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Seismic Design of Liquid-Containing Concrete Structures and Commentary (ACI 350.3-06)
Seismic Design of Liquid-Containing Concrete Structures and Commentary (ACI 350.3-06)
3-06
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ISBN 0-087031-222-7
Seismic Design of Liquid-Containing
Concrete Structures
and Commentary (ACI 350.3-06)
AN ACI STANDARD
Satish K. Sachdev
Chair
Jon B. Ardahl John W. Baker
Vice Chair Secretary
This standard prescribes procedures for the seismic design: the “loading side” (namely the determination of the
analysis and design of liquid-containing concrete seismic loads based on the mapped maximum considered
structures. These procedures address the loading side of earthquake spectral response accelerations at short periods
seismic design and are intended to complement ACI 350-06, (Ss) and 1 second ( S1) obtained from the Seismic Ground
Section 1.1.8 and Chapter 21. Motion maps [Fig. 22-1 through 22-14 of ASCE 7-05,
Chapter 22] and the geometry of the structure); and the
Keywords: circular tanks; concrete ta nks; con vective component; earth- “resistance side” (the detailed design of the structure in
quake resistance; environmental concrete structures; impulsive component; accordance with the provisions of ACI 350, so as to resist
liquid-containing structures; rect angular tanks; seismic resistance; those loads safely); and
sloshing; storage tanks.
2. To establish the scope of the new procedures consistent
with the overall scope of ACI 350. This required the inclusion of
INTRODUCTION
all types of tanks—rectangular, as well as circular; and
The following paragraphs highlight the development of this
reinforced concrete, as well as prestressed.
standard and its evolution to the present format:
(Note: While there are currently at least two national standards
From the time it embarked on the task of developing an that provide detailed procedures for the seismic analysis and
ACI 318-dependent code, ACI Committee 350 decided to design of liquid-containing structures (ANSI/AWWA
expand on and supplement Chapter 21, “Special Provisions 1995a,b), these are limited to circular, prestressed concrete
for Seismic Design,” to provide a set of thorough and tanks only).
comprehensive procedures for theseismic analysis and design of
all types of liquid-containing environmental concrete structures. As the loading side of seismic design is outside the scope of
The committee’s decision was influenced by the recognition ACI 318, Chapter 21, it was decided to maintain this practice
that liquid-containing structures are unique structures in ACI 350 as well. Accordingly, the basic scope, format, and
whose seismic design is not adequately covered by the mandatory language of Chapte r 21 of ACI 318 were retained
leading national codes and standards. A seismic design with only enough revisions to adapt the chapter to environmental
subcommittee was appointed with the charge to implem ent engineering structures. Provisions similar to Section 1.1.8
the committee’s decision. of ACI 318 are included in ACI 350. This approach offers
at least two advantages:
The seismic subcommittee’s work was guided by two 1. It allows ACI 350 to maintain ACI 318’s p ractice of
main objectives: limiting its seismic design provisions to the resistance side
1. To produce a self-contained set of p rocedures that only; and
would enable a practicing engineer to perfo rm a full seismic 2. It makes it easier to update these seismic provisions so as to
analysis and design of a liquid-containing structure. This meant keep up with the frequent changes and improvements in the
that these procedures should cover both aspects of seismic field of seismic hazard analysis and evaluation.
The seismic force levels andR-factors included in this standard differences relative to tradi tional methodologies, such as
provide results at strength levels, such as those included for those described in ASCE (1984):
seismic design in the 2003 International Building Code (IBC), 1. Instead of assuming a rigid tank for which the accelerat ion
particularly the applicable connection provisions of 2003 IBC, is equal to the ground acceleration at all locations, this
standard assumes amplification of response due to natura l
as referenced in ASCE 7-02.When comparing these provisions
frequency of the tank;
with other documents defining seismic forces at allowable 2. This standard includes the response modification factor;
stress levels (for example, th e 1994 Uniform Building Code 3. Rather than combining impulsive and convective modes by
[UBC] or ACI 350.3-01), the se ismic forces in this standard algebraic sum, this standard combines these modes by
should be reduced by the applicable factors to derive comparable square-root-sum-of-the-squares;
forces at allowable stress levels. 4. This standard includes the ef fects of vertical accelerat ion;
and
The user should note the fo llowing general design methods 5. This standard includes an effective mass coefficient,
used in this standard, which represent some of the key applicable to the mass of the walls.
SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES 350.3-3
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1—GENERAL REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................ 5
1.1—Scope
1.2—Notation
CHAPTER 6—STRESSES....................................................................................................... 27
6.1—Rectangular tanks
6.2—Circular tanks
STANDARD COMMENTARY
1.1—Scope R1.1—Scope
This standard describes procedures for the design of This standard is a companion standard to Chapter 21 of the
liquid-containing concrete structures subjected to seismic American Concrete Institute, “Code Requirements for Environ-
loads. These procedures shall be used in accor dance mental Engineering Concrete Structures and Commentary (ACI
with Chapter 21 of ACI 350-06. 350-06)” (ACI Committee 350 2006).
1.2—Notation R1.2—Notation
STANDARD COMMENTARY
h = as defined in Section R9.2.4, ft (m)
hc = height abo ve the base of the w all to the
center of g ravity of the con vective later al
force for the case e xcluding base pressure
(EBP), ft (m)
hc′ = height abo ve the base of the w all to the
center of g ravity of the con vective later al
force for the case including base pressure
(IBP), ft (m)
hi = height abo ve the base of the w all to the
center of g ravity of the impulsiv e later al
force for the case e xcluding base pressure
(EBP), ft (m)
hi′ = height above the base of the wall to the center
of gravity of the impulsiv e lateral force for the
case including base pressure (IBP), ft (m)
hr = height from the base of the w all to the
center of gravity of the tank roof, ft (m)
hw = height from the base of the w all to the
center of gravity of the tank shell, ft (m)
HL = design depth of stored liquid, ft (m)
Hw = wall height (inside dimension), ft (m)
I = importance factor, from Table 4.1.1(a)
IBP = including base pressure (datum line at the IBP refers to the h ydrodynamic design in which it is necess ary
base of the tank including the eff ects of the to in vestigate the o verturning of the entire structure with
tank bottom and supporting structure) respect to the foundation. IBP hydrodynamic design is used
k = flexural stiffness of a unit width of a rectiline ar to determine the design pressure acting on the tank floor and
tank w all, lb/ft per f oot of w all width (N/m the underlying foundation. This pressure is transferred
per meter of wall width) directly either to the subgrade or to other supporting
ka = spring constant of the tank w all suppor t structural elements. IBP accounts for moment effects due to
system, lb/ft2 per foot of wall width (N/m per dynamic fluid pressures on the bottom of the tank b y
meter of wall width) increasing the effective vertical moment arm to the applied
Ka = active coefficient of lateral earth pressure forces. (For explanation, refer to Housner [1963].)
