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FORMAL EXAMINATION PERIOD: SESSION 2, NOVEMBER 2019

Unit Code: COGS101

Unit Name: Delusions and Disorders of the Mind and Brain

Duration of Exam 2 hours (plus 10 minutes reading time)

(including reading time if applicable):
Section A: 30 Multiple Choice Questions
Total No. of Questions:
Section B: 4 Essay Questions (3 essay questions to be answered)
Total No. of Pages 8
(including this cover sheet):

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS:

• Students are required to follow directions given by the Final Examination Supervisor and must refrain from communicating in any way with another student once they have entered
the final examination venue.
• Students may not write or mark the exam materials in any way during reading time.
• Students may only access authorised materials during this examination. A list of authorised material is available on this cover sheet.
• All watches must be removed and placed at the top of the exam desk and must remain there for the duration of the exam. All alarms, notifications and alerts must be switched off.
• Students are not permitted to leave the exam room during the first hour (excluding reading time) and during the last 15 minutes of the examination.
• If it is alleged you have breached these rules at any time during the examination, the matter may be reported to a University Discipline Committee for determination.

EXAMINATION INSTRUCTIONS:

Answer BOTH sections.

Section A: Multiple-choice Questions.

Section A has 30 multiple-choice questions. Please choose only one answer for each question.
Use the Multiple Choice Answer Sheet and mark your answers there.

Total for Section A: 15 marks

Section B: Short Essay Questions.

Section B has 4 short essay questions but please answer only 3 questions.
Write down your answers in the Exam Booklet.

Total for Section B: 30 marks

Exam total: 45 marks

AIDS AND MATERIALS PERMITTED/NOT PERMITTED:

Dictionaries: No dictionaries permitted
Calculators: No calculators permitted
Other: Closed book – No notes or textbooks permitted
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SECTION A. Multiple-choice questions (15 marks)

Please choose one correct answer for each question.

1) According to DSM-5, to be diagnosed with autism a person must have:

a) Social communication difficulties as well as repetitive behaviours or restricted interests
b) Social difficulties and language impairment
c) Theory of mind impairment
d) Social and communication difficulties as well as a special skill (although each person’s
special skill is different)
e) No interest in people

2) Theory of mind is:

a) A scientific theory about how the mind works
b) The ability to “theorise” about the mental states that explain someone’s behaviour
c) The scientific theory that everyone has mental states
d) The theory that people with autism lack certain mental states
e) The ability to read someone’s mind and know exactly what they are thinking

3) Which of the following tasks is NOT related to executive functions:

a) Planning
b) Remembering what happened yesterday
c) Inhibiting irrelevant information while doing another task
d) Doing a theory of mind task
e) Doing a false belief task

4) Theory of mind is important in everyday conversation because:

a) People might say something that is untrue
b) People with poor conversation skills will not develop theory of mind
c) Talking to people is a good way of knowing what they are thinking
d) If we didn’t have a theory of mind we wouldn’t talk to anyone
e) We need to consider what someone knows already when providing new information

5) The sense of agency is:

a) Always in our awareness
b) Available only to our subconscious
c) Impossible to recognise
d) Only active in clinical disorders
e) Most noticeable when it is disrupted in some way
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6) Which of the following clinical conditions is not likely to involve an alteration to the sense of
agency:
a) Insomnia
b) Schizophrenia
c) Depression
d) Addiction
e) Obsessive compulsive disorder

7) Anorexia Nervosa patients often report body size and shape distortions. They typically:
a) Experience their body as fat while objectively being very thin
b) Deny ownership of a limb or an entire side of the body
c) Suffer from phantom limb pain
d) All of the mentioned options
e) None of the mentioned options

8) What type of body self-perception models match this description: “The processing of
incoming multisensory signals is combined with stored information about what the body is
typically like”
a) Bottom-up models
b) Top-down models
c) All of the mentioned options
d) None of the mentioned options
e) Medium models

