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FORMAL EXAMINATION PERIOD: SESSION 2, NOVEMBER 2018

Unit Code: COGS101

Unit Name: Delusions and Disorders of the Mind and Brain

Duration of Exam 2 hours (plus 10 minutes reading time)

(including reading time if applicable):
Section A: 50 Multiple Choice Questions
Total No. of Questions:
Section B: 3 Essay Questions (2 essay questions to be answered)
Total No. of Pages 10
(including this cover sheet):

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS:

• Students are required to follow directions given by the Final Examination Supervisor and must refrain from communicating in any way with another student once they have entered
the final examination venue.
• Students may not write or mark the exam materials in any way during reading time.
• Students may only access authorised materials during this examination. A list of authorised material is available on this cover sheet.
• All watches must be removed and placed at the top of the exam desk and must remain there for the duration of the exam. All alarms, notifications and alerts must be switched off.
• Students are not permitted to leave the exam room during the first hour (excluding reading time) and during the last 15 minutes of the examination.
• If it is alleged you have breached these rules at any time during the examination, the matter may be reported to a University Discipline Committee for determination.

EXAMINATION INSTRUCTIONS:

Answer BOTH sections.

Section A: Multiple-choice Questions.

Section A has 50 multiple-choice questions. Please choose only one answer for each question.
Use the Multiple Choice Answer Sheet and mark your answers there.

Total for Section A: 20 marks

Section B: Essay Questions.

Section B has 3 essay questions but please answer only 2 essay questions.
Write down your answers in the Exam Booklet.

Total for Section B: 20 marks

Exam total: 40 marks

AIDS AND MATERIALS PERMITTED/NOT PERMITTED:

Dictionaries: No dictionaries permitted
Calculators: No calculators permitted
Other: Closed book – No notes or textbooks permitted
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Section A. Multiple-choice questions (50%). Please choose one correct answer for
each question.

1 Individuals with developmental dyslexia

a All have the same type of reading difficulty
b Perform at the bottom 10-15% of the distribution in reading tests
c Perform at the bottom 10-15% of the distribution in spelling tests
d Show reading performance significantly worse than their IQ
e Have no effective interventions available for treating their dyslexia

2 According to theories of reading development, children go through an orthographic phase.

Which of the following is a key feature of this phase?
a Can only identify words by their salient graphic features
b Can read words as whole units, without sounding out
c Cannot sound out unfamiliar words
d Reading depends on visual cues
e None of the mentioned options

3 Which of the following assessments can help you identify a child with 'hyperlexia'?
a Letter-identification and picture-naming tests
b Irregular word reading and a test on the meanings of those irregular words
c Nonword reading and migratable word reading tests
d Irregular word reading and nonword reading tests
e Migratable word reading and letter-identification tests

4 Which option about treatments for dyslexia is NOT true?

a Treatment programs that involve improving sensorimotor coordination have
been shown to be effective for surface dyslexia
b Phonics training has been shown to be effective in treating children with
phonological dyslexia
c Finger following while reading may help children with letter position dyslexia
d Most children with dyslexia have more than one problem in their reading processes,
hence treatments should target a combination of those problems
e Assessing children with tests of different reading processes should always be
the first step of treatment

5 If a child reads cloud as could, smile as slime and shows no other notable reading problems,
what type of dyslexia is the child likely to have?
a Phonological dyslexia
b Surface dyslexia
c Hyperlexia
d Letter-identification dyslexia
e Letter-position dyslexia

6 People with aphasia always:

a Have difficulty understanding and/or producing language
b Have lower intelligence
c Have difficulty speaking clearly because of muscle weakness
d Have trouble hearing and speaking
e All of the mentioned options
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7 Aphasia is a term that refers to:
a Difficulty with communication because of language impairments following brain damage
b Difficulty with communication because of intellectual impairment following brain damage
c Difficulty speaking clearly because of muscle weakness following brain damage
d Difficulty learning new languages
e Difficulty learning to speak