Ko = coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest
L = inside dimension of a rectangular tank,
parallel to the direction of the ground motion
being investigated, ft (m)
Lc = effective length of base cab le or str and
taken as the sleeve length plus 35 times the
strand diameter, in. (mm)
Lp = length of individual elastomer ic bear ing
pads, in. (mm)
m = total mass per unit width of a rectangular
wall = mi + mw , lb-s 2/ft per f oot of w all
width (kg per meter of wall width)
mi = impulsive mass of contained liquid per unit
width of a rectangular tank w all, lb-s 2/ft per
foot of wall width (kg per meter of wall width)
mw = mass per unit width of a rectangular tank
wall, lb-s 2/ft per f oot of w all width (kg per
meter of wall width)
Mb = bending moment on the entire tank cross
section just above the base of the tank wall,
ft-lb (kN-m)
Mc = bending moment of the entire tank cross
section just above the base of the tank w all
(EBP) due to the con vective force Pc , ft-lb
(kN-m)
SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES 350.3-7
STANDARD COMMENTARY
Mc′ = overturning moment at the base of the tank,
including the tank bottom and suppor ting
structure (IBP), due to the con vective force
Pc, ft-lb (kN-m)
Mi = bending moment of the entire tank cross
section just above the base of tank wall (EBP)
due to the impulsive force Pi, ft-lb (kN-m)
Mi′ = overturning moment at the base of the tank,
including the tank bottom and suppor ting
structure (IBP), due to the impulsiv e f orce
Pi, ft-lb (kN-m)
Mo = overturning moment at the base of the tank,
including the tank bottom and suppor ting
structure (IBP), ft-lb (kN-m)
Mr = bending moment of the entire tank cross
section just above the base of the tank w all
(EBP) due to the roof iner tia force Pr, ft-lb
(kN-m)
Mw = bending moment of the entire tank cross
section just above the base of the tank w all
(EBP) due to the w all iner tia force Pw, ft-lb
(kN-m)
Ncy = in circular tanks, hoop force at liquid level y,
due to the con vective component of the
accelerating liquid, lb per f oot of w all height
(kN/m)
Nhy = in circular tanks , hydrodynamic hoop f orce
at liquid level y, due to the eff ect of vertical
acceleration, lb per foot of wall height (kN/m)
Niy = in circular tanks, hoop force at liquid level y,
due to the impulsiv e component of the
accelerating liquid, lb per foot of wall height
(kN/m)
Nwy = in circular tanks, hoop force at liquid level y,
due to the iner tia force of the acceler ating
wall mass, lb per foot of wall height (kN/m)
Ny = in circular tanks , total eff ective hoop f orce at
liquid level y, lb per foot of wall height (kN/m)
pcy = unit lateral dynamic convective pressure distributed
horizontally at liquid level y, lb/ft2 (kPa)
piy = unit lateral dynamic impulsi ve pressure distributed
horizontally at liquid level y, lb/ft2 (kPa)
pvy = unit equivalent hydrodynamic pressure due
to the eff ect of v ertical acceleration, at liqu id
level y, above the base of the tank (pvy = üv
× qhy), lb/ft2 (kPa)
pwy = unit lateral inertia force due to w all dead weight,
distributed horizontally at liquid level y, lb/ft2 (kPa)
Pc = total later al con vective f orce associated
with Wc , lb (kN)
Pcy = lateral convective force due to Wc , per unit
height of the tank w all, occurr ing at liquid
level y, lb per foot of wall height (kN/m)
Peg = lateral force on the b uried portion of a tank
wall due to the dynamic ear th and g round-
water pressures, lb (kN)
350.3-8 ACI STANDARD/COMMENTARY
STANDARD COMMENTARY
Ph = total hydrostatic force occurring on length B For a schematic representation of Ph, refer to Fig. R5.3.1(a)
of a rectangular tank or diameter D of a and (b)
circular tank, lb (kN)
Phy = lateral h ydrostatic f orce per unit height of
the tank w all, occurr ing at liquid le vel y, lb
per foot of wall height (kN/m)
Pi = total lateral impulsive force associated with
Wi , lb (kN)
Piy = lateral impulsiv e f orce due to Wi , per unit
height of the tank w all, occurr ing at liquid
level y, lb per foot of wall height (kN/m)
Pr = lateral iner tia force of the acceler ating roof
Wr , lb (kN)
Pw = lateral iner tia force of the acceler ating wall
Ww, lb (kN)
Pw′ = in a rectangular tank, later al iner tia f orce of
one accelerating wall (Ww′ ), per pendicular to
the direction of the earthquake force, lb (kN)
Pwy = lateral iner tia f orce due to Ww , per unit
height of the tank w all, occurring at level y
above the tank base , lb per f oot of w all
height (kN/m)
Py = combined hor izontal f orce (due to the
impulsive and con vective components of
the acceler ating liquid; the w all’s iner tia,
and the h ydrodynamic pressure due to the
vertical acceler ation) at a height y abo ve
the tank base, lb per foot of wall height (kN/m)
qhy = unit hydrostatic pressure at liquid level y above
the tank base [qhy = γL (HL – y)], lb/ft2 (kPa)
STANDARD COMMENTARY
S1 = mapped maxim um considered ear thquake
5% damped spectr al response acceler ation;
parameter at a period of 1 second, expressed
as a fraction of the acceleration due to gravity
g, from ASCE 7-05, Fig. 22-1 through 22-14
Cv Cv
T s = --------------- = 0.40 -------
2.5C a Ca
STANDARD COMMENTARY
Tv = natural per iod of vibr ation of v ertical liquid
motion, s
üv = effective spectr al acceler ation from an
inelastic v ertical response spectr um, as
defined b y Eq. (4-15) , that is der ived b y
scaling from an elastic hor izontal response
spectrum, e xpressed as a fr action of the
acceleration due to gravity g
V = total horizontal base shear, lb (kN)
wp = width of elastomeric bearing pad, in. (mm)
Wc = equivalent w eight of the con vective comp o-
nent of the stored liquid, lb (kN)
We = effective dynamic weight of the tank str ucture
(walls and roof) [We = (εWw + Wr )], lb (kN)
Wi = equivalent weight of the impulsive component
of the stored liquid, lb (kN)
WL = total equiv alent weight of the stored liquid,
lb (kN)
Wr = equivalent w eight of the tank roof , plus
superimposed load, plus applicab le portion
of snow load considered as dead load, lb (kN)
Ww = equivalent weight of the tank w all (shell),
lb (kN)
Ww′ = in a rectangular tank, the equiv alent
weight of one w all per pendicular to the
direction of the earthquake force, lb (kN)
y = liquid level at which the w all is being in vesti-
gated (measured from tank base), ft (m)
α = angle of base cab le or strand with hor izontal,
degree
β = percent of critical damping
γc = density of concrete, [150 lb/ft3 (23.56 kN/m3)
for standard-weight concrete]
γL = density of contained liquid, lb/ft3 (kN/m3)
γw = density of water, 62.43 lb/ft3 (9.807 kN/m3)
ε = effective mass coefficient (r atio of equiv alent
dynamic mass of the tank shell to its
actual total mass), Eq. (9-44) and (9-45)
ηc , ηi = coefficients as defined in Section R4.2
θ = polar coordinate angle, degree For θ, refer to Fig. R5.2.1 and R5.2.2.
λ = coefficient as defined in 9.2.4 and 9.3.4
σy = membrane (hoop) stress in w all of circular
tank at liquid level y, lb/in.2 (MPa)
ωc = circular frequency of oscillation of the first
(convective) mode of sloshing, radian/s
ωi = circular frequency of the impulsiv e mode of
vibration, radian/s
SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES 350.3-11
STANDARD COMMENTARY
2.1—Ground-supported structures R2.1—Ground-supported structures
Structures in this categor y include rectangular and For basic conf igurations of ground-supported, liquid-
circular liquid-containing concrete structures, on-grade containing structures, refer to Fig. R2.1.
and below grade.
2.1.1—Ground-supported liquid-containing str uctures R2.1.1—The classif ications of Section 2.1.1 are based
are classified according to this section on the basis of on the wall-to-footing connection details as illustrated in
the following characteristics: Fig. R2.1.1.
• General configuration (rectangular or circular); The tank floor and floor support system should be designed
• Wall-base joint type (fixed, hinged, or flexible for the seismic forces transmitted therein. W ith any one of
base); and the tank types covered under this standard, the floor may be
• Method of construction (reinforced or prestressed a membrane-type slab, a raft foundation, or a structural slab
concrete). supported on piles. This standa rd, however, does not co ver
the determination of seismic forces on the piles themselves.
Type 1—Rectangular tanks
Type 1.1—Fixed base The tank roof may be a free-span dome or column-supp orted
Type 1.2—Hinged base flat slab, or the tank may be open-topped.
2.2—Pedestal-mounted structures
COMMENTARY
Fig. R2.1.1—Types of ground-supported, liquid-containing structures classified on the basis of their wall-to-footing connection details
(base waterstops not shown).
SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES 350.3-13
STANDARD COMMENTARY
3.1—Dynamic characteristics R3.1—Dynamic characteristics
The dynamic char acteristics of liquid-containing For an outline of the general steps in volved in the intera ction
structures shall be der ived in accordance with either between the structure and the contained liquid, refer to
Chapter 9 or a more r igorous dynamic analysis that Appendix A.
accounts for the interaction between the structure and
the contained liquid.
