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ESE-2018 Mains Test Series: Mechanical Engineering Test No: 2
ESE-2018 Mains Test Series: Mechanical Engineering Test No: 2
⎛ ∂v ⎞
T⎜ ⎟ −v
⎝ ∂T ⎠ P
μJ =
Cp
⎛ ∂s ⎞
CP = T ⎜ ∂T ⎟ [Heat capacity at constant pressure]
⎝ ⎠P
⎛ ∂v ⎞ ⎛ ∂s ⎞
As per Maxwell’s relation, ⎜ ∂T ⎟ = − ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠P ⎝ ∂P ⎠T
⎛ ∂s ⎞
−T ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ∂p ⎠T v
μJ = −
⎛ ∂s ⎞ cp
T⎜ ⎟
⎝ ∂T ⎠P
⎛ ∂s ⎞ ⎛ ∂T ⎞ v
Since, −⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ − = 1
∂p
⎝ ⎠T ⎝ ∂s ⎠ P c p
⎛ ∂s ⎞ ⎛ ∂T ⎞ ⎛ ∂p ⎞
Since, ⎜ ∂p ⎟ ⎜⎝ ∂s ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ ∂T ⎟⎠ = μJ
⎝ ⎠T p s
10 | ESE 2018 : MAINS TEST SERIES
⎛ ∂s ⎞ ⎛ ∂T ⎞ ⎛ ∂T ⎞
⎜ ∂p ⎟ ⎜⎝ ∂s ⎟⎠ = − ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠T p ⎝ ∂p ⎠s
⎛ ∂T ⎞ v
μJ = + ⎜ ⎟ −
⎝ ∂p ⎠s c p
v
μ J – μs = −
cp
v
μ s – μJ = Hence proved.
cp
T = const. Saturated
Saturated Saturated vapor line
liquid line liquid line
v s
Phase equilibrium diagram for water on p-v plane Phase equilibrium diagram for water on T-s plane
Fusion line
P Critical point
line
Liquid ion
ri zat
po Vapor
Va
Triple point
lid
So
T
Phase equilibrium diagram for water on P-T plane
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Test No : 2 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | 11
(iv) Solenoid valves used in liquids, suction or discharge lines to interrupt the flow on demand
from any one of several types of temperature or pressure sensing devices.
(v) Check valves used to prevent the flow of gas from the condenser back to the compressor
during off cycles.
(vi) Reversing valves used in heat-pump applications to defrost cycles to change the flow of
refrigerant.
(vii) Hot gas defrost for modern multiplex systems.
+ + + – – –
electrons
copper
conducor p-type n-type
holes
+ + + – – –
ceramic
substrate
heat rejected
heat sink
(–) (+)
direct current
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12 | ESE 2018 : MAINS TEST SERIES
leave “holes” which essentially dropping in and being bumped out of the holes and moving on to
the next available hole. In effect, it is the holes that are acting as the electrical carries. Now, electrons
move much more easily in the copper conductors but not so easily in the semiconductors. When
electrons leave the p-type and enter into the copper on the cold-side, holes are created in the p-type
as the electrons jump out to a higher energy level to match the energy level of the electrons already
moving in the copper. The extra energy to create these holes comes by absorbing heat. Meanwhile,
the newly created holes travel downwards to the copper on the hot side. Electrons from the hot-
side copper move into the p-type and drop into the holes, releasing the excess energy in the form of
heat. The n-type semiconductor is doped with atoms that provide more electrons than necessary to
complete the atomic bonds within the crystal lattice. When a voltage is applied, these extra electrons
are easily moved into the conduction band. However, additional energy is required to get the n-
type electrons to match the energy level of the incoming electrons from the cold-side copper. The
extra energy comes by absorbing heat. Finally, when the electrons leave the hot-side of the n-type,
they once again can move freely in the copper. They drop down to a lower energy level, and
release heat in the process. The above explanation points out that heat is always absorbed at the
cold side of the n and p type elements, and heat is always released at the hot side of thermoelectric
element. The heat pumping capacity of a thermoelectric refrigeration module is proportional to the
current and is dependent on the element geometry, number of couples, and material properties.
