Open book Exam

Power System Distribution

Economic Motive
(1)Fill in the blanks by inserting appropriate words or figures:
(i) The area under the daily load curve gives………….
(ii) The connected load is generally ……… than the maximum demand.
(iii) The value of demand factor is ………… than one.
(iv) The higher the load factor of a power station, the …….. is the cost of unit generated.
(v)The value of diversity factor is ……….. than one.
(vi) The lesser the diversity factor, the ……… is the cost of generation of power.
(vii) Depreciation is the ……. In value of equipment.
(viii) The cost of electrical energy can be divided into two parts viz, …….. and ………
(ix) The running cost is directly proportional to ………….
(2)Pick up the correct words or figures from the brackets and fill in the blanks:
(i) Area under the daily load curve divided by 24 gives……..[average load, maximum demand, units generated]
(ii) The knowledge of diversity factor helps in determining…..[ average load, units generated, plant capacity]
(iii) More efficient plants are used as ………… [based load station, peak load station]
(iv) A diesel power plant is generally used as a ………….. [based load station, peak load station]
(v) In an interconnected grid system, the diversity factor of the whole system………. .[increases,
decreases, remains constant]
(vi) Installed capacity of a power station is ……. Than the maximum demand [less, more]
(vii)Annual load factor is determined from ……… load curve. [daily, monthly, annual]
(viii) Fixed cost of electrical energy …….. maximum demand. [depends upon, does not depend upon]
(ix) For the same maximum demand, if load factor is decreased, the cost of energy is …….
[increased, decreased, not affected]
(x) Average load is ………. If the load factor increases. [increased, decreased]
(xi) The annual ………… cost is due to the annual cost of fuel, oil, taxation, wage and salaries
to the operating staff. [running, fixed]
(3) A generating station has a maximum demand of 10MW. Calculate the cost per unit generated
from the following data: annual load factor is 35%, capital cost is £1250000, annual cost of fuel
and oil is £800000, taxes, wages and salaries is £700000 and interest and depreciation is 10%.
(4)From the following data, estimate the cost per kWh for the generating station. Plant capacity is
50MW, annual load factor is 40%, capital cost £12106, annual cost of wages, taxes is £400000,
cost of fuel lubrication, maintenance is £1752000, annual interest and depreciation is 10%.

Tariff
(5) Fill in the blanks by inserting appropriate words or figures:
(i) The flat rate for power load is generally …….. than the lighting load.
(ii) In block rate tariff, the rate of energy in first one or two blocks is …….. because ……..
charges are merged into ……. Charges.
(iii) The block rate tariff is mostly applicable to …….. consumers.
(iv) A big consumer is charged at a lower rate than a small consumer because ……………..
(v) Maximum demand tariff is not applied to domestic consumers because ……………….
(6) Pick up the correct words or figures from the brackets and fill in the blanks:
(i) A consumer whose load conditions do not deviate from ideal one should be charged at
……. Rate than the one whose load conditions change appreciably. [lower, higher]
(ii) A consumer who consumes more electrical energy should pay ….. fixed charge per unit.
[less, more]
(iii) The ideal tariff for any type of consumer is ……. Tariff. [two part, three part]
(iv) The maximum kVA demand of the consumer is …….. proportional to power factor.
[inversely, directly]
(7) A consumer has a maximum demand 0f 100MW at 60% load factor. If the tariff is £20 per kW
of maximum demand plus £0.01 per kWh, find the overall cost per kWh.
(8) A consumer has an annual consumption of 2105 units. The tariff is £50 per kW of maximum
demand plus £0.1 per kWh.
(i) Find the annual bill and the overall cost per kWh if the load factor is 35%.
(ii) What is the overall cost per kWh if the consumption were reduced by 25% with the same
load factor?
(iii) What is the overall cost per kWh if the load factor were 25% with the same consumption
as in (i)?