3.2—Design loads
3.3—Design requirements
Notes
SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES 350.3-15
STANDARD COMMENTARY
4.1—Earthquake pressures above base R4.1—Earthquake pressures above base
The w alls of liquid-containing str uctures shall be The general equation for the total base shear normally
designed for the following dynamic forces in addition to encountered in the earthquak e-design sections of go verning
the static pressures in accordance with Section 5.3.1: building codes V = CsW is modif ied in Eq. (4-1) through
(4-4) by replacing the term W with the four ef fective
weights: the effective weight of the tank wall εWw and roof
(a) Inertia forces Pw and Pr ; Wr; the impulsi ve component of the liquid weight Wi and
(b) Hydrodynamic impulsiv e force Pi from the conta ined the convective component Wc; and the term Cs with Ci, Cc,
liquid; or Cv as appropriate. Because the impulsi ve and convective
(c) Hydrodynamic convective force Pc from the contained components are not in phase wi th each other, practice is to
liquid; combine them using the square-root sum-of-the-squares
(d) Dynamic ear th pressure from satur ated and method ( Eq. (4-5) ) (Ne w Zealand Standard [NZS] 1986;
unsaturated soils against the b uried por tion of the ASCE 1981; ANSI/AWWA 1995a).
wall; and
(e) The effects of vertical acceleration. A more detailed discussion of the impulsi ve and convective
components Wi and Wc is contained in Section R9.1.
STANDARD COMMENTARY
4.1.1—Dynamic lateral forces R4.1.1—Dynamic lateral forces
The dynamic later al f orces abo ve the base shall be A model representation of Wi and Wc is shown in Fig. R9.1.
determined as
εW w
P w = C i I -----------
- (4-1)
Ri
εW w ′
P w′ = C i I -------------
- (4-1a)
Ri
W
P r = C i I -------r (4-2)
Ri
Wi
P i = C i I ------- (4-3)
Ri
Wc
Pc = Cc I -------- (4-4)
Rc
STANDARD COMMENTARY
portion of the walls shall be included in the deter mination
of the total base shear V.
Mw = Pw hw (4-6)
Mr = Pr hr (4-7)
Mi = Pihi (4-8)
Mc = Pc hc (4-9)
2
Mb = ( M i + M w + M r ) + M c2 (4-10)
M i ′ = P i h i′ (4-11)
Mc ′ = Pc hc ′ (4-12)
2
Mo = ( M i ′ + M w + M r ) + M′ c2 (4-13)
4.1.4.1 The tank shall be designed f or the effects of The effective fluid pressure will be increased or decreased
vertical acceleration. In the absence of a site-specific due to the ef fects of v ertical acceleration. Similar changes
response spectr um, the r atio b of the v ertical-to- in ef fective weight of the concrete structure may also
horizontal acceleration shall not be less than 2/3 be considered.
4.1.4.2 The h ydrostatic load qhy from the tank IBC (2003), Section 1617.1.1 , and Building Seismic Safety
contents, at level y above the base, shall be multiplied Council (2000), Section 5.2.7, use a f actor of 0.2SDS to
by the spectral acceleration üv to account for the effect account for the effects of vertical ground acceleration in the
of the v ertical acceler ation. The resulting h ydrodynamic definition of seismic effects.
pressure pvy shall be computed as
STANDARD COMMENTARY
where
b
üv = C t I ----- ≥ 0.2S DS (4-15)
Ri
4.2.1—General R4.2.1—General
Where site-specific procedures are used, the maximum In locations with Ss ≥ 1.5 or S1 ≥ 0.60 and sites with weak soil
considered ear thquake spectr al response acceler ation conditions, site-specific response spectra are normally used.
shall be taken as the lesser of the probabilistic maxim um
earthquake spectral response a cceleration as defined
in Section 4.2.2 and the deterministic maximum spec-
tral response acceleration as defined in Section 4.2.3.
The probabilistic maxim um considered ear thquake For probabilistic ground motions, a 2% probability of e xceed-
spectral response acceler ation shall be tak en as the ance in a 50-year period is equi valent to a recurrence
spectral response acceler ation represented b y a 5% interval of approximately 2500 years.
damped acceleration response spectrum having a 2%
probability of exceedance in a 50-year period. When the a vailable site-specific response spectrum is for a
damping ratio β other than 5% of critical, the period-depen-
dent spectral acceleration SaM g iven by s uch s ite-specific
spectrum should be modified by the factor η i to account for
the influence of damping on the spectral amplif ication as
follows (Newmark and Hall 1982)
2.706
η i = ------------------------------------
4.38 – 1.04 ln β
2.302
η i = ------------------------------------
3.38 – 0.67 ln β
3.043
η c = ------------------------------------
2.73 – 0.45 ln β
SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES 350.3-19
STANDARD COMMENTARY
For β = 0.5%, ηc = 1.0
S 2π 2 1.226S D
S cM = η c -----D- ⎛ ------⎞ = η c -------------------
-
g ⎝ Tc ⎠ T c2
The deter ministic maxim um considered ear thquake For deterministic ground motions, the magnitude of a
spectral response acceler ation at each per iod shall be characteristic earthquake on a given fault should be the
taken as 150% of the largest median 5% damped best estimate of the maximum magnitude capable for that
spectral response acceleration computed at that per iod fault, and should not be less than the largest magnitude that
for characteristic earthquakes on all kno wn active faults has occurred historically on the fault.
within the region. The deter ministic value of the spectral
response acceler ation shall not be tak en lo wer than
0.6Fv /T e xcept that the lo wer limit of the spectr al
response acceleration shall not e xceed 1.5Fa. The site
coefficients Fa and Fv shall be obtained from ASCE 7-05,
Tables 11.4-1 and 11.4-2, respectively.
STANDARD
Table 4.1.1(a)—Importance factor I Table 4.1.1(b)—Response modification factor R
Tank use Factor I Ri
III Tanks containing hazardous materials* 1.5 On or
above
Tanks that are intended to remain usable for Type of structure grade Buried* Rc
II emergency purposes after an earthquake, or 1.25
tanks that are part of lifeline systems Anchored, flexible-base tanks 3.25† 3.25† 1.0
I Tanks not listed in Categories II or III 1.0 Fixed or hinged-base tanks 2.0 3.0 1.0
*
In some cases, for tanks containi ng hazardous materials, engineering judgment Unanchored, contained,
may require a factor I > 1.5. 1.5 2.0 1.0
or uncontained tanks‡
Pedestal-mounted tanks 2.0 — 1.0
*Buried tank is defined as a tank whos e maximum water surface at rest is at
or below ground level. For partially buried tanks, the Ri value may be linearly
interpolated between that shown for tanks on grade and for buried tanks.
†R = 3.25 is the maximum R value permitted to be used for any liquid-con-
i i
taining concrete structure.
‡
Unanchored, uncontained tanks shall not be b uilt in locations where SS ≥
0.75.
SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES 350.3-21
STANDARD COMMENTARY
5.1—General
The wall-to-floor, wall-to-wall, and wall-to-roof joints of Typically, the distribution of forces and wall reactions in
rectangular tanks shall be designed for the earthquake rectangular tank w alls will be similar to that sho wn in
shear f orces on the basis of the f ollowing shear- Fig. R5.2.1.
transfer mechanism:
The w all-to-footing and w all-to-roof joints shall be In fixed- and hinged-base circular tanks (Types 2.1 and 2.2), the
designed for the earthquake shear forces. earthquake base shear is transmitted partially b y membrane
(tangential) shear and the rest by radial shear that causes vertical
bending. For a tank with a height-to-diameter ratio of 1:4 (D/HL
= 4.0 ), approximately 20% of th e earthquak e shear force is
transmitted by the radial base reaction to v ertical bending. The
remaining 80% is transmitted by tangential shear transfer Q. To
transmit this tangential shear Q, a distrib uted shear force q is
required at the wall/footing interface, where
Q
q = ----- sin θ
πr
STANDARD COMMENTARY
Q 0.8V
q max = ----- = -----------
πr πr
Q = 1.0V
Q V
q max = ----- = -----
πr πr
0.8P
q max = -------------r
πr
STANDARD COMMENTARY
will be similar to that sho wn in Fig. R5.2.1, but reacting on
only half of the circumference. The maximum reaction
force will be given by
2.0P
q max = -------------r
πr
STANDARD COMMENTARY
5.3—Dynamic force distribution above base R5.3—Dynamic force distribution above base
Walls per pendicular to the g round motion being in vesti- The v ertical distrib ution, per foot of w all height, of the
gated and in the leading half of the tank shall be dynamic forces acting perpendicular to the plane of the wall
loaded per pendicular to their plane (dimension B ) by may be assumed as sho wn belo w (adapted from NZS
the wall’s own inertia force Pw′ , one-half the impulsive [1986], Section 2.2.9.5), and Fig. R5.3.1(b).
force Pi , and one-half the convective force Pc .
