1.

0 Nachiket Sawwalakhe (BT19ECE100)

Experiment-10
Aim:
• To study pulse width modulation using different sampling frequencies.
• To study pulse width demodulation.

Theory:

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) :

• In the width or the duration of the pulse carrier varies, which is proportional
to the instantaneous amplitude of the message signal.
• In this Modulation technique the width of the pulse fluctuates, but the ampli-
tude of the signal remains constant. Amplitude limiters are used to keep the
signal’s amplitude consistent. These circuits restrict the noise by clipping the
amplitude to a specified level.
Circuit Diagram :

As shown in the figure, one input of the comparator is fed by the input message
or modulating signal and the other input by a saw-tooth signal which operates at
carrier frequency.

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1.0 Nachiket Sawwalakhe (BT19ECE100)

Pulse Width Demodulation (PWD) :

To demodulate PWM signal, it is first required to be converted into a PAM signal
then on passing this PAM signal through Low Pass Filter we get message signal in
the output
• For PWM demodulation, put a ramp at the +ve edge which will stop at the
arrival of –ve egde.
• The ramp will attain different heights in each cycle since the widths are differ-
ent and the heights attained are directly proportional to the pulse width and
in turn the amplitude of the message signal.
• This is then passed through a low pass filter where it will follow the envelop
i.e. the message signal, which produces the demodulated signal at the output.
Block Diagram :

Output: PWM for various frequencies :

Message frequency : 2kHz
Carrier frequency : 32 khz

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1.0 Nachiket Sawwalakhe (BT19ECE100)

Message frequency : 2kHz

Carrier frequency : 16 khz

Message frequency : 2kHz

Carrier frequency : 8 khz

Message frequency : 2kHz

Carrier frequency : 2 khz

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1.0 Nachiket Sawwalakhe (BT19ECE100)

Observations:
• From on the graphs, we can conclude that the higher the carrier frequency,
the more effective the modulation in the pulse.
• We will not receive a pulse modulated signal if the carrier frequency is equal
to the message frequency.
• We will obtain a distorted demodulated signal at the low carrier frequency,
which is undesirable.

Conclusion: Hence,
• We have studied and analysed the Pulse width modulation process for different
sampling frequencies.
• And, we studied and analysed the Pulse width demodulation process