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Hominidae
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Main page Not to be confused with Hominoidea.

Contents "Great apes" and "Hominid" redirect here. For other uses, see Great apes (disambiguation) and Hominid (disambiguation).
Current events "ape-men" redirects here. For other uses, see apeman (disambiguation).
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About Wikipedia The Hominidae (/hɒˈmɪnɪdiː/), whose members are known as great apes[note 1] or hominids (/ˈhɒmɪnɪdz/), are a taxonomic family of primates that includes eight extant species in four genera: Pongo (the Bornean, Sumatran and Tapanuli orangutan); Gorilla (the eastern and western gorilla); Pan (the chimpanzee and the
Hominidae[1]
Contact us bonobo); and Homo, of which only modern humans remain.[1]
Temporal range: Miocene–present,
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Several revisions in classifying the great apes have caused the use of the term "hominid" to vary over time. The original meaning of "hominid" referred only to humans (Homo) and their closest extinct relatives. However, by the 1990s humans, apes, and their ancestors were considered to be "hominids". The earlier restrictive 17–0 Ma
Contribute meaning has now been largely assumed by the term "hominin", which comprises all members of the human clade after the split from the chimpanzees (Pan). The current, 21st-century meaning of "hominid" includes all the great apes including humans. Usage still varies, however, and some scientists and laypersons still use
PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K PgN
Help "hominid" in the original restrictive sense; the scholarly literature generally shows the traditional usage until around the turn of the 21st century.[5]
Learn to edit Within the taxon Hominidae, a number of extant and known extinct, that is, fossil, genera are grouped with the humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas in the subfamily Homininae; others with orangutans in the subfamily Ponginae (see classification graphic below). The most recent common ancestor of all Hominidae lived roughly 14
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million years ago,[6] when the ancestors of the orangutans speciated from the ancestral line of the other three genera.[7] Those ancestors of the family Hominidae had already speciated from the family Hylobatidae (the gibbons), perhaps 15 to 20 million years ago.[7][8]
Recent changes
Upload file Due to the close genetic relationship between humans and the other great apes, certain animal rights organizations, such as the Great Ape Project, argue that nonhuman great apes are persons and should be given basic human rights. Twenty-nine countries have instituted research bans to protect great apes from any kind of
scientific testing.[9]
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What links here Contents [hide]
Related changes 1 Evolution
Special pages
2 Taxonomy
Permanent link
2.1 Terminology
Page information
2.2 Extant and fossil relatives of humans
Cite this page
Wikidata item 2.3 Phylogeny
2.3.1 Extant
Print/export 2.3.2 Fossil
Download as PDF 3 Description
Printable version 4 Legal status
5 Conservation
In other projects
6 See also
Wikimedia Commons
7 Notes
Wikispecies
8 References
Languages 9 External links

‫العربية‬
The eight extant hominid species, one
Español
िहन्दी
Evolution [ edit ] row per genus (humans, chimpanzees,
gorillas, orangutans)
Bahasa Indonesia See also: Human evolution
Bahasa Melayu Scientific classification
In the early Miocene, about 22 million years ago, there were many species of arboreally adapted primitive catarrhines from East Africa; the variety suggests a long history of prior diversification. Fossils at 20 million years ago include fragments attributed to Victoriapithecus, the earliest Old
Português
Kingdom: Animalia
Русский World monkey. Among the genera thought to be in the ape lineage leading up to 13 million years ago are Proconsul, Rangwapithecus, Dendropithecus, Limnopithecus, Nacholapithecus, Equatorius, Nyanzapithecus, Afropithecus, Heliopithecus, and Kenyapithecus, all from East Africa.
!"# Phylum: Chordata
At sites far distant from East Africa, the presence of other generalized non-cercopithecids, that is, non-monkey primates, of middle Miocene age—Otavipithecus from cave deposits in Namibia, and Pierolapithecus and Dryopithecus from France, Spain and Austria—is further evidence of a
中⽂ Class: Mammalia
wide diversity of ancestral ape forms across Africa and the Mediterranean basin during the relatively warm and equable climatic regimes of the early and middle Miocene. The most recent of these far-flung Miocene apes (hominoids) is Oreopithecus, from the fossil-rich coal beds in
81 more northern Italy and dated to 9 million years ago. Order: Primates