8 The impairments of people with aphasia can continue to improve:

a Only in the first 6 months after brain injury
b Indefinitely
c Only if they show improvement in the first week
d Only in the first year after brain injury
e Only in the first month after brain injury

9 Why do people with aphasia have different language symptoms?

a They had different language styles before they had aphasia
b They have different aphasia syndromes
c Their personalities affect how they respond
d They are at different stages of recovery
e They have impairment to different parts of the language system

10 Why is it important to find the underlying cause of a language symptom

(e.g. impaired naming) in aphasia using a cognitive model of language?
a Different symptoms require different treatments
b It isn't important, treatment can be planned on the basis of symptoms
c It isn't important for treatment but it is interesting for researchers
d The same symptom can have different causes which require different treatments
e The same symptom can have different causes

11 What is specific language impairment (SLI)?

a A specific difficulty learning to understand a specific language
b A general learning difficulty that affects one’s ability to learn a foreign language
c A general learning problem that affects one’s ability to understand a specific language
d A specific difficulty learning to understand and/or speak one’s own language
e A difficulty learning to speak one specific language

12 Why are people less aware of SLI?

a Because SLI does not exist
b Because people don't want to believe SLI exists
c Because people with SLI don't talk much and so are not noticed
d Because poor language expression stems from poor intelligence
e Because poor language expression can be misperceived as poor intelligence

13 In terms of specific language impairment (SLI), what is receptive language?

a The ability to be receptive to other people’s ideas
b The ability to understand other people’s spoken language
c The ability to hear other people’s spoken language
d The ability to write to dictation
e The ability to listen to other people’s problems
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14 What is a systematic review of a cognitive treatment?
a A review of all properly controlled studies of that treatment
b A review of all the most recent studies of that treatment
c A review of all the studies of a treatment in a certain country
d A review of all the biggest studies of that treatment
e A review of all the most popular studies of that treatment

15 To be diagnosed with autism a person must have:

a Social communication difficulties
b Repetitive behaviours or restricted interests
c Theory of mind impairment
d a and b
e b and c

16 To demonstrate theory of mind an individual must show understanding of:

a Mental states other than their own
b Emotions
c Thought bubbles
d Preferences and ideas
e All of the mentioned options

17 False belief tests are used to assess theory of mind because:

a They are much harder than other tests of theory of mind,
so people with autism often fail them.
b They can be used to diagnose people with autism
c The only way to pass the test is to think about the other person’s mental states
d It’s important to understand when people are deceiving you
e They test understanding of different mental states

18 Which of the following tasks is NOT related to executive functions

a Planning
b Remembering what happened yesterday
c Inhibiting irrelevant information while doing another task
d Doing a theory of mind task
e Doing a false belief task

19 Synaesthesia:
a Is a disorder in which all the senses are confused
b Is a phenomenon in which a single stimulus results in more than one experience
c Is a disorder in which a single stimulus results in varying experiences
d Is a phenomenon in which two modalities interfere with each other
e Is a phenomenon in which people voluntarily evoke additional experiences

20 Indirect measures of synaesthesia

a Might tell us about the ‘mechanisms’ underlying synaesthesia
b Show it is more prevalent in males
c Involve verbally asking about people’s experiences
d Are subjective
e Involve verbally asking about people’s experiences and it might tell us about
the ‘mechanisms’ underlying synaesthesia
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21 In visual search experiments, as the number of distractors increase
a Reaction times to find a target defined by a single feature decrease
and a conjunction of features are unaffected
b Reaction times to find a target defined by a conjunction of features increase
c Reaction times to find a target defined by a conjunction of features are unaffected
d Reaction times to find a target defined by a single feature increase
e Reaction times to find a target defined by a single feature decrease

22 Synaesthetic experiences tend to be:

a Highly consistent over time and involuntary
b Highly consistent over time and voluntary
c Inconsistent over time and involuntary
d Inconsistent over time and voluntary
e None of the mentioned options

