DAC 12503

MECHANIC OF MATERIALS
Diploma Study Center
University Tun Hussein Onn
SEM 2 20202021

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

1.1 EXTERNAL vs INTERNAL FORCES

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 UNIT 1.1 EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FORCES

In DAC 11803 (STATIC AND DYNAMICS)

Students have learned how to manipulate EXTERNAL
FORCES.
APPLIED EXTERNAL FORCES

FAX REACTIONS EXTERNAL FORCES

FAY FBY
EXTERNAL FORCES ARE FORCES
THAT ACT OUTSIDE OF A RIGID
BODY

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

UNIT 1.1 EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FORCES

ASSUMPTION : THE STRUCTURE (BEAM) IS A RIGID BODY

APPLIED EXTERNAL FORCES REACTIONS EXTERNAL FORCES

FAX

FAY FBY

THE 25 kN AND 30 kN/m THE REACTIONS FAX, FAY

AND FBY ARE EXTERNAL
ARE EXTERNAL FORCES
REACTIONS AT POINTS
APPLIED TO THE RIGID OF SUPPORTS ( ROLLER
BODY. AND PIN)

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

UNIT 1.1 EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FORCES

ASSUMPTION : THE RIGID BODY IS IN STATE OF EQUILIBRIUM

APPLIED EXTERNAL FORCES

REACTIONS EXTERNAL FORCES

FAX

FAY FBY

APPLIED REACTIONS
FORCES FORCES

EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 UNIT 1.1 EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FORCES

ASSUMPTION : THE RIGID BODY IS IN STATE OF EQUILIBRIUM

APPLIED EXTERNAL FORCES REACTIONS EXTERNAL FORCES

PD

APPLIED REACTIONS
FORCES FORCES

ONLY ONE EQUATION IS REQUIRED

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 UNIT 1.1 EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FORCES

FORCE IS A VECTOR QUANTITY , MUST HAVE

MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION
NOTATION FOR MAGNITUDE AND SENSE (DIRECTION)
FOR EXTERNAL FORCES

+20 kN OR 20 kN → IF RIGHT DIRECTION IS

-20 kN OR 20 kN ← CONSIDERED +v

+20 kN OR 20 kN ↗ IF UP/RIGHT DIRECTION IS

-20 kN OR 20 kN ↙ CONSIDERED +v

REFER TO YOUR NOTES FROM STATIC AND DO SOME REVISION

ON EQUATION OF EQUILIBRIUM FOR RIGID BODY

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

UNIT 1.1 EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FORCES

INTERNAL FORCES
Internal loads (forces) in a structural member are the
result of externally applied loads.
The external loads are transmitted to different parts of the
structure through these internal loads.

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

UNIT 1.1 EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FORCES

INTERNAL FORCES
The internal loads can be determined by the method of
sections.
A member is cut at the point of interest, and the internal
loads are revealed as equivalent external loads.

Since the member was in equilibrium before being cut,

these equivalent external loads must keep the member in
equilibrium.

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

UNIT 1.1 EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FORCES

INTERNAL FORCES
EXTERNAL EQUILIBRIUM KEEP A RIGID BODY IN
STATIC CONDITION (NOT MOVE)

INTERNAL EQUILIBRIUM KEEP A DEFORMABLE

BODY IN ORIGINAL SHAPE (NOT CHANGE SHAPE,
LENGTH, WIDTH ….)

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

UNIT 1.1 EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FORCES

INTERNAL FORCES
NOTATION 1

A B C D E

F F

F PB PC

SECTION B SECTION C SECTION D

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

UNIT 1.1 EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FORCES

INTERNAL FORCES
NOTATION 2
FOR TWO ADJACENT SECTION:
MAGNITUDE OF INTERNAL FORCES ARE EQUAL
DIRECTION ARE OPPOSITE
A B C D
F F

F PAB PBC

SECTION AB SECTION BC SECTION CD

MJK CeDS DAC 12503
UNIT 1.1 EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FORCES

TYPES INTERNAL FORCES

Axial Load Torsion

(Tension or Compression) CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 1

Shear Force
Bending Moment
CHAPTER 3

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 UNIT 1.1 EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FORCES

AXIAL INTERNAL FORCES

• TENSION (+ve)
• COMPRESSION (-ve)

AXIAL (FROM WORD AXIS)

The applied forces act along the long axis of the structure.