Second Part :
Application areas of thermo electric cooling system are:
(i) Electronic enclosures.
(ii) Laser diodes
(iii) Laboratory instruments
(iv) Temperature baths
(v) Telecommunications equipment
(vi) Temperature control in missiles and space systems.
T2 265
COP = T − T = 26 = 10.19
1 2
Heat absorbed per kg of water (to form ice at – 8°C i.e. 265 K)
QA = 1 × 4.18(291 – 273) + 335 + 1 × 2.108(273 – 265)
QA = 75.24 + 335 + 16.84
QA = 427.08 kJ/kg
Net refrigerating effect QA
COP = =
Work done W
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Test No : 2 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | 13
427.08 × 450
10.19 =
W
427.08 × 450
W = = 18860.25 kJ/hour
10.19
18860.25
W = = 5.239 kW
3600
Least power = 5.24 kW Answer
L
T (x ) x
TH TC
Conduction bar
It has been stated that the bar is removed from the reservoirs, thermally insulated and kept at
constant pressure. This means that the bar is adiabatically removed. This can be mathematically
expressed as
L
TH − TC
Temperature gradient in the bar =
L
Temperature at the cross-section at a distance x from the end at Tc can be expressed as
(TH − TC )
Tx = TC +
x ...(ii)
L
from the thermodynamic relationship and definition of specific heat,
⎛ ∂s ⎞
cp = T ⎜ ⎟ ...(iii)
⎝ ∂T ⎠ p
L Tf
dT
ΔS = c p ρA∫ dx ∫ ...(iv)
0 T (x )
T
Solving equation (i) and (ii),
L
⎡ ⎛ TH − Tc ⎞ ⎤
∫ ρAcp ⎢⎣Tc + ⎜⎝ L
⎟ x − Tf
⎠ ⎥ dx = 0
⎦
0
L
⎡ ⎛ TH − Tc ⎞ ⎤
∫ ρAcp ⎢⎣(Tc − Tf ) + ⎜⎝ L
⎟ x ⎥ dx = 0
⎠ ⎦
0
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14 | ESE 2018 : MAINS TEST SERIES
2
⎛ TH − TC ⎞ L
(TC − T f ) × L + ⎜⎝ L
⎟
⎠ 2
= 0
TH − TC
Tc − T f + = 0
2
TH − TC
Tf = ...(v)
2
Now from equation (iv):
L Tf
dT
ΔS = ρc p A ∫ dx ∫
0 T (x )
T
= ρc p A∫ ⎡⎣ln T f − ln T ( x )⎤⎦ dx
0
ΔS = ρc p AL ln T f − ρc p A ∫ [ln T ( x )] dx
0
= ρc p AL ln T f − ρc p A I1 ...(vi)
L L
⎡ TH − Tc ⎤
where I1 = ∫ ln T ( x ) dx = ∫ ln ⎢⎣Tc + L
x ⎥ dx
⎦
0 0
TH − Tc
Let x + Tc = Z
L
At x → 0, z → Tc and x → L, z → TH
TH − Tc
dx = dz
L
TH
L
I1 =
TH − Tc ∫ ln zdz
TC
L
I1 = T − T [−TH + TH ln TH + Tc − Tc ln Tc ]
H c
L
I1 = T − T ⎡⎣TH ln TH − Tc ln Tc − (TH − Tc )⎤⎦
H c
LTH LTc
= T − T ln TH − T − T ln Tc − L
H c H c
Now, equation (vi) can be re-written as
⎡ LTH LTc ⎤
ΔS = ρcpAL lnTf – ρc p A ⎢ ln TH − ln Tc − L ⎥
⎣ TH − Tc TH − Tc ⎦
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Test No : 2 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | 15
⎡ TH Tc ⎤