2
Py = ( P iy + P wy ) + P cy
2 + ( p B )2
vy (5-1)
P wy P cy
p wy = -------- p cy = -------
B B
P iy
p iy = ------
- pvy = üv qhy
B
COMMENTARY
Fig. R5.3.1(b)—Distribution of hydrostatic and hydrodynamic pressures and inertia forces on the wall of a rectangular liquid-
containing structure (adapted from Haroun [1984]). (For circular tanks, the vertical distribution of the impulsive and convective
forces is identical to that shown above for rectangular tanks, while the horizontal distribution varies along the tank circumference
as shown in Fig. R5.2.1.)
350.3-26 ACI STANDARD/COMMENTARY
STANDARD COMMENTARY
5.3.3—Circular tanks R5.3.3—Circular tanks
The cylindrical walls of circular tanks shall be loaded by The v ertical distrib ution, per foot of w all height, of the
the wall’s own inertia force distributed uniformly around dynamic forces acting on one half of the w all may be
the entire circumf erence; one-half the impulsiv e f orce assumed as shown below and in Fig. R5.3.3 and Fig. R5.2.1.
Pi applied symmetr ically about θ = 0 degrees and acting
outward on one half of the w all’s circumference, and one-
half Pi symmetr ically about θ = 180 degrees and acting
inward on the opposite half of the w all’s circumference;
one-half the convective force Pc acting on one-half of the
wall’s circumference symmetr ically about θ = 0 degrees
and one-half Pc symmetrically about θ = 180 degrees
and acting inw ard on the o pposite half of the w all’s
circumference; and the dynamic ear th and groundwater
pressure against the trailing half of the b uried portion of
the wall.
P wy 16P cy
p wy = -------- p cy = -------------
- cos θ
πr 9πr
2P
p iy = ---------iy- cos θ pvy = üv qhy
πr
SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES 350.3-27
CHAPTER 6—STRESSES
STANDARD COMMENTARY
R6—General
6.1—Rectangular tanks
The v ertical bending stress es and shear stresses in For free-base circular tanks (T ype 2.3), the terms in Eq. (6-1 )
the wall and at the wall base due to lateral earthquake are defined as
forces shall be computed on the basis of shell action
using an acceptable pressure distribution. 2P
Niy = piy r = ---------iy- for (at θ = 0)
π
Hydrodynamic membrane (hoop) forces in the cylindrical
wall corresponding to an y liquid le vel y above the tank
base shall be determined by 16P cy
Ncy = pcy r = -------------- for (at θ = 0)
9π
2
Ny = ( N iy + N wy ) + N cy
2 + N2
hy (6-1)
P wy
Nwy = pwy r = --------
π
and hoop stress
Nhy = üv Qhy
Ny
σ y = -----------
(6-2) -
12t w where
N Qhy = qhy r
[σ y = ------y in the SI system]
tw
For fixed- or hinged-base circular tanks (Types 2.1 and 2.2),
the terms in Eq. (6-1) should be modified to account for the
where tw = w all thickness at the le vel being in vestigated
effects of base restraint. Similarly , the terms in Eq. (6-1)
(liquid level y).
should be modified to account for the restraint of rigid wall-
to-roof joints.
350.3-28 ACI STANDARD/COMMENTARY
Notes
SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES 350.3-29
CHAPTER 7—FREEBOARD
STANDARD COMMENTARY
7.1—Wave oscillation R7.1—Wave oscillation
Provisions shall be made to accommodate the maxim um The horizontal earthquake acceleration causes the contained
wave oscillation dmax gener ated b y ear thquake fluid to slosh with vertical displacement of the fluid surface.
acceleration.
The amount of freeboard required in design to accommodate
The maxim um v ertical displacement dmax to be this sloshing will v ary. Wh ere o vertopping is tolerable, no
accommodated shall be calculated from the f ollowing freeboard provision is necessary. Where loss of liquid should
expressions: be prevented (for example, tanks for the storage of toxic liquids)
or where o vertopping may result in scouring of the foundation
Rectangular tanks materials or cause damage to pi pes, roof, or both, then one or
more of the following measures should be undertaken:
L
d max = ---C c I (7-1) • Provide a freeboard allowance;
2
• Design the roof structure to resist the resulting uplift
pressures; and/or
Circular tanks
• Provide an overflow spillway.
( 0.667S D ) ⎛ 2π⎞ 2
d max = ⎛ ---⎞ ( C c I ) = ⎛ ---⎞ I ( η c ) ------------------------
L L
- ------
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ g ⎝ Tc ⎠
Circular tanks
( 0.667S D ) ⎛ 2π⎞ 2
d max = ⎛ ----⎞ ( C c I ) = ⎛ ----⎞ I ( η c ) ------------------------
D D
- ------
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ g ⎝ Tc ⎠
Notes
SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES 350.3-31
STANDARD COMMENTARY
8.1—General R8.1—General
Dynamic ear th pressures sha ll be tak en into account The lateral forces due to the dynamic earth and groundwater
when computing the base shear of a par tially or fully pressures are combined algebraically with the impulsi ve
buried liquid-containing str ucture and when designing forces on the tank as in Eq. (4-5).
the walls.
8.2—Limitations
8.3—Alternative methods
Notes
SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES 350.3-33
STANDARD COMMENTARY
9.1—General R9.1—General
The dynamic char acteristics of g round-supported liquid- The lateral seismic pressures and forces determined in
containing structures subjected to ear thquake acceleration accordance with this Standard are based on v ertical tank
shall be computed in accordan ce with Sections 9.2 , 9.3 walls and v ertical w all elements, and the pressures and
and 9.5. forces may need to be modified for sloping surfaces.
The dynamic char acteristics of pedestal-mounted The following commentary is adapted from Housner (1963):
liquid-containing str uctures shall be computed in
accordance with Section 9.7. The design procedures described in Chapter 4 recognize
that the seismic analysis of liquid-containing structures
subjected to a horizontal acceleration should include the
inertia forces generated b y the acceleration of the structure
itself; and the hydrodynamic forces generated by the horizontal
acceleration of the contained liquid.
STANDARD COMMENTARY
that produce a period of vibration corresponding to the period of
fluid sloshing. The sloshing pr essures on the tank w alls result
from the fluid motion associated with the w ave oscillation. The
period of oscillation of the sloshing depends on the ratio of fluid
depth to tank diameter , and is usually se veral seconds. The
overturning moment e xerted by Pc (Fig. R9.1 [on p. 43])
acts for a sufficient time to tend to uplift the tank wall if there is
insufficient restraining weight. The forces Pi and Pc act
independently and simultaneous ly on the tank. The force Pi
(and its associated pressures) primarily act to stress the tank
wall, whereas Pc acts primarily to uplift the tank w all.
The vertical vibrations of the ground are also transmitted to the
fluid, thus producing pressures that act on the tank w alls. They
act to increase or decrease the hoop stresses.
The pressures and forces on a cylindrical tank are similar to, but
not the same as, those acting on a rectangular tank.
All equations in Section 9.2 e xcept Eq. (9-9), (9-10), and (9-11)
9.2.1—Equivalent weights of accelerating liquid
were originally developed by Housner (1963), and subsequently
(Fig. 9.2.1 [on p. 44]) used by other authors (Housner 1956; NZS 1986; Haroun 1984;
ASCE 1981; V eletsos and Shi vakumar 1997; ANSI/A WWA
L⎞ 1995a,b; Haroun and Ellaithy 1985).
tanh 0.866 ⎛ ------ -
Wi ⎝ H L⎠
-------- = ----------------------------------------------- (9-1) Equations (9-9), (9-10), and (9-11) were adapted from NZS
WL L
0.866 ⎛ -------⎞ (1986).