23 Which agnosias map onto the 3 stage model of object perception?

a Apperceptive and associative
b Simultanagnosia, apperceptive and associative
c Apperceptive, category-specific deficit, and associative
d None of the agnosias map onto the 3 stage model
e Dorsal and ventral simultanagnosia

24 An individual with apperceptive agnosia would be unable to:

a Group elements and recognize or match objects
b Select a named object from a group
c See colour
d Pantomine the use of objects
e Grasp an object

25 In what ways is optic aphasia different to associative agnosia?

a Optic aphasics are unable to pantomine the use of an object and select
a named object from a group of seen objects
b Associative agnosics are able to pantomine the use of an object and select
a named object from a group of seen objects
c Optic aphasics are unable to group objects
d Optic aphasics are able to pantomine the use of an object and select
a named object from a group of seen objects
e Both disorders are the same

26 An individual with Dorsal Simultanagnosia may also have:

a Speech problems
b Gaze, pointing and reaching problems
c Singing problems
d Colour and form deficits
e Articulation issues
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27 Consolidation failure:
a Can be identified using tests of recall
b Is associated with late-life depression
c Is associated with remindable memory failures
d Can account for features of both anterograde and retrograde amnesia
e Can only account for anterograde amnesia

28 Retrieval failure:
a Typically involves the hippocampus
b Is the cause of retrograde amnesia but not anterograde amnesia
c Is the cause of anterograde amnesia but not retrograde amnesia
d Is demonstrated when recognition memory is better than recall
e Is the usual cause of the sense of "living in the present tense"

29 The medial temporal lobe’s role in memory formation:

a Became apparent following surgery in the case of Clive Wearing
b Is minor in comparison with the frontal lobe’s role
c Underpins retrieval-based amnesia
d Underpins consolidation-based amnesia
e Is difficult to test clinically

30 Multiple Trace Theory:

a Describes hippocampal-independent memories
b Accounts for cases which Standard Consolidation Theory cannot
c Has difficulty accounting for anterograde amnesia
d All of the above
e None of the above

31 Which of the following is true about retrograde amnesia

a It is the most common type of amnesia
b People with retrograde amnesia usually can remember autobiographical memories
c People with retrograde amnesia forget things that happened earlier in time
d People with retrograde amnesia are unable to form new memories
e It affects declarative memory

32 According to the two-factor theory of delusion, the first factor:

a Is responsible for the content of the delusional belief
b Is responsible for the inability to reject the delusional belief
c Is the same in every different kind of delusion
d Is always due to damage to the right hemisphere of the brain
e Is a general difficulty in the ability to reason

33 The belief that someone close to you has been replaced by an impostor is known as:
a Cotard delusion
b Fregoli delusion
c Capgras delusion
d Alien control delusion
e Somatoparaphrenia
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34 In Capgras delusion, the delusional idea first occurs because:
a The patient has impaired ability to see faces
b The patient has mirror agnosia
c The patient’s autonomic nervous system has become completely unresponsive to all stimuli
d The patient’s autonomic nervous system no longer responds to familiar faces
e The patient’s autonomic nervous system now responds to all faces, even unfamiliar ones

35 The delusion of alien control is also called:

a Cotard delusion
b Passivity delusion
c Fregoli delusion
d Somatoparaphrenia
e Agnosia

36 If you suffered a form of brain damage that prevented your autonomic nervous system
from working any more, that might make you believe that:
a Other people are out to get you
b Other people could control the movement of your body, against your will
c You have special powers or abilities
d People you know are disguising themselves and following you around in the street
e You are dead

37 Which of the following is true about delusions in schizophrenia?

a A person can be diagnosed with schizophrenia without having ever had any delusions
b Delusions can be thought of as being ‘false percepts’
c One way of classifying delusions is to count them as a ‘negative’ symptom
d Delusions only occur as a result of experiencing hallucinations
e Delusions in schizophrenia always involve bizarre concepts

38 Barry believes that the arrangement of objects he comes across in everyday life holds
a special significance. For example, he believes that a shop display of red pens means
that he should start writing a novel. This is an example of:
a Grandiose delusion
b Delusion of thought broadcast
c Persecutory delusion
d Delusion of control
e Delusion of reference