Most Economical Power Factor

(9)Fill in the blanks by inserting appropriate words or figures:
(i) The power factor of an AC circuit is given by ……… power divided by ………. Power.
(ii) The lagging power factor is due to …………. Power drawn by the circuit.
(iii) Power factor can be improved by installing such a device in parallel with load which takes
…………
(iv) The major reason for low lagging power factor of supply system is due to the use of …...
motor.
(v) An over-excited synchronous motor on no load is known as …………..
(10) Pick up the correct words or figures from the brackets and fill in the blanks:
(i) The smaller the lagging reactive power drawn by a circuit the ………. Is its power factor.
[smaller, greater]
(ii) The maximum value of power factor can be ……….. [1, 0.5, 0.9]
(iii) kVAR = ……… tan [kW, kVA]
(iv) By improving the power factor of the system the kW delivered by the generating station
………… [decreased, increased, not change]
(v)The most economical power factor for a consumer is generally ………… [0.9 lagging, unity, 0.6
lagging]
(11) A power plant is working at its maximum kVA capacity with a lagging power factor of 0.707.
It is now required to increase its kW capacity to meet the demand of additional load. This can
be done by raising the power factor to 0.85 by correction apparatus or by installing extra
generating plant which costs £800 per kVA. Find the minimum cost per kVAR of power factor
apparatus to make its use more economical than the additional generating plant.
(12) A factory which has a maximum demand of 175kW at a power factor of 0.75 lagging is
charged at £72 per kVA per annum. If the phase advancing equipment costs £120 per kVAR,
find the most economical power factor at which the factory should operate. Interest and
depreciation total 10% of the capital investment on the phase advancing equipment.
(13) A consumer has a steady load of 500kW at a power factor of 0.8 lagging. The tariff in force in
£60 per kVA of maximum demand plus £0.05 per kWh. If the power factor is improved to 0.95
lagging by installing phase advancing equipment, calculate:
(i) The capacity of phase advancing equipment in kVAR.
(ii) The annual saving effected.
The phase advancing equipment costs £100 per kVAR and the annual interest and depreciation
together a mount to 10%.
(14) A factory has an average demand of 320kW and an annual load factor of 50%. The power
factor is 0.8 lagging. The tariff is £80 per kVA per annum of maximum demand plus £0.05 per
kWh. If the losses free capacitors costing £100 per kVAR is to be utilised, find the value of
most economical power factor at which maximum saving effected by improving the power
factor to this value.
(15) A load of 700 KVA maximum demands at 0.7 power factor lagging is to be corrected to the
most economical power factor cos. The annual tariff may be taken as £6 per kVA of
 maximum demand and the initial cost of static loss-free capacitors as £10 per kVAr. The annual
interest and depreciation charges total 15%. Calculate:
i. The most economical power factor cos.
ii. The kVAr rating of the capacitors required.
iii. The annual net saving.

Most Economical Cross Sectional Area

(16) 11 KV, 3-phase cable is to supply load of 500 KW at 0.9 power factor lagging for 2000 hours.
Capital cost of the cable per core when laid is £(10000+3200A) per km where A is the size of
the core in cm2. The resistance per km of conductor of 1 cm 2 is 0.16. If the energy losses cost
£0.05 per unit and the interest charge is 8%. Calculate the most economical current density and
state conductor diameter.
(17) A load is supplied by 3-phase cable of 6km long and 11KV. The daily load cycle for six days in
a week for entire year is:
 700 KW at 0.8 pf for 7 hours.
 400 KW at 0.9 pf for 3 hours
 88KW at 0.8 pf for 14 hours
Compute the most economical cross section of conductors for cable whose cost is
£(5000A+1500) per km. the cost of energy is 150 per annum per KVA plus £0.05 per unit.
Assume 15% as rate of interest and the resistance per km is 0.173/A.
(18) A three-phase, 33kV over head line is to be designed to transmit a balanced load of 5MVA over
distance of 32km for 3000 hours per annum, there being no load for the remainder of the year,
the conductors are to be of copper rating £0.394 per kg and having a density of 0.886×104
kg/m3. The interest and depreciation charges total 10% per annum and energy cost £0.00313
per kWh. The resistance of 1 km of cooper conductor of cross sectional area 1 cm2 is 0.177
[resistivity]. Calculate the most economical conductor cross sectional area and the
corresponding values of current density.