⎝ H L⎠
W L H
-------c- = 0.264 ⎛ -------⎞ tanh 3.16 ⎛ ------L-⎞ (9-2)
WL ⎝ H L⎠ ⎝ L⎠
L
For tanks with ------- < 1.333
HL
SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES 350.3-35
STANDARD COMMENTARY
h L
------i- = 0.5 – 0.09375 ⎛⎝ -------⎞⎠ (9-3)
HL HL
L
- ≥ 1.333
For tanks with ------
HL
h
------i- = 0.375 (9-4)
HL
H
cosh 3.16 ⎛ ------L-⎞ – 1
h ⎝ L⎠
------c- = 1 – -------------------------------------------------------------------- (9-5)
HL H H
3.16 ⎛ ------L-⎞ sinh 3.16 ⎛ ------L-⎞
⎝ L⎠ ⎝ L⎠
L
For tanks with ------- < 0.75
HL
hi ′
------
- = 0.45 (9-6)
HL
L
- ≥ 0.75
For tanks with ------
HL
L
0.866 ⎛ -------⎞
hi ′ ⎝ H L⎠
1
------- = --------------------------------------------------- – --- (9-7)
HL ⎛ L⎞ 8
2 tanh 0.866 -------
⎝ H L⎠
H
cosh 3.16 ⎛ ------L-⎞ – 2.01
hc ′ ⎝ L⎠
-------- = 1 – -------------------------------------------------------------------- (9-8)
HL H H
3.16 ⎛ ------L-⎞ sinh 3.16 ⎛ ------L-⎞
⎝ L⎠ ⎝ L⎠
STANDARD COMMENTARY
2π t w ⎛ γ c⎞
T i = ------ = 2π m
----- (9-11) [ m w = H w -------
- ---- in the SI system]
ωi k 3⎝ ⎠
10 g
λ W L γ
ω c = ------- (9-12) m i = ⎛ --------i ⎞ ⎛ ---⎞ H L ⎛ ----L-⎞
L ⎝ W L⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ g ⎠
where ( hw mw + hi mi )
h = ------------------------------------
( mw + mi )
H
λ = 3.16g tanh 3.16 ⎛ ------L-⎞ (9-13) where hw = 0.5Hw, and hi is obtained from Eq. (9-3) and (9-4),
⎝ L⎠
and Fig. 9.2.2 (on p. 44).
E t 3
k = ------c ⎛ ---w-⎞
48 ⎝ h ⎠
Ec t 3
[ k = ----------------
-3 ⎛⎝ ---w-⎞⎠ in the SI system]
4 × 10 h
W D H
-------c- = 0.230 ⎛ -------⎞ tanh 3.68 ⎛ ------L-⎞ (9-16)
WL ⎝ H L⎠ ⎝ D⎠
SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES 350.3-37
STANDARD COMMENTARY
9.3.2—Heights to center s of gra vity (EBP [ Fig. 9.3.2;
on p. 49])
D
For tanks with ------- < 1.333
HL
h D
------i- = 0.5 – 0.09375 ⎛ -------⎞ (9-17)
HL ⎝ H L⎠
D
- ≥ 1.333
For tanks with ------
HL
h
------i- = 0.375 (9-18)
HL
H
cosh 3.68 ⎛ ------L-⎞ – 1
h ⎝ D⎠
------c- = 1 – -------------------------------------------------------------------- (9-19)
HL H H
3.68 ⎛ ------L-⎞ sinh 3.68 ⎛ ------L-⎞
⎝ D⎠ ⎝ D⎠
D
For tanks with ------- < 0.75
HL
h′
------i- = 0.45 (9-20)
HL
D
For tanks with ------- ≥ 0.75
HL
D
0.866 ⎛ -------⎞
hi ′ ⎝ H L⎠
------- = --------------------------------------------------- – 1
--- (9-21)
HL D 8
2 tanh 0.866 ⎛ -------⎞
⎝ H L⎠
H
cosh 3.68 ⎛ ------L-⎞ – 2.01
hc ′ ⎝ D⎠
-------- = 1 – -------------------------------------------------------------------- (9-22)
HL H H
3.68 ⎛ ------L-⎞ sinh 3.68 ⎛ ------L-⎞
⎝ D⎠ ⎝ D⎠
Ti: For tank Types 2.1 and 2.2: Equations (9-23) and (9-24) are adapted from ASCE (1981)
and Veletsos and Shivakumar (1997).
12 g Equations (9-26) and (9-27) are adapted from ANSI/AWWA
ω i = C l ------- E c ----- (9-23)
HL γc (1995a,b).
350.3-38 ACI STANDARD/COMMENTARY
STANDARD COMMENTARY
1 3 g Equations (9-13) , (9-14), (9-29), and (9-30) are adapt ed
[ ω i = C l ------- 10 E c ----- in the SI system]
HL γc from Housner (1963).
tw
C l = C w 10 --------
- (9-24)
12r
tw
[ C l = C w --------
- in the SI system]
10r
2π
T i = ------ (9-25)
ωi
8π ( W w + W r + W i )
Ti = ------------------------------------------------- (9-26)
gDk a
⎛ A s E s cos 2α⎞ ⎛ 2G p w p L p⎞
k a = 144 ⎜ ------------------------------
-⎟ + ⎝ -------------------------⎠ (9-27)
⎝ Lc Sc ⎠ tp Sp
2
3 ⎛ A s E s cos α⎞ ⎛ 2G p w p L p⎞
k a = 10 ⎜ -------------------------------⎟ + ⎜ -------------------------⎟ [in the SI system]
⎝ Lc Sc ⎠ ⎝ tp Sp ⎠
Tc :
λ
ω c = -------- (9-28)
D
where
H
λ = 3.68g tanh 3.68 ⎛ ------L-⎞ (9-29)
⎝ D⎠
2π 2π
T c = ------ = ⎛ ------⎞ D (9-30)
ωc ⎝ λ⎠
2π
[ ⎛ ------⎞ from Fig. 9.3.4(b); on p. 52]
⎝ λ⎠
Tv 2π L DHL2
(9-31)
Y
= ------------------------
24gt w E c
SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES 350.3-39
STANDARD COMMENTARY
2
L DH L
[ T v = 2π ---------------------
- in the SI system]
Y
2gt w E c
9.4.1 Ci shall be determined as follows: R9.4.1 The mapped spectral response accelerations Ss
and S1 for any location can also be obtained from the late st
For T i ≤ TS database of the U.S. Geological Surv ey (USGS), at http://
eqhazmaps.usgs.gov, using the specif ic zip code or latitude
Ci = SDS (9-32) and longitude that identify the location.
For Ti > TS In regions other than those sho wn in the maps in publicat ions
by IBC (2003), Building Se ismic Safety Council (1997,
S D1 2000), and ASCE (2005), SS and S1 may be replaced b y
C i = ---------
- ≤ S DS (9-33) the maximum considered earthquak e spectral response
Ti
accelerations from 5% damped response spectra repres enting
earthquakes with a 2% probability of e xceedance in a
where
50-year period, equi valent to a recurrence interv al of
approximately 2500 years.
S D1
TS = --------
- (9-34)
S DS
2
SDS = --- SsFa (9-35)
3
STANDARD COMMENTARY
2
SD1 = --- S1Fv (9-36)
3
9.4.2 Cc shall be determined as follows: R9.4.2 Factor 1.5 represents the approximate ratio of the
spectral amplifications based on 0.5% damping to those
For Tc ≤ 1.6/Ts seconds based on 5% damping. 0.4SDS in Eq. (9-38) is an
approximation of the effective peak ground acceleration S0
1.5S D1 (at T = 0) reduced by a factor of 2/3.
C c = -------------------- ≤ 1.5S DS (9-37)
Tc
0.4S DS 2.4S DS
C c = 6 ------------------- = ------------------- (9-38)
2 2
Tc Tc
9.4.3 Ct shall be determined as follows: R9.4.3 The period of vibration of v ertical liquid motion Tv
for a circular tank (upright c ylinder) is deri ved from the
For circular tanks axisymmetric pulsating (“breathing”) of the cylindrical wall
due to the h ydrodynamic pressures resulting from the v ertical,
For Tv ≤ TS piston-like “pounding” of the st ored liquid b y the v ertically
accelerating ground.
Ct = SDS (9-39)
This mode of vibration is relevant only to circular tanks, and
For Tv >TS does not apply to rectangular tanks. While the deri vation of
Tv for circular tanks has been th e subject of se veral technic al
S D1 papers, the committee is not a ware of an y work devoted to
Ct = -------- (9-40) the deri vation of this parameter for rectangular tanks.
Tv
Therefore, for rectangular tanks, Ct is taken independent of
the period of vibration.
For rectangular tanks, Ct = 0.4SDS.