39 Poor social functioning is common in schizophrenia. Which of the following is true of the
relationship between schizophrenia and social functioning?
a Poor social functioning is entirely due to deficits in basic cognition
b The majority of people with schizophrenia can still easily fulfill major social roles
such as parenting, and marriage
c Patients and carers report poor social function as a low priority for treatment
d Poor social functioning persists even when positive symptoms respond to medication
e Social cognitive deficits in schizophrenia do not contribute to social functioning difficulties
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40 Deficits in social cognition are common in schizophrenia. Which of the following is true?
a ‘Theory of mind' impairments in schizophrenia can be thought of as a problem
with mental perspective-taking
b Impairments in social cognition are unrelated to social functioning in schizophrenia
c People with schizophrenia are 'mind-blind'
d Higher order social cognition such as 'Theory of Mind' is impaired in schizophrenia,
but basic emotion recognition is spared
e Impairments in social cognition are entirely due to impairments in basic cognition

41 One approach to studying schizophrenia is the cognitive neuropsychiatric approach.

This means explaining symptoms in terms of:
a Damage to neural pathways
b Interpersonal dynamics
c Impaired information processing
d Childhood trauma
e Altered neurotransmitter profiles

42 Hypnosis research that explores the nature of hypnosis itself is known as:
a Hypnotisability research
b Intrinsic research
c Magnetism research
d Instrumental research
e None of the mentioned options

43 Hypnotic models of delusions are useful because

a People can increase their hypnotisability over time
b Delusional patients can be treated with hypnosis
c Psychopathology is a major predictor of hypnotisability
d 80% of the population is high hypnotisable
e They might provide a testing ground for exploring treatment possibilities

44 In research using hypnosis to model mirrored-self misidentification delusion,

the fully formed suggestion was:
a You won’t understand how mirrors work
b You will see a stranger when you look in the mirror
c When you look in the mirror, you won’t recognise the face that you will see
d The mirror will be a window
e You won’t be able to recognise anyone you know

45 Using hypnosis to model clinical conditions is an example of:

a None of the mentioned options
b Magnetism research
c Instrumental hypnosis research
d Intrinsic hypnosis research
e Hypnotisability research

46 The sense of agency is:

a Always in our awareness
b Available only to our subconscious
c Impossible to recognise
d Only active in clinical disorders
e Most noticable when it is disrupted in some way.
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47 Which of the following is not usually associated with a reduced sense of agency:
a Picking up a cup
b Driving without awareness of actions
c States of flow in sports
d Hypnosis
e Esctatic religious rituals

48 Which of the following clinical conditions is not likely to involve an alteration

to the sense of agency:
a Insomnia
b Schizophrenia
c Depression
d Addiction
e Obsessive compulsive disorder

49 According to the comparator model, what leads to a feeling of agency:

a Mismatches between motor predictions and sensory feedback
b Matches between motor predictions and sensory feedback
c Two matching sets of motor signals
d An overactive comparator module
e Attenuation of sensory signals for self generated actions

50 Phantom limb sensations after limb amputation consist of:

a Feeling that the limb is still attached.
b Feeling that the limb still receives sensory sensations.
c Feeling that the limb is still moving with the other body parts.
d All of the mentioned options
e None of the mentioned options
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Section B. Essay Questions (50%): Choose only 2 out of 3 essay questions to

answer.

1. Describe the two factor theory of delusion. Explain how to two factor theory can explain a
delusion (use an example). Are there any weaknesses or types of delusions that the two-
factor theory cannot explain?

2. Describe the benefits of having an objective measure of synaesthesia and give an

example of one such measure. Include a description of what the likely pattern of results
would be in a synaesthete versus a non-synaesthete.

3. How would you attempt to model mirrored-self misidentification with hypnosis? Outline
the general procedure including the hypnotic suggestion you would use, and how you
would measure the impact of the suggestion.