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GP1 Q1 Week-1
GP1 Q1 Week-1
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Specific Objectives
Convert units of measurement
Express numbers in scientific notation.
Apply the rules of counting significant figures in rounding-off numbers based on the
mathematical operation used.
Determine the number of significant figures.
Differentiate accuracy from precision.
Distinguish between scalar and vector quantities, and random and systematic errors.
Add vectors using graphical and component method.
Key Concepts
Units of measurements
Physicists, like other scientists, make observations and ask basic questions. For
example, how big is an object? How much mass does it have? How far did it travel? To
answer these questions, they make measurements with various instruments (e.g.,
meter stick, balance, stopwatch, etc.).
The measurements of physical quantities are expressed in terms of units, which are
standardized values. For example, the length of a race, which is a physical quantity,
can be expressed in meters (for sprinters) or kilometers (for long distance runners).
Without standardized units, it would be extremely difficult for scientists to express and
compare measured values in a meaningful way.
Physical Quantities
Any number that is used to describe a physical phenomenon quantitatively is called
physical quantity.
We define a physical quantity either by specifying how it is measured or by stating
how it is calculated from other measurements.
For instance, you can measure the distance an object travels by using a meterstick
and you can measure the time interval by using a stopwatch.
Metric Prefixes
Physical objects or phenomena may vary widely. For example, the size of objects varies
from something very small (like an atom) to something very large (like a star). Yet the
standard metric unit of length is the meter. So, the metric system includes many
prefixes that can be attached to a unit. Each prefix is based on factors of 10 (10, 100,
1,000, etc., as well as 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, etc.).
Table 2. Metric Prefixes and symbols used to denote the different various factors of 10 in the metric system
Exampl Example
Example
Prefix Symbol Value e Value Example Description
Name
Symbol
Exa E 1018 Exameter Em 1018 m Distance light travels in a century
desired unit
givenunit × =desired unit
given unit
Example, we want to convert one’s height of 1.5 m to feet. The first thing to do is to
know the given unit and the desired unit. In this case, the given unit is in meters and
it is to be converted to feet. Next, we need to determine the conversion factor relating
meters to feet. From the given conversion factors above for length, there is no direct
conversion from meters to feet. Thus, meters must be converted first to centimeters,
then convert centimeters to inches, and finally convert inches to feet. Therefore, 1.5 m
can be converted to feet as follows
100 cm 1 ft
1.5 m× ×1∈ ¿ × ¿
1m 2.54 cm 1.5 ×100
12∈¿= ft=4.9 ft . ¿
2.54 ×12
Example 2. Converting speed units
The world land speed record is 763.0 mi/h, set on October 15, 1997, by Andy Green in
the jet-engine car Thrust SSC. Express this speed in meters per second.
mi mi 1.609 km 1000 m 1h m
763.0 =763.0 × × × =341.0
h h 1 mi 1 km 3600 s s
Scientific Notation
When we calculate with very large or very small numbers, we can show significant
figures much more easily by using scientific notation, sometimes called powers-of-
10 notation. Scientific notation is a convenient way of expressing too large or too
small numbers. It is called powers-of-10 because it follows the form
N ×10n
where,
N is a number between 1 and 10, including 1 but not 10, i.e. 1 ≤|N |<10;
Note that for the exponent n :
If the decimal point is moved n places to the left, n is positive.
If the decimal point is moved n places to the right, n is negative.
Example. The distance from the Earth to the moon is about 384,000,000 m. To write
this number in scientific notation, we move the decimal point eight places to the left,
that is,
In this form, it is clear that we have 3 significant figures. It is important to note that in
counting the number of significant figures in the form of scientific notation only the “ N
” part should be considered, not the “×10 n” part, following the same guidelines.
When carrying out arithmetic operations involving scientific notation, same rules in
rounding-off final answers should be applied. Addition or subtraction follows the value
with the least number of decimal places while multiplication or division follows the
value with the least number of significant figures. Consider the examples and steps
below.
Vector Addition
C=⃗
Several constructions for finding the vector sum ⃗ A+⃗
B.
Components of Vectors
A coordinate system allows
you to expand your
description of a vector. In
coordinate system shown in
Figure 7, the vector ⃗ A is
broken up into two
component vectors. One, ⃗ A x,
is parallel to the x-axis, and
Figure 7. Representing a vector in terms of component vectors.
the other, ⃗ A y, is parallel to Source: Young, Hugh D., Roger A. Freedman, A. Lewis Ford,
the y-axis. In symbols, ⃗A=⃗ A x+ ⃗
A y. and Hugh D. Young. Sears and Zemansky's University
Physics. (13th ed), p. 14
The process of breaking a vector in to its components is
called vector resolution. The magnitude and sign of the
component vectors are called the components.