9) Which statement best describes the effects of the rubber hand paradigm?
a) Synchronous stroking enhances the illusion and asynchronous stroking inhibits the
illusion
b) Synchronous stroking inhibits the illusion and asynchronous stroking enhances the
illusion
c) Both synchronous and asynchronous stroking can enhance the illusion, depending on
timing of the stimulus
d) Neither synchronous nor asynchronous stroking enhance the illusion
e) Both synchronous and asynchronous stroking can enhance the illusion, depending on
the participant's sensitivity

10) According to the two-factor theory of delusion, the first factor:

a) Is responsible for the content of the delusional belief
b) Is responsible for the inability to reject the delusional belief
c) Is the same in every different kind of delusion
d) Is always due to damage to the right hemisphere of the brain
e) Is a general difficulty in the ability to reason

11) In Cotard delusion, the delusional idea first occurs because:

a) The patient has impaired ability to see faces
b) The patient has mirror agnosia
c) The patient’s autonomic nervous system has become completely unresponsive to all
stimuli
d) The patient’s autonomic nervous system no longer responds to familiar faces
e) The patient’s autonomic nervous system now responds to all faces, even unfamiliar ones
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12) Which of the following is NOT a feature of delusions?
a) The patients can have brain damage
b) The patients can have insight about their delusions
c) The deluded patients can act on what they believe
d) They all have more than one delusion
e) They are not rare

13) The belief that some part of your body belongs to another person is:
a) Cotard’s delusion
b) Fregoli delusion
c) Anosognosia
d) Alien control delusion
e) Somatoparaphrenia

14) If you suffered a form of brain damage that prevented your autonomic nervous system from
working any more, that might make you believe that:
a) Other people are out to get you
b) Other people could control the movement of your body, against your will
c) You have special powers or abilities
d) People you know are disguising themselves and following you around in the street
e) You are dead

15) Hypnosis is ideal for modelling delusions because:

a) Delusional patients can be treated with hypnosis
b) Both are believed with conviction
c) Both are resistant to counter-evidence
d) a and b
e) b and c

16) What type of hypnotic suggestion is one that suggests there is a mosquito buzzing around
someone’s head:
a) A cognitive-delusory suggestion
b) An amnesia suggestion
c) A challenge suggestion
d) An ideomotor suggestion
e) An anosmia suggestion

17) The most successful technique for challenging hypnotic mirrored-self misidentification is:
a) Asking subjects how a close friend would be able to tell them apart from the stranger in
the mirror
b) Asking subjects to explain why the stranger is wearing the same clothes as them
c) Giving subjects a small hand-held mirror to look into
d) Having the hypnotist appear in the mirror beside subjects
e) Asking subjects to touch their nose while looking in the mirror
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18) Hypnotic models of delusions are useful because
a) People can increase their hypnotisability over time
b) Delusional patients can be treated with hypnosis
c) Psychopathology is a major predictor of hypnotisability
d) 80% of the population is high hypnotisable
e) They might provide a testing ground for exploring treatment possibilities

19) Hypnosis research that explores the nature of hypnosis itself is known as:
a) Hypnotisability research
b) Intrinsic research
c) Magnetism research
d) Instrumental research
e) None of the mentioned options

20) Which of the following statements is correct about cognitive abilities in schizophrenia?
a) Difficulties with basic cognitive abilities are typically associated with hearing voices in
schizophrenia
b) Difficulties with basic cognitive abilities are typically associated with negative symptoms
in schizophrenia
c) Difficulties with basic cognitive abilities are rare in schizophrenia
d) Difficulties with memory are seen in amnesia but never seen in people with
schizophrenia
e) Difficulties with planning are seen after frontal brain damage but never seen in people
with schizophrenia

21) One approach to studying schizophrenia is the cognitive neuropsychiatric approach. This
means explaining symptoms in terms of:
a) Damage to neural pathways
b) Interpersonal dynamics
c) Impaired information processing
d) Childhood trauma
e) Altered neurotransmitter profiles