Molecular evidence indicates that the lineage of gibbons (family Hylobatidae), the "lesser apes", diverged from that of the great apes some 18–12 million years ago, and that of orangutans (subfamily Ponginae) diverged from the other great apes at about 12 million years. There are no Suborder: Haplorhini
Edit links
fossils that clearly document the ancestry of gibbons, which may have originated in a still-unknown South East Asian hominoid population; but fossil proto-orangutans, dated to around 10 million years ago, may be represented by Sivapithecus from India and Griphopithecus from Infraorder: Simiiformes
Turkey.[10] Species close to the last common ancestor of gorillas, chimpanzees and humans may be represented by Nakalipithecus fossils found in Kenya and Ouranopithecus found in Greece. Molecular evidence suggests that between 8 and 4 million years ago, first the gorillas (genus Parvorder: Catarrhini
Gorilla), and then the chimpanzees (genus Pan) split off from the line leading to the humans. Human DNA is approximately 98.4% identical to that of chimpanzees when comparing single nucleotide polymorphisms (see human evolutionary genetics).[11] The fossil record, however, of Superfamily: Hominoidea
gorillas and chimpanzees is limited; both poor preservation—rain forest soils tend to be acidic and dissolve bone—and sampling bias probably contribute most to this problem.
Family: Hominidae
Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii)
Other hominins probably adapted to the drier environments outside the African equatorial belt; and there they encountered antelope, hyenas, elephants and other forms becoming adapted to surviving in the East African savannas, particularly the regions of the Sahel and the Serengeti. Gray, 1825[2]
The wet equatorial belt contracted after about 8 million years ago, and there is very little fossil evidence for the divergence of the hominin lineage from that of gorillas and chimpanzees—which split was thought to have occurred around that time. The earliest fossils argued by some to Type genus
belong to the human lineage are Sahelanthropus tchadensis (7 Ma) and Orrorin tugenensis (6 Ma), followed by Ardipithecus (5.5–4.4 Ma), with species Ar. kadabba and Ar. ramidus.
Homo
Linnaeus, 1758
Taxonomy [ edit ]
Subfamilies
Further information: Human taxonomy
Ponginae

Terminology [ edit ] Homininae

sister: Hylobatidae
The classification of the great apes has been revised several times in the last few decades; these revisions have led to a varied use of the word "hominid" over time. The original meaning of the term referred to only humans and their closest relatives—what is now the modern meaning of the term "hominin". The meaning of the
taxon Hominidae changed gradually, leading to a modern usage of "hominid" that includes all the great apes including humans.

A number of very similar words apply to related classifications:

A hominoid, sometimes called an ape, is a member of the superfamily Hominoidea: extant members are the gibbons (lesser apes, family Hylobatidae) and the hominids.
A hominid is a member of the family Hominidae, the great apes: orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees and humans.
A hominine is a member of the subfamily Homininae: gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans (excludes orangutans).
A hominin is a member of the tribe Hominini: chimpanzees and humans.[12]
Distribution of great ape species
A homininan, following a suggestion by Wood and Richmond (2000), would be a member of the subtribe Hominina of the tribe Hominini: that is, modern humans and their closest relatives, including Australopithecina, but excluding chimpanzees.[13][14]
Synonyms
A human is a member of the genus Homo, of which Homo sapiens is the only extant species, and within that Homo sapiens sapiens is the only surviving subspecies.
Pongidae Elliot, 1913
A cladogram indicating common names (cf. more detailed cladogram below):
Gorillidae Frechkop, 1943
Hominoidea (hominoids, apes)  
    Hylobatidae (gibbons)
Hominidae (hominids, great apes) Ponginae Pongo (orangutans)   Panidae Ciochon, 1983
        Pongo abelii
   
