INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU

KEMENTERIAN PENDIDIKAN MALAYSIA

KAMPUS PERLIS, 01000 KANGAR

PERLIS

TSLB2072

ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR THE LANGUAGE TEACHER

Name : Mohd Shahmee bin Abu Saman

No. IC : 931107-02-6477
Index Number : 2021232400033
Program : TESL (Rendah)
Intake : Jun 2021
Unit : PDPP
Lecturer’s name : Mr Abdul Wahab bin
Madam Ernie binti Adnan
Sulaiman
15/12/2021
Submission date : 10/11/2021

EXAMINER MODERATOR
Marks Marks

Signature Signature

Stamp Stamp
Date Date

STUDENT’S CONSENT

I certify that the information provided by the lecturer has been referenced and understood.

Student’s signature:__________________________Date : 15/12/2021

Introduction

The study of discourse involves on the grammatical aspects of sentence structures in spoken
and written form. According to Richard (2020), discourse refers to a unit of language longer
than a single sentence. Therefore, the sentences in both spoken and written can be analyzed
by referring to grammar discourse in sentence structure. There are several sentence
structures to use as guideline when making the analysis which are to look at the simple
sentence, compound sentence and compound complex.

Simple sentence refers to a sentence that has only one independent clause. An
independent clause has a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought. Compound
sentence on the other hand has two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction
(for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so). Except for very short sentences, a comma goes right before
a coordinating conjunction. A complex sentence has one independent clause and one to two
dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinating conjunction (because,
since, after, although, when…) or a pronoun (who, which, and that). Complex sentence
also can be identified when there are two or more conjunction in a sentence.

In this paper, the spoken material is extracted from the speech made by Prime Minister
Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin on 18th March 2020 updating about the current situation regarding
the Covid-19 on the respective date. The speech was transcribed by News Straits Times and
published as news on the webpage. As respect to their work of transcribing and updating the
content, NST will be quoted accordingly to the standard procedure of referencing. On the
hand, the written material used to make the comparison is taken from the short story entitled
The crocodile and the monkey.

THE DEGREE OF THE LANGUAGE FORMALITY

According to Cambrige Dictionary (2021), when we write, formal language is more common;
when we speak, informal language is more common. However, there are situations when
informal writing is appropriate, such as when sending postcards or letters to friends, or sending
emails or text messages. Speaking English can also be formal in some situations, such as in
a speech or a lecture. The speech that was made by Prime Minister is consider as formal
speaking as the content shared was on official matter regarding to Malaysia Covid-19
condition. The formality level can be identified as the PM stated in his first line “Tonight, I stand
before you once again, to update you on the current situation regarding the Covid-19
pandemic that has caused great distress not just in Malaysia, but also throughout the world.”
The lexical used and the stress emphasized the formality. Comparing to the written material,
the short story was categorized as narrative text. The formality is considered as informal.
 The spoken material has been group into nineteen (19) paragraphs and written materials
has been group into twenty-one (21) paragraphs to make the comparison regarding the
sentence structure accordingly to the necessary criteria (refer appendices to see the materials
grouping). The criteria are listed as below:

1.0 SIMPLE SENTENCE STRUCTURE ANALYSIS

In spoken and written materials that were used to complete this paper, the simple structure
(SS) found is rated as moderate level of for both materials (refer to frequency table in appendix
1 and appendix 2).

The simple sentence structure category in both materials have its own function to
deliver the meaning. The first similarity in this type of structure is to deliver the content in basis
environment especially at the beginning of the paragraph. As in formal speech made by PM,
it is noticeable that the simple sentence is precise and compact. For instance, in paragraph 6
the line “A complete travel restriction for all Malaysians (S) going (V) overseas (C).” For the
written material, the simple structure has the same structure as in line “One day, a crocodile
(S) was swimming (V) up the river (C).” Significantly, the line is simple and straight forward.
Both of the line consisting of S-V-C according to the rules of constructing simple structure
sentence.