22) Hallucinations are a characteristic symptom of schizophrenia. Which statement is not

correct about hallucinations in schizophrenia:
a) Some people with schizophrenia can experience hallucinations of unpleasant smells
b) Some people with schizophrenia never experience hallucinations
c) Auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia commonly involve hearing voices
d) Visual hallucinations are the most common type of hallucination in schizophrenia
e) Some people with schizophrenia experience auditory and visual hallucinations at the
same time

23) Poor social functioning is common in schizophrenia. Which of the following is true of the
relationship between schizophrenia and social functioning?
a) Poor social functioning is entirely due to deficits in basic cognition
b) The majority of people with schizophrenia find it easy to fulfil major social roles such as
parenting, and marriage
c) Patients and carers report poor social function as a low priority for treatment
d) Poor social functioning persists even when positive symptoms respond to medication
e) There are no treatment programs for poor social functioning in schizophrenia
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24) Persecutory delusions have been interpreted in light of social cognitive deficits in
schizophrenia. Which of the following best explains this account:
a) Persecutory delusions may be the result of an under-active theory of mind
b) Persecutory delusions may be the result of a biased over-active theory of mind
c) Persecutory delusions may be the result of a bias to attribute positive outcomes to other
people
d) Persecutory delusions may be the result of an under-active emotion recognition system
e) Persecutory delusions may be the result of an over-active emotion recognition system

25) Which of the following is true about the occurrence of schizophrenia?

a) Schizophrenia only onsets in people younger than 50 years of age
b) Among adolescents, schizophrenia is more common in males than females
c) On average, schizophrenia is more common in males than females
d) On average, the age of onset of schizophrenia is the same in males and females
e) In people 40 years or older, schizophrenia onsets more often in males

26) Synaesthesia:
a) Is a disorder in which all the senses are confused
b) Is a phenomenon in which a single stimulus results in more than one experience
c) Is a disorder in which a single stimulus results in varying experiences
d) Is a phenomenon in which two modalities interfere with each other
e) Is a phenomenon in which people voluntarily evoke additional experiences

27) The synaesthetic congruency effect:

a) Is a direct measure of synaesthesia
b) Means that the difference between congruent and incongruent conditions is reduced in
synaesthesia
c) Identifies the level of processing in synaesthesia
d) Is a subjective measure of synaesthesia
e) Is an indirect measure of synaesthesia

28) In visual search experiments, the time taken to find a target defined by a conjunction of
features would be:
a) Unaffected by the number of distractors
b) Decrease as the number of distractors increases
c) Increase as the number of distractors increases
d) The same as a target defined by only one of the features
e) Much shorter than the same target when it is defined by a unique feature

29) Synaesthetic experiences tend to be:

a) Highly consistent over time and involuntary
b) Highly consistent over time and voluntary
c) Inconsistent over time and involuntary
d) Inconsistent over time and voluntary
e) None of the mentioned options
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30) Indirect measures of synaesthesia
a) Might tell us about the ‘mechanisms’ underlying synaesthesia
b) Show it is more prevalent in males
c) Involve verbally asking about people’s experiences
d) Are subjective
e) Show it is more prevalent in females
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Section B. Short Essay Questions (30 marks)

Choose only 3 out of the following 4 short essay questions to answer.

1. Distinguish between the key features of developmental surface and phonological

dyslexia. How can each be accounted for in terms of cognitive models of reading?

2. Discuss insights gained about retrograde amnesia which have come from patients with
varying degrees of damage to different brain regions.

3. What is the synaesthetic congruency effect and what does it tell us about synaesthesia?
Describe one or more experiments that have used this measure and the questions they
have answered.

4. Some researchers advocate for social cognitive remediation programs to treat people
with schizophrenia. Discuss why these researchers believe such programs are needed
and how these programs might be run.