    Pongo tapanuliensis
 
  Pongo pygmaeus
Homininae (hominines) Gorillini Gorilla (gorillas)   Gorilla gorilla
       
 
  Gorilla beringei
Hominini (hominins) Panina Pan (chimpanzees)  
        Pan troglodytes
 
  Pan paniscus
  Hominina (homininans) Homo sapiens (humans)
   

Extant and fossil relatives of humans [ edit ]

Hominidae was originally the name given to the family of humans and their (extinct) close relatives, with the other great apes (that is, the orangutans, gorillas and chimpanzees) all being placed in a separate family, the Pongidae. However, that definition eventually made Pongidae paraphyletic because at least one great ape species
(the chimpanzees) proved to be more closely related to humans than to other great apes. Most taxonomists today encourage monophyletic groups—this would require, in this case, the use of Pongidae to be restricted to just one closely related grouping. Thus, many biologists now assign Pongo (as the subfamily Ponginae) to the family
Hominidae. The taxonomy shown here follows the monophyletic groupings according to the modern understanding of human and great ape relationships.

Humans and close relatives including the tribes Hominini and Gorillini form the subfamily Homininae (see classification graphic below). (A few researchers go so far as to refer the chimpanzees and the gorillas to the genus Homo along with humans.)[15][16][17] But, it is those fossil relatives more closely related to humans than the
chimpanzees that represent the especially close members of the human family, and without necessarily assigning subfamily or tribal categories.[18]

Many extinct hominids have been studied to help understand the relationship between modern humans and the other extant hominids. Some of the extinct members of this family include Gigantopithecus, Orrorin, Ardipithecus, Kenyanthropus, and the australopithecines Australopithecus and Paranthropus.[19] Humans are one of the four
extant hominid genera.
The exact criteria for membership in the tribe Hominini under the current understanding of human origins are not clear, but the taxon generally includes those species that share more than 97% of their DNA with the modern human genome, and exhibit a capacity for language or for simple cultures beyond their 'local family' or band. The
theory of mind concept—including such faculties as empathy, attribution of mental state, and even empathetic deception—is a controversial criterion; it distinguishes the adult human alone among the hominids. Humans acquire this capacity after about four years of age, whereas it has not been proven (nor has it been disproven) that
gorillas or chimpanzees ever develop a theory of mind.[20] This is also the case for some New World monkeys outside the family of great apes, as, for example, the capuchin monkeys.

However, even without the ability to test whether early members of the Hominini (such as Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis, or even the australopithecines) had a theory of mind, it is difficult to ignore similarities seen in their living cousins. Orangutans have shown the development of culture comparable to that of chimpanzees,[21]
and some[who?] say the orangutan may also satisfy those criteria for the theory of mind concept. These scientific debates take on political significance for advocates of great ape personhood.

Phylogeny [ edit ]

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Below is a cladogram with extinct species.[22][23][24][failed verification] It is indicated approximately how many million years ago (Mya) the clades diverged into newer clades.[25]
Hominidae (18) Ponginae (14)   Kenyapithecus (†13 Mya)
     
A model of a modern
  Sivapithecus (†9)
  human hominid skull (or
  Crown Ponginae hominin skull)
 
  Ankarapithecus (†9)
 
  Gigantopithecus (†0.1)
 
  Khoratpithecus (†7)
 
(13) (12)   Pierolapithecus (†11)
     
  Hispanopithecus (†10)
 
  Lufengpithecus (†7)
 
Homininae   Ouranopithecus (†8)
   
Crown Homininae (10) Hominini (7)   Australopithecus (incl. Homo)
     
  Pan
  A fossil hominid exhibit at The
Gorillini   Crown Gorillini Museum of Osteology, Oklahoma City,
    Oklahoma
  Chororapithecus (†)
 
  Nakalipithecus (†10)
 
  Samburupithecus (†9)
 

Taxonomy of Hominoidea (emphasis on family Hominidae): After an initial

separation from the main line by the Hylobatidae (gibbons) some 18 million
years ago, the line of Ponginae broke away, leading to the orangutan; later,
the Homininae split into the tribes Hominini (led to humans and
chimpanzees) and Gorillini (led to gorillas).