When site-specific procedures are used, the maximum For damping ratios other than 5% of critical, refer toSection R4.2.
considered ear thquake spectr al response acceler ations
SaM and ScM shall be obtained from the site-specific If the site-specif ic response spectrum does not e xtend into,
acceleration spectrum as follows: or is not well defined in the Tc range, coefficient Cc may be
calculated using the equation
For per iods less than or equal to TS , SaM shall be
taken as the spectral acceleration obtained from the site- 2
specific spectra at a per iod of 0.2 seconds, except that it --- S 0 4S
3
shall not be tak en less than 90% of the peak spectr al C c = 6 --------- = --------0-
2 2
acceleration at an y per iod larger than 0.2 seco nds. For Tc Tc
SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES 350.3-41
STANDARD COMMENTARY
periods g reater than TS , SaM shall be tak en as the where S0 is the effective site-specific peak ground accelerat ion
spectral response acceler ation corresponding to Ti or (at T = 0) expressed as a fraction of the acceleration due to
Tv , as applicab le. When a 5% damped, site-specific gravity g.
vertical response spectr um is a vailable, SaM shall be
determined from that spectr um when used to deter mine The use of site-specific response spectra represents one specific
Ct ; and case of an “accepted alterna tive method of analysis” permitt ed
in Section 21.2.1.7 of ACI 350-06. Therefore, the 80%
lower limit imposed in 9.5 should be considered the same as
ScM shall be tak en as 150% of the spectr al response the limit imposed in Section 21.2.1.7 of ACI 350-06.
acceleration corresponding to Tc, except that when a
0.5% damped, site-specific horizontal response spectrum
is a vailable, ScM shall be equal to the spectr al
response acceleration from that spectr um corresponding
to period Tc.
2
C i = --- S aM (9-41)
3
2
C c = --- S cM (9-42)
3
2
Ct = --- S aM (9-43)
3
9.6.1—Rectangular tanks The coefficient ε represents the ratio of the equi valent (or
generalized) dynamic mass of the tank shell to its actual
L 2 L total mass. Equation (9-44) and (9-45) are adapted from
ε = 0.0151 ⎛ -------⎞ – 0.1908 ⎛ -------⎞ + 1.021 ≤ 1.0 (9-44)
⎝H ⎠ ⎝H ⎠ ASCE (1981).
L L
STANDARD COMMENTARY
9.7—Pedestal-mounted tanks R9.7—Pedestal-mounted tanks
The equivalent weights, Wi and Wc , and heights to the Housner (1963), Haroun and Ellaithy (1985), and A CI
centers of gravity, hi, hc , hi′, and hc′ of a mounted tank, Committee 371 (1998) pro vide additional guidelines on the
shall be computed using the corresponding Eq. (9-2) dynamic analysis of pedestal-mounted tanks.
and (9-3) for rectangular and circular tanks, respectively.
STANDARD COMMENTARY
Fig. R9.1—Dynamic model of liquid-containing tank rigidly supported on the gr ound (adapted fr om Housner [1963] and
ASCE [1984]).
350.3-44 ACI STANDARD/COMMENTARY
STANDARD COMMENTARY
IMPULSIVE AND CONVECTIVE MASS FACTORS vs. L/HL RATIO
Fig. 9.2.1—Factors Wi /WL and Wc /WL versus ratio L/HL for rectangular tanks.
W L HL
-------c- = 0.264 ⎛ --------⎞ tanh 3.16 ⎛ --------⎞ (9-2)
WL ⎝H ⎠ ⎝ L⎠
L
SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES 350.3-45
STANDARD COMMENTARY
IMPULSIVE AND CONVECTIVE HEIGHT FACTORS vs. L/HL RATIO
Fig. 9.2.2—Factors hi /HL and hc /HL versus ratio L/HL for rectangular tanks (EBP).
hi /HL:
L h L
For tanks with ------- < 1.333 ------i- = 0.5 – 0.09375 ⎛⎝ -------⎞⎠ (9-3)
HL HL HL
L h
For tanks with ------- ≥ 1.333 ------i- = 0.375 (9-4)
HL HL
hc /HL:
H
cosh 3.16 ⎛ ------L-⎞ – 1
hc ⎝ L⎠
------- = 1 – -------------------------------------------------------------------------- (9-5)
HL H H
3.16 ⎛ ------L-⎞ × sinh 3.16 ⎛ ------L-⎞
⎝ L⎠ ⎝ L⎠
350.3-46 ACI STANDARD/COMMENTARY
STANDARD COMMENTARY
IMPULSIVE AND CONVECTIVE HEIGHT FACTORS vs. L/HL RATIO
Fig. 9.2.3—Factors hi′/HL and hc′/HL versus ratio L/HL for rectangular tanks (IBP).
hi′ /HL :
L h′
For tanks with ------- < 0.75 ------i- = 0.45 (9-6)
HL HL
L
0.866 ⎛ -------⎞
hi ′ ⎝ H L⎠
L 1
For tanks with ------- ≥ 0.75 ------- = -------------------------------------------------------- – --- (9-7)
HL HL ⎛ L⎞ 8
2 × tanh 0.866 -------
⎝ H L⎠
hc′ /HL :
H
cosh 3.16 ⎛ ------L-⎞ – 2.01
hc ′ ⎝ L⎠
-------- = 1 – -------------------------------------------------------------------- (9-8)
HL H H
3.16 ⎛ ------L-⎞ sinh 3.16 ⎛ ------L-⎞
⎝ L⎠ ⎝ L⎠
SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES 350.3-47
STANDARD COMMENTARY
FACTOR (2π/λ)
λ
ω c = ------- (9-12)
L
H
λ = 3.16g tanh 3.16 ⎛ ------L-⎞ (9-13)
⎝ L⎠
2π 2π
T c = ------ = ⎛ ------⎞ L (9-14)
ωc ⎝ λ⎠
350.3-48 ACI STANDARD/COMMENTARY
STANDARD COMMENTARY
IMPULSIVE AND CONVECTIVE MASS FACTORS vs. D/HL RATIO
Fig. 9.3.1—Factors Wi / WL and Wc/WL versus ratio D/HL for circular tanks.
D
tanh 0.866 ⎛ -------⎞
W ⎝ H L
⎠
--------i = ----------------------------------------------- (9-15)
WL D
0.866 ⎛ -------⎞
⎝ H L⎠
W D H
-------c- = 0.230 ⎛ -------⎞ tanh 3.68 ⎛ ------L-⎞ (9-16)
WL ⎝ H L⎠ ⎝ D⎠
SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES 350.3-49
STANDARD COMMENTARY
IMPULSIVE AND CONVECTIVE HEIGHT FACTORS vs. D/HL RATIO
Fig. 9.3.2—Factors hi / HL and hc /HL versus ratio D/HL for circular tanks (EBP).
hi /HL:
D h D
For tanks with ------- < 1.333 ------i- = 0.5 – 0.09375 ⎛ -------⎞ (9-17)
HL HL ⎝ H L⎠
D h
For tanks with ------- ≥ 1.333 ------i- = 0.375 (9-18)
HL HL
hc /HL:
H
cosh 3.68 ⎛ ------L-⎞ – 1
hc ⎝ D⎠
------- = 1 – -------------------------------------------------------------------- (9-19)
HL H H
3.68 ⎛ ------L-⎞ sinh 3.68 ⎛ ------L-⎞
⎝ D⎠ ⎝ D⎠
350.3-50 ACI STANDARD/COMMENTARY
STANDARD COMMENTARY
IMPULSIVE AND CONVECTIVE HEIGHT FACTORS vs. D/HL RATIO
Fig. 9.3.3—Factors h′i /HL and hc′ /HL versus ratio D/HL for circular tanks (IBP).