= ρc p AL ⎢ln T f − ln TH + ln Tc + 1⎥
⎣ TH − TC TH − Tc ⎦
⎡ Tc TH ⎤
Hence, ΔS = C p ⎢1 + ln T f + ln Tc − ln TH ⎥
⎣ TH − Tc TH − TC ⎦
TH + TC
where, Cp = ρcpAl and Tf = Hence derived
2
2
1000
100 1
v(m3 )
⎛ P1 + P2 ⎞
W = Area = ⎜ ⎟ (V2 − V1 )
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 100 + 1000 ⎞ (
= ⎜ ⎟ × 0.1082 − 0.5629 )
⎝ 2 ⎠
W = – 250.1 kJ
Work input = 250.1 kJ Answer
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16 | ESE 2018 : MAINS TEST SERIES
γ− 1 0.2028
T2 ⎛ P2 ⎞ γ ⎛ 1.2 × 106 ⎞ 1.2028
=⎜ ⎟
T1 = ⎜⎝ P1 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 0.4 × 106 ⎠
T2
0.1686 = 1.2035
T1 = (3)
T1 = 273 + 40 = 313 K
T2 = 313 × 1.2035 = 376.69 K Answer
= 49.314(376.69 – 313)
= 3140.8 kJ/kgmol
3140.8
W = kJ/kg [Since μm = 25.8 kg/kgmol]
25.8
⎛T ⎞ ⎛ P2 ⎞
(ΔS)CH = S2 – S1 = c P ln ⎜ 2 ⎟ − R ln ⎜ P ⎟
4
⎝ T1 ⎠ ⎝ 1⎠
⎛ 376.69 ⎞ ⎛ 1.2 ⎞
= 35.72 ln ⎜ ⎟ − 8.314 ln ⎜ ⎟ = 6.616 – 9.134
⎝ 313 ⎠ ⎝ 0.4 ⎠
= 2.518 kJ/kgmol-K Answer
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Test No : 2 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | 17
for propane
⎛ 376.69 ⎞
(ΔS)C
3 H8
= S2 – S1 = 74.56 ln ⎜ ⎟ − 8.314 ln 3 = 13.81 – 9.134
⎝ 313 ⎠
= 4.676 kJ/kgmol-K Answer
for the mixture, (S2 – S1)mixture = 0.65 × (– 2.518) + 0.35 × 4.676
= – 1.6366 + 1.6366 = 0 kJ/kgmol-K Answer
W net = 415 kJ
TL = 300 kJ
Wnet 415
η th = QH = = 0.415 or 41.5%
1000
The maximum efficiency that any cycle can have while operating between TH = 500 K
and TL = 300 K is given by the Carnot efficiency.
TL 300
ηmax = 1 − T = 1 − 500 = 0.40 or 40%
H
Iron Aluminum
40 kg 30 kg
60°C 140°C
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18 | ESE 2018 : MAINS TEST SERIES
⎛ T2 ⎞ ⎛ 382 ⎞
ΔSiron = mc avg ln ⎜ ⎟ = 40 × 0.45ln ⎜ ⎟ = 2.472 kJ/K
T
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 333 ⎠
⎛ 382 ⎞
ΔSaluminium = 30 × 0.949 ln ⎜ ⎟ = – 2.221 kJ/K
⎝ 413 ⎠
P
1 4
6 bar γ
1.25 Pv = C
Pv =C
1.2 bar
2 3
γ− 1 1.4 −1
T4 ⎛ P4 ⎞ 6 ⎞
= ⎛⎜
γ 1.4
T3 = ⎜ P ⎟ ⎟ = (5)0.2857 = 1.5838
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 1.2 ⎠
T4 = T3 × 1.5838
T4 = 288 × 1.5838 = 456.1344 K
For isentropic expansion (1 → 2) process:
1.25 − 1
T2 0.2
⎛ P2 ⎞ 1.25 ⎛ 1.2 ⎞
T1 = ⎜⎝ P1 ⎟⎠ = ⎜
⎝ 6 ⎠
⎟ = 0.72478
T2 = T1 × 0.72478
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Test No : 2 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | 19
T2 = 298 × 0.72478
T2 = 215.984 K
(i) Work done per kg of air flow:
Wnet = Wcomp. – Wexp.
