜋𝑖 ∑ 𝑅𝑐
𝑖
2 1
= 2𝜋𝑖.
𝑖 6
2𝜋
=
3

𝟐𝝅 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜽𝒅𝜽
15. Evaluate ∫𝟎
𝟓−𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝑖𝜃
Let,𝑧 = 𝑒
⇒ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑖𝑑𝑧
⇒ 𝑑𝜃 = −
𝑧
𝑧+1
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
2𝑧
2 1
𝑒 2𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −2𝑖𝜃 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 1 𝑧 4 + 1
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 = = = .
2 2 2 𝑧2
Then,
1 𝑧4 + 1
2𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃𝑑𝜃 . 𝑖𝑑𝑧
2 𝑧2
∫ =∫ (− )
0 5 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐 5 − 3.
𝑧+1 𝑧
2𝑧
1 𝑧4 + 1
. 𝑑𝑧
2 𝑧2
= −𝑖 ∫ .
𝑐
10𝑧 − 3𝑧 − 3 𝑧
2𝑧
4
1 𝑧 +1 2𝑧 𝑑𝑧
= −𝑖 ∫ . × .
𝑐 2 𝑧2 7𝑧 − 3 𝑧
𝑧4 + 1
= −𝑖 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑧
𝑐 𝑧 (7𝑧 − 3)
 𝑧4 + 1
= (−𝑖)2𝜋𝑖 ∑ 𝑅𝑒𝑠 [ ]
𝑧 2 (7𝑧 − 3)
𝑧4 + 1
= 2𝜋 ∑ 𝑅𝑒𝑠 [ 2 ]
𝑧 (7𝑧 − 3)
𝑧 4 +1
where the sum of the residues extends over all the poles of inside the unit
𝑧 2 (7𝑧−3)
disk. We have a pole of order 2 at 0 and possible more poles at the roots of
𝑧 2 (7𝑧 − 3) Let’s compute the residue at 0.

𝑧4 + 1 𝑑 2
𝑧4 + 1
𝑅𝑒𝑠1 [ 2 ] = lim (𝑧 − 0) 2
𝑧 (7𝑧 − 3) 𝑧→0 𝑑𝑧 𝑧 (7𝑧 − 3)
4
𝑑 𝑧 +1
= lim
𝑑𝑧 (7𝑧 − 3)
𝑧→0
4𝑧 3 (7𝑧 − 3) − 7(𝑧 4 + 1)
= lim
𝑧→0 (7𝑧 − 3)2
4.0 − 7(0 + 1)
=
(7.0 − 3)2
7
=
9
For the nonzero poles solve.
7𝑧 − 3 = 0
3
⇒𝑧=
7
3
Residue at 𝑧 =
7
𝑧4 + 1 3 𝑧4 + 1
𝑅𝑒𝑠2 [ 2 ] = lim(𝑧 − ) 2
𝑧 (7𝑧 − 3) 𝑧→
3 7 𝑧 (7𝑧 − 3)
7
(7𝑧 − 3) 𝑧 4 + 1
= lim . 2
𝑧→
3 7 𝑧 (7𝑧 − 3)
7
3 4
1 7) + 1
(
= [ ]
7 3 2
(7)
81 + 2401
1
= . 2401
7 9⁄
49
 2482 7 2482
= × =
2401 9 3087
Hence

2𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃𝑑𝜃 𝑧4 + 1
∫ = 2𝜋 ∑ 𝑅𝑒𝑠 [ 2 ]
0 5 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑧 (7𝑧 − 3)
7 2482
= 2𝜋 ( + )
9 3087
2401 + 2482
= 2𝜋 ( ) = 2𝜋 × 1.817
3087

2𝜋
𝑑𝜃
16. 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑒 ∫
0
(5 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2

Solution:
𝑙𝑒𝑡 , 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑧 = 𝐼 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 , 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑖𝑧 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝜃 =
𝑖𝑧
𝑒 𝑖𝜃 −𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 𝑧 2 −1
And sin 𝜃 = =
2 2𝑖𝑧
We consider the unit circle c with centre at the origin as our contour .then the given
interval takes the from ,
 2𝜋 𝑑𝜃
I=∫0 (5−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2
𝑑𝑧
= ∮𝑐 1 2
𝑖𝑧 {5− (𝑧 2 −1)}
2𝑖𝑧
𝑑𝑧
= ∮𝑐 𝑖𝑧
2𝑖𝑧
{10𝑖𝑧−𝑧 2 +1}2
2 . 𝑑𝑧
= ∮𝑐 {10𝑖𝑧−𝑧 2 +1}2
𝑑𝑧
= 2 ∮𝑐 𝑓(𝑧) dz , where 𝑓(𝑧) = {10𝑖𝑧−𝑧 2 2
+1}
Poles of 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 ,

{10𝑖𝑧 − 𝑧 2 + 1}2 = 0

−𝑧 2 + 10𝑖𝑧 + 1=0

𝑧 2 − 10𝑖𝑧 − 1=0

10𝑖±√100𝑖 2 +4
z=
2
10𝑖±√100𝑖 2 −4𝑖 2
z=
2
10𝑖±4𝑖 √6
z=
2
z= 5𝑖 ± 2𝑖√6

𝑠𝑜 , 𝑧 = 𝑖(5 + 2√6) or 𝑖(5 − 2√6)

Now residue at z= 𝑖(5 + 2√6)

lim [{𝑧 − 𝑖(5 + 2√6)} 𝑓(𝑧)]

𝑧⇾𝑖(5+2√6)
1
= lim [{𝑧 − 𝑖 (5 + 2√6)} ]
𝑧⇾𝑖(5+2√6) {𝑧 − 𝑖(5 − 2√6)}{𝑧 − 𝑖(5 + 2√6)}
1
= lim
𝑧⇾𝑖(5+2√6) {𝑧 − 𝑖(5 − 2√6)}
1 1
= =
{𝑖(5+2√6)−𝑖(5−2√6)} 4√6𝑖

Now by residue theorem , we have ,

 2𝜋 𝑑𝜃
I=∫0 (5−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2

= 2 ∮𝑐 𝑓(𝑧)
= 2. 2𝜋𝑖 ∑ 𝑅𝑐
1
= 4𝜋𝑖.
4√6𝑖
𝜋
=
√6