Feeder and Distributor

(19) A 2-wire DC distributor, 500m long is fed at one of its end. The cross-sectional area of each
conductor is 3.4cm2 and the resistivity of copper is 1.710-6. The distributor supplies 200A at
a distance of 300m from the feeding point and 100A at the terminal. Calculate the voltage at the
feeding end if the voltage at the terminal to be 230V.
(20) A 2-wire DC distributor AB is fed at both ends at the same voltage of 230V. the length of the distributor
is 500m and the loads are tapped off from the end A as shown below:
Load 100A 60A 40A 100A
Distance 50m 150m 250m 400m
If the maximum voltage drop of 5.5V is to be allowed. Find the cross-sectional area of each
conductor and point of minimum potential. Specific resistance of conductor material may be
taken as 1.7310-8.m.
(21) A 300m ring DC distributor has loads as shown, where distances are in meters. The resistance
of each conductor is 0.2 per 1000m and the loads are tapped off at points B, C and D as
shown. If the distributor is fed at A at 240V, find the voltage and B, C and D.
240V

70m A
60m

50A 100A
D B

90m C 80m

70A
(22) A single phase distributor AB has a total impedance of (0.1+j0.2). At the far end B, a current
of 80A at 0.8 p.f lagging and at mid point C a current of 100A at 0.6 p.f lagging are tapped. If
the voltage of the far end is maintained at 200V, determine:
(i) Supply end voltage VA.
(ii) Phase angle between VA and VB
The load power factors are with respect to the voltage at the far end.
(23) A single phase AC distributor AB is fed from end A and has impedance of (0.2+j0.3). At the
far end the voltage VB is 240V and the current is 100A at a p.f of 0.8 lagging. At the midpoint
M a current of 100A is tapped at a p.f of 0.6 lagging with reference to the voltage V M at the
mid-point. Calculate the supply voltage VA and phase angle between VA and VB.
(24) A single phase ring distributor ABC is fed at A. the loads at B and C are 40A at 0.8 p.f lagging
and 60A at 0.6 p.f lagging, respectively. Both power factors expressed are referred to the
voltage at point A. the total impedance of section AB, BC and CA are (2+j), (2+j3) and
(1+j2) respectively. Determine the current in each section.

Various Distribution Systems

(25) In a DC 2-wire system a feeder is working on 250V supplying a constant load. If the supply
voltage is increased to 400V with the same power transmitted, calculate the percentage saving
in conductor material.
(26) A three-phase 4-wire system is used for lighting. Compare the amount of conductor material
required with that needed for a 2-wire DC system with same lamp voltage. Assume the same
losses and balanced load. The neutral wire has half the cross section of the outers.
(27) A 50km long transmission line supplies a load of 50MVA at 0.8 power factors lagging at 33kV.
The efficiency of transmission is 90%. Calculate the volume of conductor aluminum required
for the line when:
(i) Single phase 2-wire system is used.
(ii) Three phase 3-wire system is used.
Take the resistivity of aluminum as 2.8510-8.m
(28) A given amount of power is to be transmitted by an overhead line. Compare the diameter and
weight of aluminum conductors with those of copper for the same power loss in the line. The
following data may be assumed:
Specific resistance of aluminum is 2.85.cm, specific resistance of copper is 1.7.cm,
specific gravity of aluminum is 2.71 and specific gravity of copper is 8.89.
(29) A 2-wire DC transmission line 0.25km long supplies a power of 125kW to a distribution
network. Calculate the volume of conductor copper required for the line when the potential
difference maintained between the distributors is (a) 250V and (b) 400V, the current density in
the copper in each case being 3 A/mm2. Calculate also in each case the power loss in the line,
taking the resistivity of copper as 1.710-8.m.
(30) Electric power of 50MW at 0.85 power factor lagging is to be transmitted over a 220kV, three
phase 3-wire 200km transmission line. The efficiency of transmission is 90%. Calculate the
weight of conductor material required for the line in the following conductors: (a) copper
conductors, (b) aluminum conductors. Resistivity of copper is 1.710-8.m, resistivity of
aluminum is 2.8510-8.m, specific gravity of copper is 8.89 and specific gravity of aluminum
is 2.71.