Model of the phylogeny of Hominidae, with adjacent branches of

Hominoidea, over the past 20 million years

Extant [ edit ]

There are eight living species of great ape which are classified in four genera. The following classification is commonly accepted:[1]

Family Hominidae: humans and other great apes; extinct genera and species excluded[1]
Subfamily Ponginae
Tribe Pongini
Genus Pongo
Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus
Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus
Pongo pygmaeus morio
Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii
Sumatran orangutan, Pongo abelii
Tapanuli orangutan, Pongo tapanuliensis[26]
Subfamily Homininae
Tribe Gorillini
Genus Gorilla
Western gorilla, Gorilla gorilla
Western lowland gorilla, Gorilla gorilla gorilla
Cross River gorilla, Gorilla gorilla diehli
Eastern gorilla, Gorilla beringei
Mountain gorilla, Gorilla beringei beringei
Eastern lowland gorilla, Gorilla beringei graueri
Tribe Hominini
Subtribe Panina
Genus Pan
Chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes
Central chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes troglodytes
Western chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes verus
Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes ellioti
Eastern chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii
Bonobo, Pan paniscus
Subtribe Hominina
Genus Homo
Human, Homo sapiens
Anatomically modern human, Homo sapiens sapiens

Fossil [ edit ]

In addition to the extant species and subspecies, archaeologists, paleontologists, and anthropologists have discovered and classified numerous extinct great ape species as below, based on the taxonomy shown.[27]

Family Hominidae

Subfamily Ponginae[28]
Tribe Lufengpithecini †
Lufengpithecus
Lufengpithecus lufengensis
Lufengpithecus keiyuanensis
Lufengpithecus hudienensis
Meganthropus
Meganthropus palaeojavanicus
Tribe Sivapithecini†
Replica of the skull
Ankarapithecus sometimes known as
"Nutcracker Man", found by
Ankarapithecus meteai
Mary Leakey.
Sivapithecus
Sivapithecus brevirostris
Sivapithecus punjabicus Hominin timeline
Sivapithecus parvada This box: view · talk · edit

Sivapithecus sivalensis 0—
Homo sapiens
–
Sivapithecus indicus −0.5 — P Neanderthals,Denisovans
l Homo bodoensis
Gigantopithecus –e
i
−1 — s
Gigantopithecus bilaspurensis – ot
Homo erectus
Gigantopithecus blacki −1.5 — c
e
–n
Gigantopithecus giganteus e
−2 —
Tribe Pongini Homo habilis
–
−2.5 —
Khoratpithecus†
–
Khoratpithecus ayeyarwadyensis −3 — Australopithecus
–P
Khoratpithecus piriyai
−3.5 — l
i
Khoratpithecus chiangmuanensis –o
c
Pongo (orangutans) −4 — e
–ne Ardipithecus
Pongo hooijeri† −4.5 —
Subfamily Homininae[29][30] –
−5 —
Tribe Dryopithecini † – Hominini
Kenyapithecus −5.5 —
–
Kenyapithecus wickeri −6 — Orrorin
Danuvius –
−6.5 —
Danuvius guggenmosi –
−7 — M Sahelanthropus
Pierolapithecus i
–o
Pierolapithecus catalaunicus −7.5 — c
e
Udabnopithecus –n
e Oreopithecus
−8 —
Udabnopithecus garedziensis –
Ouranopithecus −8.5 —
–
Ouranopithecus macedoniensis −9 — Ouranopithecus
Otavipithecus –
−9.5 —
Otavipithecus namibiensis – Nakalipithecus
Morotopithecus (placement disputed) −10 —
← Modern
←(million humans
years ago)
Morotopithecus bishopi Earliest clothes
Oreopithecus (placement disputed)
Oreopithecus bambolii
Nakalipithecus
Nakalipithecus nakayamai ← Earliest fire / cooking
Anoiapithecus ← Earliest rock art
← Dispersal beyond Africa
Anoiapithecus brevirostris
Hispanopithecus
Hispanopithecus laietanus
← Earliest stone tools
Hispanopithecus crusafonti
Dryopithecus
← Earliest bipedal
Dryopithecus wuduensis
Dryopithecus fontani
Dryopithecus brancoi
Dryopithecus laietanus
Dryopithecus crusafonti
Rudapithecus
Rudapithecus hungaricus
Samburupithecus
Samburupithecus kiptalami
Tribe Gorillini
Chororapithecus † (placement debated)
Chororapithecus abyssinicus
← Chimpanzee split
Tribe Hominini
Subtribe Panina ← Gorilla split