2.0 COMPOUND SENTENCE STRUCTURE ANALYSIS

The analysis of compound sentence structure made for both materials rated the structure use
as very high. The second similarity in compound sentence structure used in both materials
help the speaker and the writer to clarify the content or idea without constructing additional
sentences. This type of sentence structure is most found in the materials. Generally, both
spoken and written materials applied this structure as to join two sentences into one using
conjunction. According to Matt Ellis (2021), compound sentences give your writing a faster
pace and unite related ideas together, but they have a few more extra rules than standard
sentences. As for example in spoken material line 7, “A complete restriction of foreign visitors
and tourists into Malaysia.” While for written material in line 16, “The monkey was pleased but
said he could not possibly go because he did not know how to swim”.

3.0 COMPOUND COMPLEX SENTENCE ANALYSIS

The analysis of compound complex sentence structure made for both materials rated as low
usages among the other structures. The last similarity in both materials is the speaker and
writer attempted to avoid using the complex compound sentence as to avoid difficulty in
understanding the content. This type of sentence structure is less found in the materials. This
could be due to the speaker and writer wanted to present their content in simpler environment
so that audiences and readers can understand better about the content. The compound
complex sentence is considered as sophisticated type of sentence. According to Ika Dirga,
Hermawati Syafi and Zul Amri (2018), The difficulties in writing compound sentences are also
experienced by English education students. They still got difficulty in choosing correct
conjunction in this sentence.

Conclusion

Based on the findings and analysis, there are three significant similarities found for both
spoken and written materials. Consequently, this shows that even though that the materials
are different but in grammar wise, the purpose of sentence structure usage is still similar.
Grammar is one of the important aspects in English language. Grammar is needed to construct
a good sentence either in spoken or written.
 References

Jakhar, A, A., Shaikh, F & Ahmed, F, A (2020). Comparison between spoken and written
discourse and its implication in teaching English as second/foreign language.
Retrieved from
https://www.proquest.com/openview/12a9e98a483ad10b385b828b416c4a06/1?pq-
origsite=gscholar&cbl=2029920

Strauss, Jane and GrammarBook. (2020). Finding Nouns, Verbs, and Subjects.
GrammarBook. Retrieved from
https://www.grammarbook.com/grammar/subjectVerb.asp

Trach, Elizabeth. (n.d.) Relative Pronouns. Your Dictionary. Retrieved from

https://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-ofspeech/pronouns/relative-pronoun.html

Vitto, Cindy L. (2006). Grammar by Diagram: Understanding English Grammar Through

Traditional Sentence Diagramming. Second edition. Toronto, Ontario: Broadview
Press.

Walden University. (2020). Grammar: Sentence Structure and Types of Sentences. Walden
University. Retrieved from
https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/grammar/sentencestructure
Appendix 1

Speech analysis
The speech given by Prime Minister Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin was published by News Straits
Appendices
Time entitled PM's Movement Control Order speech in English.

P Content Analysis
1 Tonight, I stand before you once again, to update you CS
on the current situation regarding the Covid-19
pandemic that has caused great distress not just in SS
Malaysia, but also throughout the world. To date,
Covid-19 has spread over 135 countries.
2 There have been 162,711 confirmed Covid-19 cases CS
globally. From that number, 6443 deaths have been
recorded. In Malaysia, there was a sharp rise in the
number of cases: 190 cases recorded yesterday and
an additional 125 cases today. The total number of
cases now stands at 553 cases. From that number,
511 are being treated, whereas 42 have fully
recovered.
3 The Government (S) takes (V) this current trend very CS
seriously (C), especially the rise of the second wave
of new infections. Our priority now is to prevent the
further spread of this virus within the population. The
current scenario requires drastic measures to be
taken to resolve the situation as soon as possible.
4 To that end, the Government has decided to CC
implement a nationwide Restriction of Movement
Order beginning 18th of March until 31st of March.
This Order is enforced under the Control and
Prevention of Infectious Diseases Act 1988 and the
Police Act 1967, and encompasses the following:
5 1.Complete restriction of movement and assembly CC
nationwide, including religious activities, sports,
social and cultural events. To enforce this restriction,
all houses of worship and business premises are to
be closed, except supermarkets, public markets,
sundry shops and convenience stores selling
essential goods. Specifically, for Muslims, the
suspension of all religious activities in mosques and
Suraus, including the Friday prayers, is in line with
decision of the Special Muzakarrah Committee that
convened on the 15th of March 2020.
6 2. A complete travel restriction for all Malaysians (S) SS
going (V) overseas (C). For Malaysians returning
home, they are required to undergo health checks
and voluntary self-quarantine for a period of 14 days.
7 3.A complete restriction of foreign visitors and CS
tourists into Malaysia.