The components are calculated according to these
equations shown below, where the angle is measured
counterclockwise from the positive axis.
Example. A bus travels 23.0 km on a straight road that is 30° north of east.
What are the east and north components of its displacement?
Objectives
Convert units of measurement
Express numbers in scientific notation.
Apply the rules of counting significant figures in rounding-off numbers based on the
mathematical operation used.
Determine the number of significant figures.
What to do
1A. Determine the number of significant figures in the following measurements:
(a) 5.03 g (f) 2.720 x 1022 atoms
(b) 0.714 m (g) 3 000 mL
(c) 0.052 kg (h) 35 mg
(d) 2008 g (i) 0.0580 m3
4
(e) 7.2 x 10 molecules (j) 830 kg
1B. Express the following number in standard notation to scientific notation. Answers
should include 3 significant figures applying rules in rounding-off numbers.
1C. Carry out the following arithmetic operations applying the rules on rounding-off final
answers.
1D. Convert the following quantities as indicated. If possible, express answers in scientific
notation.
Objective
Differentiate accuracy from precision.
What to do
Read and answer as directed. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper.
Gold coin has an ‘accepted’ diameter of 28.054 mm. Two students are asked to measure
the diameter a gold coin four times. Student A uses a simple plastic ruler. Student B uses
a precision measuring tool called a micrometer.
Objective
Distinguish between scalar and vector quantities, and random and systematic errors.
What you need
pencil/ballpen
sheets of paper
scientific calculator
What to do
3A. In a separate sheet of paper, write SCALAR if the given is a scalar quantity and write
VECTOR if the given is a vector quantity.
1. Area of a rectangle
2. Distance
3. Work
4. Increase/Decrease in temperature
5. Magnetic Polarization
6. Momentum
7. Temperature
8. Force
9. Energy
10.Density
3B. In a separate sheet of paper, write RANDOM if the given is a random error and write
SYSTEMATIC if the given is a systematic error.
1. When taking a volume reading in a flask, you may read the value from a different
angle each time.
2. Measuring the mass of a sample on an analytical balance may produce different
values as air currents affect the balance.
3. Measured distance is different using a new cloth measuring tape versus an older,
stretched one.
4. When weighing yourself on a bathroom scale, you position yourself slightly
differently each time.
5. Forgetting to tare or zero a balance produces mass measurements that are always
"off" by the same amount.
6. Not reading the meniscus at eye level for a volume measurement.
7. When measuring participants’ wrist circumferences, you misread the “2” on the
measuring tape as a zero-point.
8. Using an improperly calibrated thermometer.
9. You measure wrist circumference using a tape measure. But your tape measure is
only accurate to the nearest half-centimeter, so you round each measurement up
or down when you record data.
10. If a piece of equipment has an offset.
Objective
Add vectors using graphical and component method.
What you need
pencil/ballpen
ruler and protractor
sheets of paper
scientific calculator
What to do
3A. In a separate sheet, add the following vectors using graphical method and determine
the magnitude of the resultant vector and its direction.
1. A. 5.0 km, West
B. 2.5 km, North (Scale: 1 cm = 1 km)
C. 3.5 km, 345°
2. A. 8 km, 150°
B. 6 km, 220° (Scale: 1 cm = 1 km)
C. 5 km, 290°
3B. In a separate sheet, add the following vectors using analytical method and determine
the magnitude of the resultant vector and its direction.
1. A. 4.5 km, 20°
B. 4.2 km, 270°
C. 6.0 km, 210°
2. A. 25 N, 60°
B. 10 N, 180°
C. 16 N, 315°
Reflection
Rubrics
5 4 3 2 0
Practical Practical Practical Practical No discussion at
application is application is application is applications are all.
scientifically scientifically explained explained
explained explained consistent to the consistent to the
consistent to the consistent to the concepts but concepts but
concepts, and concepts, but with one or two with more than
has no with minimal misconceptions. two
misconceptions. misconceptions. misconceptions.
Krauskopf K., & Beiser A. (2010). The Physical Universe (14th ed.). The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020.
Shipman, J., Wilson, J., & Higgins, C. (2013). An Introduction to Physical Science (13 th ed.).
Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
Young, Hugh D., Roger A. Freedman, A. Lewis Ford, and Hugh D. Young. Sears and Zemansky's
University Physics. 13th ed. Boston, MA: Pearson Learning Solutions, 2012.
Answer Key