γ n
= R (T4 − T3 ) − R (T1 − T2 )
γ−1 n−1
1.4 1.25
= × 0.287 ( 456.1344 − 288) − × 0.287 ( 298 − 215.984)
0.4 0.25
= 168.891 – 117.693 = 51.198 kJ/kg Answer (i)
(ii) Refrigerating effect = cp(T3 – T2)
= 1.003(288 – 215.984) = 72.232 kJ/kg Answer (ii)
Refrigerating effect
(iii) COP =
Work done
72.232
= = 1.41 Answer (iii)
51.198
m×Refrigerating effect
(iv) Refrigerating capacity = Tonnes
3.5
72.232 × 90
= = 0.515 tonnes Answer (iv)
3600 × 3.5
Condenser at Tc
Qg
QC
Absorption W = QC
system Pump
QL
Evaporator at TL
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20 | ESE 2018 : MAINS TEST SERIES
Let QC be the heat dissipated to the atmosphere or cooling water from the condenser and absorber.
According to the first law of thermodynamics,
QC = Qg + QL + QP
Since the heat due to pump work QP is very negligible,
QC = Qg + QL . . . (1)
Let,
Tg be the temperature at which heat Qg is supplied to the generator
TC be the temperature at which heat QC is discharged to atmosphere or cooling water from the condenser
and absorber
TL be the temperature at which heat QL is absorbed in the evaporator.
Since the vapour absorption system can be considered as a perfectly reversible system, the initial
entropy of the system must be equal to the entropy of the system after the change in its condition.
Qg QL
+ QC
∴ Tg TL = T
C
From equation (1), we can write
QC Q g + QL
TC =
TC
Qg Qg QL QL
or − −
Tg TC = TC TL
⎛ TC − Tg ⎞ ⎛ T − TC ⎞
or Qg ⎜ ⎟ = QL ⎜ L ⎟
⎜ Tg × TC ⎟ ⎝ TC × TL ⎠
⎝ ⎠
⎛ T − TC ⎞ ⎛ Tg × TC ⎞ ⎛ T − TL ⎞ ⎛ Tg × TC ⎞
or Qg = QL ⎜ L ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟ = QL ⎜ C ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝ TC × TL ⎠ ⎝ TC − Tg ⎟ ⎝ TC × TL ⎠ ⎝ Tg − TC ⎟
⎠ ⎠
⎛ T − TL ⎞ ⎛ Tg ⎞
= QL ⎜ C ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟ . . . (2)
⎝ TL ⎠ ⎝ Tg − TC ⎟
⎠
The maximum coefficient of performance (COP) of the system is given by
QL ⎛ TL ⎞ ⎛ Tg − TC ⎞
(COP)max = Q = ⎜T −T ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟ . . . (3)
g ⎝ C L ⎠ ⎝ Tg ⎠
In equation (3)
⎛ TL ⎞
1. The expression ⎜ ⎟ represents the COP of a Carnot refrigerator working between
⎝ TC − TL ⎠
the temperature limits of TL and TC.
⎛ Tg − TC ⎞
2. The expression ⎜⎜ T ⎟ represents the efficiency of a Carnot engine working between
⎟
⎝ g ⎠
the temperature limits of Tg and TC.
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Test No : 2 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | 21
Thus, a theoretical or an ideal vapour absorption refrigeration system may be regarded as a
combination of a Carnot engine and a Carnot refrigerator. The maximum COP may be
written as :
(COP)max = (COP)Carnot × ηCarnot
Evaporator temperature, TE = – 4 + 273 = 269 K
Condenser temperature, TC = 25 + 273 = 298 K
Generator temperature, TG = 120.2 + 273 = 393.2 K
⎡ TE ⎤ ⎡ TG − TC ⎤
(COP)max = ⎢ T − T ⎥ ⎢ T ⎥
⎣ C E ⎦⎣ G ⎦
Refrigeration load
Actual heat supplied = (COP )actual
3600 × 3.5 × 20
= = 160284.951 kJ/hour
1.5722
160284.951
Mass of steam required per hour = (since x = 0.85)
2201.6 × 0.85
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22 | ESE 2018 : MAINS TEST SERIES
3 2
303 2′
Temperature
263 1′
4 1
Entropy
Steam nozzle
Thermocompressor
Steam
ejector
boiler
Water returned
A.C.-plant
vapor
spray Condenser
Flash chamber
Pump
Cold water to
A.C.-plant
Pump Make-up-water
This system uses the principle of boiling the water below 100°C. If the pressure on the surface of
the water is reduced below atmospheric pressure, water can be made boil at low temperatures.
