Chapter 1

MODULE-11A
B. M. ACHARYA
[Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is
typically a short summary of the contents of the document.
Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is
typically a short summary of the contents of the document.]

STAR AVIATION ACADEMY

A.M.E (MECHANICAL)

9971549163

[Type the fax number]

9/2/2019
  MODULE-11A

1. AIRWORTHINESS REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURE

Strength
a) SET BY EASA AND MANUFACTURE COUNTRY, IF NOT EASA
b) TO MEET OR ESTABLISH MINIMUM STANDARD TO FLY SAFETY
c) EASA PART 25 KNOWN AS CERTIFICATION STANDARD 25(CS 25)
d) REQUIREMENT FOR STRUCTURAL AIRCRAFT FOR AIRCRAFT WITH
MAXIMUM TATOL WEIGHT ABOVE 5700KGS

 CS- 25:-
 STRENGH
 CONTROL
 MAINTAINABILITY
 ALSO:-
 WEIGHT
 VENTILATION
 FACTOR FOR SAFETY
 DOOR OPERATION
 AND:-
 COMPONENT PERFORMANCE
 TABS
 HIGH LIFT DEVICE
 STABILITY
 STALL CHARACTERISTIC
1.1 STRUCTURE CLASSIFICATION
a) CATEGORISED TO ASSES THE DAMAGE
b) APPLICATION OF Repair suitable for structure
c) Manufacture manual –category a structure under &
maintenance

1.2 classifications

[Type text] Page 2

  MODULE-11A

 Primary structure
 Secondary structure
 Tertiary structure

1.2.1Primary structure

 Any portion of aircraft structure ,if fail –may cause

 Loss of control of aircraft
 Catastrophic (disastrous ) structure collapse
 Injury to occupants
 Power unit failure
 Unintentional operation (UNWNTED)
 INABILITY TO OPERATE A SERVICE

NOTE :- Primary structure- WING,SPARS,ENGINE MOUNTS,FUSELAGE

FRAMES,MAINFLOOR STRRU CTURE MEMBER

 PRIMARY STRUCTURE ELEMENT IN PRIMARY STRUCTURE

ELEMENT(PSE) CARRY
 FLIGHT LOAD
 GROUND LOAD
 PRESSURISATION LOAD

PRIMARY STRUCTURE ALSO REPRESENTED AS:-

STRUCTURE SIGNIFICANT ITEMS (S.S.I) HAVING STRUCTURE IMPORTANCE

–MAY REQUIRE SPECIAL INSPECTION AND HAVE SPECIFIC REPAIR
LIMITATION

1.2.2 Secondary structure

 OTHER THAN PRIMARY STRUCTURE – HAVUNG STRUCTURE

IMPORTANCE AND STRENGTH – EXCEEDING DESIGN
REQUIREMENT

[Type text] Page 3

  MODULE-11A

 WEEKENING WITHOUT RISK OF FAILURE –i.e. wing ribs,

fuselage stringers, aircraft skin…..

1.2.3 Tertiary structure

 Other than primary and secondary structure.

 Light stressed structure fitted to aircraft for
different reason. i.e. - fairing, fillets, supports,
brackets.

Fig – Fairing

2. Fuselage construction
a) Body of an aircraft to which wings and tail units are
attached.
b) Provides space for crews passenger, cargo, controls…
depending upon design and size.
c) Design to provide maximum strength with minimum weight.
d) Should satisfy two major criteria-

[Type text] Page 4

  MODULE-11A

 Protect passenger in the event of crush.

 Tie together the power plant ,wings ,landing gears
and tail surface
 Interior space - for passenger comfort and providing
space for pay load.

E) If single engine type –usually the engine is mounted in the

nose of fuselage.

E) Fuselage should have points for attachments of wings.

G) Parts should be arranged in such a way that it can be

inspected, repaired /replaced

H) Shape - low resistance air

I) Vision - good/ clear for pilot/cabin crew.

2.1CLASSIFICATION
 DEPENDA UPON THE METHODS BY WHICH STRESSES ARE
TRANSMITTED (EFFECTS OF APPLIED FORCES)
 TRUSS TYPE
 PRATT TRUSS
 WARREN TRUSS
 MONOCOQUE(STRESSES SKIN OR SINGLE SHELL
 SEMIMONOCOQUE
 PRATT TRUSS
 RIGID FRAME WORK.
 CONSISTS OF BARS, BEAMS, RODS, AND TUBES……
 CAN ALSO BE MADE OF WOOD.
 STEEL TUBING WELDED TOGETHER CARRY TENSION AND
COMPRESSION LOAD.
 MAY BE ALUMINIUM ALLOY, RIVETS OR BOLTED WITH CROSS
BRACING.

[Type text] Page 5

  MODULE-11A

 PRIMARY STRENGTH (LOAD) MEMBER-FOUR LONGERONS –

LONGITUDINAL MEMBER OF AIRCRAFT.
 CARRY TENSION AND COMPRESSION LOAD.

STRUT

 RIGID VERTICAL MEMBER

 RIGID LATERAL MEMBER
 RIGID DIAGONAL MEMBER

RIGID FRAME WORKG - BEAMS, BARS, WEBS, (RESISY DEFORMATION BY

APPLIED FORCES) - GENERALLY COVERED WITH FABRIC CARRY EITHER
TENSION OR COMPRESSION.

WARREN TRUSS

 LONGERONS ARE DIAGONALLY CONNECTED

 ALL MEMBERS CARRY BOTH TENSION OR COMPRESSION LOAD.
 WHEN LOAD IN ONE DIRECTION- COMPRESSION LOADS ARE CARRIED
BY EVERY OTHER MEMBRE (ALTERNATE)

[Type text] Page 6

  MODULE-11A

 ALTERNATE MEMBER CARRY TENSION LOADS (ALTERNATE

REVERSING OF LOAD – TAKE OFF OR LLANDING.
 TENSION LOADS BECOMES COMPRESSION AND COMPRESSION LOADS
BECOMES TENSION LOAD FOR IDENTIFICATION THE PRATT AND
WARREN TRUSS
VERTICAL MEMBER (STRUTS) - PRATT TRUSS
DIAGONALMEMBER (STRUTS) WARREN TRUSS

NOTE- TRUSS STRUCTURECAN BE MADE OF WOOD ALIMINIUM ALLOY OR

ANY OTHER STRUCTURE MATERIAL BY THE AIRCRAFTs MANUFACTURE.

MONOCOQUE-(SINGLE SHELL)

 FUSELAGE SKIN CARRIES ALL STRUCTURE STRESSES.

 CONSTRACTION- SHAPING BY TUBES WITHOUT STRUCTURE MEMBER.
 IN FEW CASES – FORMERS, RINGS – TO MAINTAIN SHAPE.
 THIS FORMERS, RINGS – NOT CARRYING PRINCIPAL STRESSES.
 CONSTRUCTION – BY RIVETING
 SMALL DIA OF FUSELAGE – CARRY LOAD EFFECTIVELY
 IF CAVITY DIA increase – load factor insufficient

[Type text] Page 7

  MODULE-11A

 Some aircraft have mixture of fuselage

construction(monocoque + semimonocoque)

Note – design known as stressed skin structure, aluminIum

sheets – curves formed by hydro press/drop hammer.

[Type text] Page 8

  MODULE-11A

Load factor

[Type text] Page 9