Subtribe Hominina
Graecopithecus †[31]
← Earlier apes
Graecopithecus freybergi
Sahelanthropus†
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Orrorin†
Orrorin tugenensis
Ardipithecus†
Ardipithecus ramidus
Ardipithecus kadabba
Kenyanthropus†
Kenyanthropus platyops
Praeanthropus†[32]
Praeanthropus bahrelghazali
Praeanthropus anamensis
Praeanthropus afarensis
Australopithecus†
Australopithecus africanus
Australopithecus garhi
Australopithecus sediba
Australopithecus deyiremeda
Paranthropus†
Paranthropus aethiopicus
Paranthropus robustus
Paranthropus boisei
Homo – close relatives of modern humans
Homo gautengensis† (also classified as H. habilis)
Homo rudolfensis† (membership in Homo uncertain)
Homo habilis† (membership in Homo uncertain)
Homo naledi†
Dmanisi Man, Homo georgicus† (thought by some to be an early subspecies of Homo erectus)
Homo ergaster† (considered by some to be an early subspecies of Homo erectus)
Homo erectus†
Homo erectus bilzingslebenensis †
Java Man, Homo erectus erectus †
Lantian Man, Homo erectus lantianensis †
Nanjing Man, Homo erectus nankinensis †
Peking Man, Homo erectus pekinensis †
Solo Man, Homo erectus soloensis †
Tautavel Man, Homo erectus tautavelensis †
Yuanmou Man, Homo erectus yuanmouensis †
Flores Man or Hobbit, Homo floresiensis†
Homo luzonensis †
Homo antecessor† (thought by some to be a late H. erectus or early H. heidelbergensis)
Homo heidelbergensis† (also classified as H. sapiens heidelbergensis)
Homo cepranensis† (also classified as H. heidelbergensis)
Homo helmei† (also classified as late H. heidelbergensis or early H. sapiens)
Homo tsaichangensis† (thought by some to be a subspecies of H. erectus or a Denisovan)
Denisovans (scientific name not yet assigned)†
Neanderthal, Homo neanderthalensis† (sometimes called Homo sapiens neanderthalensis)
Homo rhodesiensis† (thought by some to be an African subspecies of H. heidelbergensis or an early H. sapiens)
Human, Homo sapiens(sometimes called Homo sapiens sapiens)
Homo sapiens idaltu†
ArchaicHomo sapiens†
Red Deer Cave people † (scientific name has not yet been assigned; perhaps a race of modern humans or a hybrid[33] of modern humans and Denisovans[34])

Description [ edit ]

The great apes are tailless primates, with the smallest living species being the bonobo at 30–40 kilograms in weight, and the largest being the eastern gorillas, with males weighing 140–180 kilograms. In all great apes, the males are, on average, larger and stronger than the females, although the degree of sexual dimorphism varies greatly among species. Although
most living species are predominantly quadrupedal, they are all able to use their hands for gathering food or nesting materials, and, in some cases, for tool use.[35]