8 4.Closure of all kindergartens, public and private CC

schools, including day schools and residential
 schools, international schools, Tahfiz centers and all
other institutions of learning in primary, secondary
and pre-university levels.
9 5.Closure of all public and private institutions of CC
higher learning nationwide, including skills training
institutes.
10 6.Closure of all government and private premises CC
except those involved in essential services (Water,
electricity, energy, telecommunications, post,
transportation, irrigation, oil, gas fuel, lubricants,
broadcasting, finance, banking, health, pharmacy,
fire prevention, prisons, ports, airports, security,
defense, cleaning, food supply & retail).
11 I am aware that some of you may find these SS
measures to be extremely cumbersome as you go CS
about your daily lives. However, these measures are
necessary in combating the virus, which may still
threaten the lives of our people. We have
unfortunately witnessed a sharp rise in the number
of cases affecting other countries in a very short
time. Naturally we do not wish to see such similar
developments take place in our country.
12 As the situation continues to worsen, we can wait no SS
longer. Drastic measures must be taken immediately
to check the spread of this virus by way of restricting
public movement. This is the only way to prevent
more people from being infected by this life-
threatening virus.
13 I hope all of you can be patient as we go through this SS
enormous challenge. Please do not panic, do not be
alarmed and always remain calm. I believe that with
these measures undertaken by the government, we
will be able to stop the spread of this virus
expeditiously.
14 We have seen several other countries such as China CC
taking similar drastic measures and they have seen
remarkable reduction in the number of new
infections of Covid-19.
15 I would also like to give my assurance that the supply CS
of food, daily necessities, and health products such
as face masks are fully adequate. I have directed the
Ministry of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs
(KPDNHEP) to continuously monitor the supply
situation regarding the items I mentioned, for the
duration of this Order.
16 I ask all of you, to adhere to this Restriction of SS
Movement Order. Indeed, it is our collective CS
responsibility to do so, as a citizen who cares for the
wellbeing of our families, our communities, and our
nation. I would also like to announce that a special
session of the National Security Council will be
convened daily to monitor the Covid-19 situation.
 17 I will be chairing this session and will be updating all CS
of you, my fellow Malaysians, from time to time.
Should any of you have any questions regarding this
Restriction of Movement Order, you may contact the
National Operation Management Center at their
hotline 03-8888 2010 beginning 12 noon tomorrow.
18 I would like to take this opportunity to convey my CS
heartfelt thanks to all our front liners, health workers,
civil servants and all parties who are working non-
stop, day and night to help us resolve this Covid-19
problem.
19 I pray that all of us will continue to have strength and CS
courage in doing our duty to the country, in ensuring
the safety and the wellbeing of our people. Finally, I
pray that we will always be under the protection of
Allah S.W.T.

Frequency of SS, CS, and CC

P SS CS CC
1 / /
2 / /
3 /
4 /
5 /
6 /
7 /
8 /
9 /
10 /
11 / /
12 /
13 /
14 /
15 /
16 / /
17 /
18 /
19 /
TOTAL 7 10 6

Very high: CS (compound sentence)

Moderate: SS (simple sentence)
Low: CC (compound complex)

https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2020/03/575372/full-text-pms-movement-control-order-
speech-english
Appendix 2

Written analysis
Narrative text
Appendix 2 Short Story: The crocodile and the monkey