h′i /HL:
D h′
For tanks with ------- < 0.75 ------i- = 0.45 (9-20)
HL HL
D
0.866 ⎛ -------⎞
hi ′ ⎝ H L⎠
------- = --------------------------------------------------- – 1
D
For tanks with ------- ≥ 0.75 --- (9-21)
HL HL D 8
2 tanh 0.866 ⎛ -------⎞
⎝ H L⎠
hc′ /HL:
H
cosh 3.68 ⎛ ------L-⎞ – 2.01
hc ′ ⎝ D⎠
-------- = 1 – -------------------------------------------------------------------- (9-22)
HL H H
3.68 ⎛ ------L-⎞ sinh 3.68 ⎛ ------L-⎞
⎝ D⎠ ⎝ D⎠
SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES 350.3-51
STANDARD COMMENTARY
COEFFICIENT C W
H H 2 H 3 H 4 –2 H
5
+ 0.2039 ⎛ ------L-⎞ – 0.1034 ⎛ ------L-⎞ – 0.1253 ⎛ ------L-⎞ + 0.1267 ⎛ ------L-⎞ – 3.186 × 10 ⎛ ------L-⎞
–2
C w = 9.375 × 10
⎝ D⎠ ⎝ D⎠ ⎝ D⎠ ⎝ D⎠ ⎝ D⎠
350.3-52 ACI STANDARD/COMMENTARY
STANDARD COMMENTARY
FACTOR (2π/λ)
H
λ = 3.68g tanh ⎛ 3.68 ⎛ ------L-⎞ ⎞ (9-29)
⎝ ⎝ D ⎠⎠
2π 2π
T c = ------ = ⎛ ------⎞ D (9-30)
ωc ⎝ λ⎠
SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES 350.3-53
ACI Committee 350, 2006, “Code Requirements for Environ- Topics in Civil Engineering , ASCE, V. III, No. 1, Dec.,
mental Engineering Concrete Structures and C ommentary pp. 1-15.
(350-06),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills,
Mich., 484 pp. Housner, G. W ., 1956, “Limit Design of Structures to
Resist Earthquak es,” Proceedings, W orld Conference on
ACI Committee 371, 1998, “Guide for the Analysis, Earthquake Engineering, University of California, Berkeley,
Design, and Construction of Concrete-Pedestal W ater pp. 5-1 to 5-13.
Towers (A CI 371R-98) (Reappro ved 2003), ” American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich., 36 pp. Housner, G. W ., 1963, “Dynamic Pressure on Fluid
Containers,” Technical Information (TID) Document 7024,
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1981, “Guide- Chapter 6 and Appendix F, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.
lines for the Seismic Design of Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems,”
Committee on Gas and Liquid Fuel Lifelines of the T echnical International Code Council, 2003, “International Building
Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering, Section 7. Code,” 656 pp.
American Society of Ci vil Engineering (ASCE), 1984, International Conference of Building Of ficials (ICBO),
“Fluid/Structure Interaction During Seismic Excitation, ” 1997, “Uniform Building Code,” V. 2, Whittier, Calif.
Report by Committee on Seismic Analysis.
John A. Blume & Associates, 1958, “Report of T esting
American Society of Ci vil Engineers (ASCE), 2005, Program on Earthquak e Cable Detail for the Preload
“Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Struct ures,” Company, Inc.,” July.
ASCE 7-05, Reston, Va.
Medearis, K., and Y oung, D. H., 1964, “Ener gy Absorption
ANSI/AWWA, 1995a, “ AWWA Standard for W ire- and of Structures Under Cyclic Loading, ” Journal of the
Strand-Wound, Circular , Prestressed Concrete W ater Structural Division, ASCE, V. 90, ST1, Feb., pp. 61-89.
Tanks,” ANSI/AWWA D110-95.
National Science F oundation, 1981, “Earthquak e Design
ANSI/AWWA, 1995b, “ AWWA Standard for Circular Criteria for Water Supply & Wastewater Systems,” National
Prestressed Concrete W ater T anks with Circumferential Science Foundation Report NSF/CE52-81079, Sept.
Tendons,” ANSI/AWWA D115-95.
Newmark, N. M., and Hall, W. J., 1982, “Earthquak e
Bertero, V. V., 1995, “Ener gy Based Design Approach, ” Spectra and Design, ” Earthquake Engineering Resear ch
Performance-Based Seismic Engineering of Buildings , Institute Monograph.
SEAOC, Apr., pp. D-1 to D-12.
New Zealand Standard (NZS), 1986, “Code of Practice
Building Seismic Safety C ouncil, 1997, “NEHRP Recom- for Concrete Structures for the Storage of Liquids, ” NZS
mended Provisions for Seismic Re gulations for New Buildings 3106, 77 pp.
and Other Structures—Part 1: Provisions (FEMA 302) and Part
2: Commentary (FEMA 303),” Washington, D.C. Scarlat, A. S., 1997, “Design of Soft Stories—A Simplifi ed
Energy Approach,” Earthquake Spectra, V. 1 3, N o. 2 , M ay,
Building Seismic Safety C ouncil, 2000, “NEHRP Recom- pp. 305-315.
mended Provisions for Seismic Re gulations for New Buildings
and Other Structures—P art 1: Pro visions (FEMA 368) Uang, C. M., and Bertero, V. V., 1988, “Use of Energy as
and Part 2: Commentary (FEMA 369),” Washington, D.C. a Design Criterion in Earthquak e-Resistant Design,” EERC
Report No. UCB/EERC-88, Nov.
Haroun, M. A., 1984, “Stress Analysis of Rectangular
Walls Under Seismically Induced Hydrodynamic Loads, ” Veletsos, S. A., and Shivakumar, P., 1997, “Dynamic
Bulletin of the Seismolo gical Society of America , V. 74, Response of Tanks Containing Liquids or Solids,” Computer
No. 3, June, pp. 1031-1041. Analysis and Design of Earthquake-Resistant Structures ,
Earthquake Engineering Series V. 3, D. E. Beskos and S.
Haroun, M. A., and Ellaith y, H. M., 1985, “Seismically A. Anagnostopoulos, eds., Computational Mechanics
Induced Fluid Forces on Elevated Tanks,” Journal of Technical Publications, Billerica, Mass., 936 pp.
350.3-54 ACI STANDARD/COMMENTARY
Notes
SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES 350.3-55
COMMENTARY
APPENDIX A—DESIGN METHOD
In the absence of a more rigorous method of analysis, the general procedures out lined below may be used to apply the pro visions of
Chapters 1 through 9.
1. Establish the design depth of the stored liquid HL , the wall height Hw, and the tank length or diameter, L or D, respectively;
2. From the applicable seismic ground motion map of ASCE 7-05, Chapter 22, obtain the mapped maximum considered earth-
quake spectral response accelerations at short periods and at 1 second (SS and S1, respectively). After selecting the site classi-
fication from ASCE 7-05, T able 20.3-1, obtain coef ficients Fa and Fv using ASCE 7-05, T ables 11.4-1 and 11.4-2, and
calculate SDS and SD1 using Eq. (9-35) and (9-36);
4. Select the factors Ri and Rc from Table 4.1.1(b) for the type of structure being investigated;
5. Calculate the equivalent weight of the tank wall (shell) Ww, roof Wr, and the stored liquid WL. Also, compute the effective
mass coefficient ε;
6. Calculate the effective weight of the impulsive component of the stored liquid Wi, and the convective component Wc using
Fig. 9.2.1 for rectangular tanks or Fig. 9.3.1 for circular tanks;
7. Calculate the heights hw, hr, hi, and hc (EBP) and h′i and h′c (IBP) to the center of gravity of the tank wall, roof, impulsive
component, and convective component, respectively (Fig. 9.2.2, 9.2.3, 9.3.2, and 9.3.3, or Sections 9.2 and 9.3);
8. Calculate the combined natural frequenc y of vibration ωi of the containment structure and the impulsi ve component of the
stored liquid (Eq. (9-9) for rectangular tanks or Eq. (9-23) for circular tank Types 2.1 and 2.2). The impulsive mode will generally fall
into the rigid range of the response spectra (that is, the constant spectral acceleration region of the design response spectrum in
Fig. R9.4.1) for common sizes of concrete tanks. Thus, if the maximum value of Ci is used (SDS), calculation of the natural
frequency and natural period is not required;
9. Calculate the frequenc y of the vibration ωc of the con vective component of the stored liquid ( Eq. (9-12) for rectangular
tanks or Eq. (9-28) for circular);
10. Using the frequency values determined in Steps 8 and 9, calculate the corresponding natural periods of vibration Ti and Tc.