All species are omnivorous,[36] but chimpanzees and orangutans primarily eat fruit. When gorillas run short of fruit at certain times of the year or in certain regions, they resort to eating shoots and leaves, often of bamboo, a type of grass. Gorillas have extreme adaptations for chewing and digesting such low-quality forage, but they still prefer fruit when it is available,
often going miles out of their way to find especially preferred fruits. Humans, since the Neolithic revolution, consume mostly cereals and other starchy foods, including increasingly highly processed foods, as well as many other domesticated plants (including fruits) and meat. Hominid teeth are similar to those of the Old World monkeys and gibbons, although they are
especially large in gorillas. The dental formula is 2.1.2.3
2.1.2.3 . Human teeth and jaws are markedly smaller for their size than those of other apes, which may be an adaptation to not only having supplanted with extensive tool use the role of jaws in hunting and fighting, but also eating cooked food since the end of the Pleistocene.
[37][38]

Gestation in great apes lasts 8–9 months, and results in the birth of a single offspring, or, rarely, twins. The young are born helpless, and require care for long periods of time. Compared with most other mammals, great apes have a remarkably long adolescence, not being weaned for several years, and not becoming fully
mature for eight to thirteen years in most species (longer in orangutans and humans). As a result, females typically give birth only once every few years. There is no distinct breeding season.[35]

Gorillas and chimpanzees live in family groups of around five to ten individuals, although much larger groups are sometimes noted. Chimpanzees live in larger groups that break up into smaller groups when fruit becomes less available. When small groups of female chimpanzees go off in separate directions to forage for fruit,
the dominant males can no longer control them and the females often mate with other subordinate males. In contrast, groups of gorillas stay together regardless of the availability of fruit. When fruit is hard to find, they resort to eating leaves and shoots. Because gorilla groups stay together, the male is able to monopolize the
females in his group. This fact is related to gorillas' greater sexual dimorphism relative to that of chimpanzees; that is, the difference in size between male and female gorillas is much greater than that between male and female chimpanzees. This enables gorilla males to physically dominate female gorillas more easily. In both
chimpanzees and gorillas, the groups include at least one dominant male, and young males leave the group at maturity.

Legal status ​[ edit ] Gorilla

Main articles: Great ape personhood, Great Ape Project, and Countries banning non-human ape experimentation

Due to the close genetic relationship between humans and the other great apes, certain animal rights organizations, such as the Great Ape Project, argue that nonhuman great apes are persons and should be given basic human rights. In 1999, New Zealand was the first country to ban any great ape experimentation, and now 29 countries have currently instituted a
research ban to protect great apes from any kind of scientific testing.

On 25 June 2008, the Spanish parliament supported a new law that would make "keeping apes for circuses, television commercials or filming" illegal.[39] On 8 September 2010, the European Union banned the testing of great apes.[40]

Conservation [ edit ]

The following table lists the estimated number of great ape individuals living outside zoos.

Estimated Conservation
Species Refs
number status

Bornean orangutan 61,234 Critically endangered [41]

Sumatran orangutan 6,667 Critically endangered [42]

[43]
Tapanuli orangutan 800 Critically endangered

Western gorilla 200,000 Critically endangered [44]

Eastern gorilla 6,000 Critically endangered [44]

Chimpanzee 100,000 Endangered [45]

Bonobo 10,000 Endangered [45]

[46]
Human 7,812,102,600 Least concern

See also [ edit ]

Bili ape Great ape language Great Apes Survival Partnership List of human evolution fossils Oldest hominids Primate cognition Timeline of human evolution
Dawn of Humanity (2015 PBS film) Great ape research ban Kinshasa Declaration on Great Apes List of individual apes Prehistoric Autopsy (2012 BBC documentary) The Mind of an Ape

Notes [ edit ]

1. ^ "Great ape" is a common name rather than a taxonomic label, and there are differences in usage, even by the same author. The term may or may not include humans, as when Dawkins writes "Long before people thought in terms of evolution ... great apes were often confused with humans"[3] and "gibbons are faithfully monogamous, unlike the great apes which are our closer
relatives."[4]

References [ edit ]