P Content Analysis
1 Once upon a time, a monkey lived in a tree by a SS
river. The monkey was alone as he had no friends CC
or family but he was happy and content. The tree
gave him plenty of sweet jamun fruit to eat. It also
gave him shade from the sun and shelter from the
rain.
2 One day, a crocodile was swimming up the river.
He climbed on to the bank to rest under the monkey's SS
tree.
3 'Hello,' called the monkey, who was a friendly animal.
'Hello,' replied the crocodile, surprised. 'Do you know SS
where I can get some food?' he asked. 'I haven't had
anything to eat all day and I am hungry.'
4 Now you might think that the crocodile would want to
eat the monkey, but this was a very kind and gentle CC
crocodile and the thought never entered his head.
5 'I have lots of fruit in my tree. Would you like to try SS
some?' said the monkey, who was also very kind.
6 He threw some jamun fruit down to the crocodile. SS
The crocodile was so hungry that he ate up all the CS
jamuns even though crocodiles don't usually eat fruit.
He loved the sweet tangy fruit and the pink
flesh made his tongue turn purple.
7 'Come back whenever you want more fruit,' said the
monkey, when the crocodile had eaten all he wanted. SS

8 Soon the crocodile was visiting the monkey every SS

day. The two animals became good friends. They CS
would talk, tell each other stories and eat lots of
sweet jamuns together.
9 One day, the crocodile told the monkey about his wife CS
and family.
10 'Please take some fruit for your wife as well when you SS
go back today,’ said the monkey.
11 The crocodile's wife loved the jamuns. She had never CS
eaten anything so sweet before but she was not as
kind and gentle as her husband.
12 'Imagine how sweet the monkey would taste as he SS
eats these jamuns every day,’ she said to her
husband.
13 The kind crocodile tried to explain to his wife that he SS
could not possibly eat the monkey. CS

'He is my best friend,' he said.

 The crocodile's greedy wife would not listen. To get
her husband to do what she wanted, she pretended
to be ill.

'I am dying and only a sweet monkey's heart can

cure me!' she cried to her husband. 'If you love me,
you will catch your friend the monkey and let me eat
his heart.'
14 The poor crocodile did not know what to do. He did CS
not want to eat his friend but he could not let his wife
die.
15 At last, he decided what he must do and the next CS
time he visited the monkey he asked him to come to
meet his wife as she wanted to thank him in person
for the lovely jamun fruit.
16 The monkey was pleased but said he could not CS
possibly go because he did not know how to swim.

'Don't worry about that,' said the crocodile. 'I'll carry

you on my back.'

17 The monkey agreed and jumped onto the crocodile's CS

back. SS
So the two friends moved out into the deep wide
river.
18 When they were far away from the bank and the CS
jamun tree, the crocodile said, 'I am so sorry but my CS
wife is very ill and says that the only cure is a
monkey's heart. I am afraid that I have to kill you,
although I will miss our talks.'
19 The monkey thought quickly and said, 'Dear friend, I CS
am very sorry to hear of your wife's illness. I am glad CS
that I will be able to help her but I have left my heart
behind in the jamun tree. Do you think we could go
back so that I can fetch it?'
20 The crocodile believed the monkey. He turned and CS
swam quickly to the jamun tree. The monkey jumped CS
off his back and climbed into the safety of his tree. CS

‘I thought you were my friend,' he called. 'Don't you

know that we carry our hearts within us? I will never
trust you again or give you fruit from my tree. Go
away and don't come back.'
21 The crocodile felt foolish. He had lost a friend and a CS
supply of good sweet fruit. The monkey had saved
himself because he had thought quickly. From that
day on, he never trusted crocodiles again.
Frequency of SS, CS, and CC

P SS CS CC
1 / /
2 /
3 /
4 /
5 /
6 / /
7 /
8 / /
9 /
10 /
11 /
12 /
13 / /
14 /
15 /
16 /
17 / /
18 //
19 //
20 ///
21 /
TOTAL 11 17 2

Very high: CS (compound sentence)

Moderate: SS (simple sentence)
Low: CC (compound complex)

https://worldstories.org.uk/reader/the-monkey-and-the-crocodile/english/993