Forces arrows pointing

INWARD

Forces arrows pointing

OUTWARD
MJK CeDS DAC 12503
UNIT 1.1 EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FORCES

PROCEDURE OF ANALYSIS
• CUT THE STRUCTURE AT POSITION OF
INTREST.
• DRAW THE FREE BODY DIAGRAM OF
EITHER SIDE OF THE CUTTED SECTION
• WRITE THE EQUATION OF EQUILIBRIUM
FOR THE FBD WITH THE INTERNAL FORCE
AS UNKNOWN
• SOLVE FOR THE UNKNOWN
• REPEAT FOR OTHER SECTION OF INTREST

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 EXAMPLE 1
Given:
A vertical column ABCD as shown.
Three external forces act on the column as follows, 4 kN downward at point
D, 12 kN upward and 16 kN downward.

Required:
Determine the internal normal force at
point B and point C and the reaction at
point A

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 EXAMPLE 1

Free Body Diagram of entire bar with

Ay as external reaction at point A.

Assume that up direction is +ve y

Apply Equation Of Equilibrium to

calculate the magnitude and direction
of external reaction at A

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 EXAMPLE 1
Cut the structure at point of interest
(point B) 4
kN
D FBD D
C
C
12
12 kN
kN PB

16
B OR B
16
kN
B kN
A
Section cut at A
A A
A B y PB
y
y
MJK CeDS DAC 12503
 EXAMPLE 1
Select one of the FBD
Apply EoE

PB

A
A
y
NOTE:
TO USE THIS FBD,
VALUE OF Ay SHOULD
PB is compression since the red arrow BE KNOWN
is directing INWARD

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 EXAMPLE 1

Select one of the FBD

What is the answer if the arrow for PB

PB
is pointing upward in inFBD ?
B
Try it !
A
A
y

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 EXAMPLE 1

Select one of the FBD PB

A
A
y

Since PB is –ve, the earlier assumption

that the arrow is pointing upward is
wrong. Thus, the arrow should point
downward (compression)
MJK CeDS DAC 12503
 EXAMPLE 1
Cut the structure at point of interest
(point B) 4
kN
What is the answer if section BCD is D
use as FBD ? C

Try it ! 12
kN

16
B kN

PB A
y

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 EXAMPLE 1

NOTE:
SELECTING AND USING EITHER ONE OF THE
FBD IS OK
ASSUMING INTERNAL FORCES AS TENSION OR
COMPRESSION IS OK.

FINAL ANSWER WILL BE SAME PROVIDED:

EQUATION OF EQUILIBRIUM IS CORRECTLY
WRITTEN

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 EXAMPLE 1
Cut the structure at point of interest
(point B) 4
kN
D
C

12
kN

16
Since PB is +ve, the earlier assumption B kN
that the arrow is pointing upward is
correct, and the internal force is
PB A
compression since the arrow point
y
INWARD
MJK CeDS DAC 12503
 EXAMPLE 1
Cut the structure at second point of
interest (point C)
FBD PC
4 kN
D
Section cut at C
C 4 kN C
D 12 kN
12 kN OR
C
PC 16 kN
16 kN
B

A
Ay= 8 kN
Ay
MJK CeDS DAC 12503
 EXAMPLE 1
Select either one of the FBD
Write the EoE

FBD SECTION CD

4 kN
D

C
PC

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 EXAMPLE 1

What happen if arrow for PC point

downward ?
FBD SECTION CD

4 kN
D

C
PC

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 EXAMPLE 1

PC

C
12 kN

16 kN

FBD SECTION AC
Ay= 8 kN

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 EXAMPLE 1

What happen if arrow for PC point PC

upward ?

C
12 kN

16 kN

FBD SECTION AC
Ay= 8 kN

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 EXAMPLE 1

INTERNAL AXIAL FORCE DIAGRAM

C 4 kN T

8 kN

8 kN

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 EXAMPLE 2

Find internal axial FORCE in each

segment: AB, BC and CD

100 mm 150 mm 200 mm

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 EXAMPLE 2

SECTION AB 100 150 mm 200

Step 1: mm mm

Cut the rod anywhere between A and B and retain the left side
portion. Delete the right portion.
Step 2:
Draw the free body diagram of the left side section, showing the
applied external force (5 kN)and unknown internal force (PAB ).
The arrow direction of PAB can be to the right or left, but usually from
left to right.

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 EXAMPLE 2

100 mm 150 mm 200 mm

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 EXAMPLE 2

Step 3:
Write the equilibrium equation for the FBD.
Step 4:
Determine the direction of the internal force (tension or compression).
Since the direction of arrow for PAB is to the right (going out), the
section is in tension.

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

EXAMPLE 2

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 EXAMPLE 2

WORK OUT SECTION AB

USING RIGHT SIDE FBD

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 EXAMPLE 2

SECTION BC
100 150 mm 200
Step 1: mm mm
Cut the rod anywhere between B and C and retain the left side
portion. Delete the right portion.
Step 2: Draw the free body diagram of the left side section, showing
the applied external force (5 kN and 8 kN) and unknown internal
force (PBC ).
The arrow direction of PBC can be to the right or left, but usually from
left to right.
Let assume that PBC is compression and use right to left arrow.