1. ^ a b c d Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic
Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
pp. 181–184. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494 .
2. ^ Gray, J. E. (1825). "An outline of an attempt at the disposition of
Mammalia into Tribes and Families, with a list of genera apparently
appertaining to each Tribe" . Annals of Philosophy. New Series. 10:
337–334.
3. ^ Dawkins, R. (2005). The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn
of Life (p/b ed.). London, England: Phoenix (Orion Books). p. 114 .
ISBN 978-0-7538-1996-8.
4. ^ Dawkins (2005), p. 126.
5. ^ Morton, Mary. "Hominid vs. hominin" . Earth Magazine. Retrieved
17 July 2017.
6. ^ Andrew Hill; Steven Ward (1988). "Origin of the Hominidae: The
Record of African Large Hominoid Evolution Between 14 My and 4
My" . Yearbook of Physical Anthropology. 31 (59): 49–83.
doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330310505 .
7. ^ a b Dawkins R (2004) The Ancestor's Tale.
8. ^ "Query: Hominidae/Hylobatidae" . TimeTree. Temple University.
2015. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
9. ^ "International Bans | Laws | Release & Restitution for
Chimpanzees" . releasechimps.org. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
10. ^ Srivastava (2009). Morphology of the Primates And Human
Evolution . PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 87. ISBN 978-81-203-3656-8.
Retrieved 6 November 2011.
11. ^ Chen, Feng-Chi; Li, Wen-Hsiung (15 January 2001). "Genomic
Divergences between Humans and Other Hominoids and the Effective
Population Size of the Common Ancestor of Humans and
Chimpanzees" . American Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (2): 444–
456. doi:10.1086/318206 . ISSN 0002-9297 . PMC 1235277 .
PMID 11170892 .
12. ^ B. Wood (2010). "Reconstructing human evolution: Achievements,
challenges, and opportunities" . Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences. 107: 8902–8909.
Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.8902W . doi:10.1073/pnas.1001649107 .
PMC 3024019 . PMID 20445105 .
13. ^ Wood; Richmond, B. G. (2000). "Human evolution: taxonomy and
paleobiology" . Journal of Anatomy. 197 (Pt 1): 19–60.
doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2000.19710019.x . PMC 1468107 .
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External links [ edit ]

The Animal Legal and Historical Center at Michigan State University College of Law , Great Apes and the Law
Wikimedia Commons has
Renderings of Hominid Exemplars at the Smithsonian media related to Hominidae.
Additional information on great apes
NPR News: Toumaï the Human Ancestor Wikispecies has information
related to Hominidae.
Hominid Species at TalkOrigins Archive
For more details on Hominid species, including excellent photos of fossil hominids The Wikibook Dichotomous
New Scientist 19 May 2003 – Chimps are human, gene study implies Key has a page on the topic
of: Hominidae
Scientific American magazine (April 2006 Issue) Why Are Some Animals So Smart?
A new mediterranean hominoid-hominid link discovered, Anoiapithecus brevirostris, "Lluc": A unique Middle Miocene European hominoid and the origins of the great ape and human clade Link to graphical reconstruction
Human Timeline (Interactive) – Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History (August 2016).

V ·T ·E Extant primate families [show]

V ·T ·E Extant species of family Hominidae (great apes) [show]

V ·T ·E Apes [show]

V ·T ·E Haplorhini [show]

Portals: Evolutionary biology Science

Taxon identifiers Wikidata: Q635162 · Wikispecies: Hominidae · ADW: Hominidae · BOLD: 1007 · EoL: 1653 · EPPO: 1HOMXF · Fossilworks: 40899 · GBIF: 5483 · iNaturalist: 43575 · IRMNG: 104701 · ITIS: 180090 · MSW: 12100786 · NBN: NHMSYS0000376765 · NCBI: 9604 · NZOR: 02719e92-1dfa-4e2c-8fb1-3ccde4e4b2ac · WoRMS: 1455975

Authority control [show]

Categories: Apes Extant Miocene first appearances Human evolution Mammal families Messinian first appearances Primate families Taxa named by John Edward Gray

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