(Eq. (9-11) and (9-14) for rectangular tanks, or Eq. (9-25), (9-26), and (9-30) for circular tanks);
11. Based on the natural periods determined in Step 10 and the design spectral response acceleration values derived in Step 2, calcu-
late the corresponding seismic response coefficients Ci and Cc (Eq. (9-32), (9-33), (9-37), and (9-38)). Note: Where a site-
specific response spectrum is constructe d in accordance with Section 4.2.1, Ci and Cc are determined in accordance with
Sections 9.5 and R9.5;
Freeboard:
12. Where required, calculate the maximum v ertical displacement of liquid surf ace (w ave height) in accordance with Chapter 7 .
Adjust the wall height if required to meet freeboard requirements;
350.3-56 ACI STANDARD/COMMENTARY
COMMENTARY
Base shear and overturning moments:
13. Compute the dynamic lateral forces (Eq. (4-1) to (4-4)) and total base shear V (Eq. (4-5));
14. Calculate the bending and overturning moments (Eq. (4-10) and (4-13));
Vertical acceleration:
15. Compute the vertical amplification factor Ct in accordance with Section 9.4.3. For circular tanks, first calculate the natural
period of vibration of vertical liquid motion Tv (Eq. (9-31));
Pressure distribution:
17. Compute the vertical distribution of the force components in accordance with Chapter 5;
Stresses:
18. In rectangular tanks, calculate the st resses in the w all due to the impulsi ve and con vective pressures, depending on the
structural system considered (Section 6.1) and the stresses associated with the increase in effective fluid density due to the
vertical acceleration. In circular tanks, calculate the hoop stresses due to the impulsive and convective pressures and due to the
vertical acceleration (Section 6.2); and
19. Calculate the o verall bending stresses due to the o verturning moments (from Step 14). Do wnward pressures on the
neoprene bearing pads of free base circular tanks caused b y overturning moments should be co nsidered. If uplift develops on
the heel side, then anchor cables must be provided.
SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES 350.3-57
COMMENTARY
APPENDIX B—ALTERNATIVE METHOD OF ANALYSIS BASED ON
1997 Uniform Building Code
B.1—Introduction
B1.1—Scope
The purpose of this appendix is to permit the user to adapt the pro visions of ACI 350.3 to the seismic pro visions of the 1997
edition of the Uniform Building Code (UBC) (ICBO 1997). The differences between the 1997 UBC and the 2003 IBC seismic
provisions as used in this Standard are primarily due to differences in the definition of design ground motions and the
construction of the corresponding design response spectra as explained below.
NOTE: All section, table, figure and equation references are to 1997 UBC except as otherwise indicated.
This appendix presents an outline of the methodolog y to be followed when computing the loadin g side of seismic analysis in
accordance with 1997 UBC. In this case, the design ground motions are those with a 10% probability of exceedance in
50 years.
1. Select the seismic zone (1 through 4) where the site is located, using the seismic zone map (Fig. 16-2);
2. Using the seismic zone determined in Step 1, find the zone factor Z from Table 16-I;
3. Consulting paragraph 1636.2 and Table 16-J, select the soil profile type designation SA through SF that best represents the
soil at the site;
4. Using the zone factor Z and the soil profile designation from Steps 2 and 3, find the seismic coefficient Ca from Table 16-Q
and seismic coefficient Cv from Table 16-R;
5. If the structure is in Seismic Zone 4, select a Seismic So urce Type A, B, or C from Table 16-U, and near-source factors Na
and Nv from Tables 16-S and 16-T, respectively;
350.3-58 ACI STANDARD/COMMENTARY
COMMENTARY
Cv C
- = 0.40 -----v- ;
6. Compute T s = -------------
2.5C a Ca
7. Using the values of Ca, Cv, and Ts, construct a design response spectrum as in Fig. 16-3 and B.1;
8.1 Ci (impulsive component): Compute period of vibration Ti in accordance with Eq. (9-11) of this Standard for rectangular
tanks, and Eq. (9-25) or (9-26) for circular.
(Note 1: Section 1634.1.4 specif ies the method for determining th e fundamental period b y referencing 1630.2.2. F or liquid-
retaining structures, however, the methods in Chapter 9 of this standard should be used.)
Compute seismic response coefficient Ci corresponding to T, using the above design response spectrum as follows
(Note 2: Section 1629.8, “Selection of Lateral-force Procedures,” allows three options for computing lateral forces, depending
on the type of structure being investigated: simplified static, static, or dynamic. For liquid-containing structures, this standard
uses the static procedures in accordance with 1629.8.3, modified as indicated in this standard.)
For Ti ≤ Ts
Ci = 2.5Ca (B-1)
For Ti > Ts
Ci = Cv /Ti (B-2)
Ci ≥ 1.6ZNv (B-3)
8.2 Cc (convective component): Compute period of vibration Tc using Eq. (9-14) of this Standard for rectangular tanks,
and (9-30) for circular tanks.
1.5C
Cc = -------------v ≤ 3.75Ca (B-4)
Tc
SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES 350.3-59
COMMENTARY
For Tc > 1.6/Ts seconds
C
C c = 6 -----a-2 (B-5)
Tc
9. Base shears V—
Ci I
P w = -------
- εW w (B-6)
Ri
Ci I
P r = -------
- εW r (B-7)
Ri
Ci I
P i = -------
- εW i (B-8)
Ri
Cc I
P c = -------
-W (B-9)
Rc c
Equation (B-8) and (B-9) take the following form depending on the period Ti and Tc.
For Ti ≤ Ts
2.5C a I
P i = ----------------W i [1997 UBC Eq. (30-5)]
Ri
For Ti > Ts
Cv I
P i = ----------W ≥ 0.56C a IW i [1997 UBC Eq. (30-4) and (34-2)]
Ri Ti i
6C a I 1.5 ( 2.5C a )I
P c = -----------
- W ≤ ----------------------------
2 c
- Wc (B-10)
Rc Tc Rc
1.5C v I
P c = ---------------
-W (B-11)
Rc Tc c
350.3-60 ACI STANDARD/COMMENTARY
COMMENTARY
In addition, for Seismic Zone 4
1.6ZN v I
P i ≥ --------------------
- Wi [1997 UBC Eq. (34-3)]
Ri
10. Total base shear V—The total base shear due to Pw , Pr , Pi , and Pc may be computed b y combining these lateral loads
using the square root of the sum of the squares method as in Section 4.1.2 of this Standard
2 2
V = ( Pw + Pr + Pi ) + Pc
11. Vertical load distribution—The vertical distribution of the lateral seismic forces may be assumed as shown in Section 5 of
this Standard;
12. Vertical component of ground motion—Compute the natural period of vibration of the vertical liquid motion Tv in accordance with
Section 9.3.4 of this Standard.
For Tv ≤ Ts
Ct = Ca (B-12)
For Tv > Ts
C
C t = ------v (B-13)
Tv
Ct = Ca (B-14)
Ct ≥ 1.6ZNv (B-15)
b
üv = C t I----- (B-16)
Ri
13. Overturning moments—Compute overturning moments for the lateral loads described above using the procedures of
Section 4.1.3 of this Standard. Combine th e computed moments using the square root of the sum of the squares method as in
the same section.
When a site-specific design response spectrum is available, the coefficients Ci and Ct are replaced by the actual spectral values
corresponding to Ti and Tv, respectively, from the 5% damped site-specific spectrum, and Cc is replaced by the actual spectral
SEISMIC DESIGN OF LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES 350.3-61
COMMENTARY
value corresponding to Tc from the 0.5% damped site-specific spectrum.
If the site-specific response spectrum does not extend into or is not well defined in the Tc range, coefficient Cc may be calculated using
Eq. (B-4), with Cv representing the effective site-specific peak ground acceleration expressed as a fraction of the acceleration
due to gravity g.
B.5—Resistance side
1. The resistance side of the seismic desi gn, including load combinations and streng th reduction factors, may be computed in
accordance with the applicable provisions of 1997 UBC (ICBO 1997) or ACI 350-06, Chapter 9; and
2. Where the approved standard defines acceptance criteria in terms of allowable stresses (as opposed to strengths), the design
seismic forces obtained from this appendix shall be reduced b y a factor of 1.4 for use with allowable stresses, and allo wable
stress increases used in the appro ved standard are permitted. When such a standard is used, the following load combinations
are permitted to be used for design instead of the ASCE 7-05 load factor combinations (Haroun and Ellaithy 1985).
DL + LL + E/1.4
B.6—Freeboard
L or D
d max = Cc I ⎛ -----------------⎞ (B-17)
⎝ 2 ⎠
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