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 EXAMPLE 2

100 mm 150 mm 200 mm

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 EXAMPLE 2

Step 3:
Write the equilibrium equation for the FBD.
Step 4:
Determine the direction of the internal force (tension or compression).
Since the direction of arrow for PBC is to the left (going in), the
assumption that section BC is in compression is correct.

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

EXAMPLE 2

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 EXAMPLE 2

WORK OUT SECTION BC

USING RIGHT SIDE FBD

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 EXAMPLE 2

SECTION CD
100 150 mm 200
Step 1: mm mm
Cut the rod anywhere between C and D and retain the right side
portion. Delete the left portion.
Step 2: Draw the free body diagram of the right side section, showing
the applied external force (7 kN) and unknown internal force (PCD ).
The arrow direction of PBC can be to the right or left, but usually from
left to right.
Let assume that PBC is compression and use left to right arrow.

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 EXAMPLE 2

100 mm 150 mm 200 mm

PCD

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 EXAMPLE 2

Step 3:
Write the equilibrium equation for the FBD.
Step 4:
Determine the direction of the internal force (tension or compression).
Since the direction of arrow for PCD is to the right (going in), the
assumption that section BC is in compression is correct.

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

EXAMPLE 2

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 EXAMPLE 2

WORK OUT SECTION CD

USING LEFT SIDE FBD

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 EXAMPLE 2
INTERNAL AXIAL FORCE DIAGRAM

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 EXAMPLE 3

Determine:
Reaction At Support.
Internal Force At Section (1),(2) And (3)

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 EXAMPLE 3
Internal Force At Section (3)

150 kN
↑+∑ Fy = 0
-P3 -100 kN - 100 kN-150 kN = 0
-P3 = 350 kN
P3 = -350 kN
100 kN 100 kN P3 = 350 kN UP

COMPRESSION
Arrow is pointing into Normal surface
P3

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 EXAMPLE 3

150 kN

100 kN 100 kN

P3

ACTUAL DIRECTION OF P3

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 EXAMPLE 3
Internal Force At Section (2)

FBD
150 kN ↑+∑ Fy = 0
-P2 -200 kN - 150 kN+180 kN = 0
-P2 = 200 kN+150 kN-180 kN
-P2 = 170 kN
P2 = -170 kN
100 kN 100 kN
P2 = 170 kN UP
COMPRESSION
Arrow is pointing into Normal surface

90 kN 90 kN
P2

P2 ACTUAL

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 EXAMPLE 3
Internal Force At Section (1)
150 kN

↑+∑ Fy = 0
-P1 -200 kN - 150 kN+180-250 kN = 0 100 kN 100 kN
-P1 = 200 kN+150 kN-180 kN +250 kN
-P1 = 420 kN
P1 = -420 kN
P1 = 420 kN UP
COMPRESSION
Arrow is pointing into Normal surface
90 kN 90 kN

ACTUAL

P1 125 kN
125 kN

P1
MJK CeDS DAC 12503
EXERCISE 1
Determine:
Reaction At Support on the left
Internal Force In Section (3),(2) And (1).
Draw the internal forces diagram.

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

EXERCISE 2
Determine:
Internal Force In Section (AB),(BC) And
(CD).
Draw the internal forces diagram.

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

EXERCISE 1
Determine:
Reaction At Support on the left
Internal Force In Section (3),(2) And (1).
Draw the internal forces diagram.

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 P3 75 kN

→+∑ Fx = 0
-P3 + 75 kN = 0
P3 = 75 kN to the left
TENSION
Arrow is pointing away from Normal surface

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 P2 75 kN
50 kN

→+∑ Fx = 0
-P2 + 75 kN+50 kN = 0
P2 = 125 kN to the left
TENSION
Arrow is pointing away from Normal surface

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 30 kN

P1 75 kN
50 kN
30 kN

→+∑ Fx = 0
-P1 -60 kN + 75 kN+50 kN = 0
P2 = 65 kN to the left
TENSION
Arrow is pointing away from Normal surface

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

EXERCISE 2
Determine:
Internal Force In Section (AB),(BC) And
(CD).
Draw the internal forces diagram.

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

FBD OF EACH SECTION

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

EoE OF EACH SECTION

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

INTERNAL FORCE DIAFRAM

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

EXERCISE 3
Determine:
RA
Internal Force In Section (AB),(BC) And (CD).
Draw the internal forces diagram.

RA ?

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

RA

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

FBD AND INTERNAL FORCES

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

INTERNAL FORCES DIAGRAM

MJK CeDS DAC 12503