Water boils at 6°C, when the pressure on the surface is 5 cm of Hg and at 10°C, when the pressure
is 6.5 cms of Hg. The very low pressure or high vacuum on the surface of the water can be maintained
by throttling the steam through jets or nozzles. The general arrangement of the system is shown
above in diagram. Consider a flash chamber containing 100 kg of water. If suddenly 1 kg of water
is removed by boiling, as pressure is reduced due to throttling of steam through nozzles.
Approximately 2385 kJ of heat will be removed from the water, which is equivalent to heat of
evaporation of water. The fall in temperature of the remaining water will be,
Q = mCpdT
2385
dT = = 5.7°C
99 × 4.187
Evaporating one more kg of water reduces the remaining water temperature by 5.7°C further.
Thus by continuing this process, the remaining water can be made to freeze. Water is the refrigerant
used in the steam jet refrigeration system. As water freezes at 0°C, then either refrigeration has to
be stopped or some device is required to pump the ice.
Operation: High pressure steam is supplied to the nozzle from the boiler and it is expanded. Here,
the water vapour originated from the flash chamber is entrained with the high velocity steam jet
and it is further compressed in the thermo compressor. The kinetic energy of the mixture is converted
into static pressure and mass is discharged to the condenser. The condensate is usually returned to
the boiler. Generally, 1% evaporation of water in the flash chamber is sufficient to decrease the
temperature of chilled water to 6°C. The chilled water in the flash chamber is circulated by a pump
to the point of application. The warm water from the load is returned to the flash chamber. The
water is sprayed through the nozzles to provide maximum surface area for cooling. The water,
which is splashed in the chamber and any loss of cold water at the application, must be replaced by
makeup water added to the cold water circulating system.
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24 | ESE 2018 : MAINS TEST SERIES
Pv
Relative humidity, φ = P
s
0.622 Pv
Specific humidity = Humidity ratio, ω = P − P
v
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Test No : 2 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | 25
Pressure of dry air, Pa = Pb – Pv = 1 – 0.01227 = 0.98773 bar
= 98773 Pa
PaV 98773 × 112
Mass of dry air, ma = R T = 287 × 283 = 136.2 kg
a
μc p ρν c p ν ν
Pr = = = =
k k ⎛ k ⎞ α
⎜ ρc ⎟
⎝ p⎠
Significance of Prandtl number:
(i) kinematic viscosity indicates the impulse transfer through molecular friction whereas thermal
diffusivity indicates the heat energy transport by conduction process.
(ii) Prandtl number provides a measure of the relative effectiveness of the momentum and
energy transport by diffusion.
(iii) It defines the relative thickness of the momentum and thermal boundary layers.
(iv) Smaller value of Prandtl number Pr << 1 means the thermal diffusivity dominates whereas
Pr >> 1 indicates that the momentum diffusivity dominates the behavior.
Flow of heat
Hot
tea
Cold air inside Cold
the house atmosphere
(a) (b)
(a) Roof heating of a house. (b) Heat transfer from hot tea in a
cup to the surrounding cold atmosphere.
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26 | ESE 2018 : MAINS TEST SERIES
ατ
F0 =
L2c
k 90 × 103
Circular frequency, ωn = = = 18.974 rad/s
m 250
2
C
Circular frequency of damped vibration, ωd = (ωn )2 − ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
⎝ 2m ⎠
2
ωd = (18.974 )2 − ⎛⎜ 900 ⎞⎟ = 360 − 3.24
⎝ 2 × 250 ⎠
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Test No : 2 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | 27
Q.5. (c) Solution:
2
1
Number of links = 4
Number of joints = 4
Mobility, M = 3(n – 1) – 2j
= 3(4 – 1) – 2 × 4 = 9 – 8 = 1 Answer
5
Number of links, n = 7 4 6
3
Number of joints, j = 9
M = 3(n – 1) – 2j 7
2
= 3(7 – 1) – 2 × 9 = 18 – 18 = 0 1
2
3
5
1 1
Number of links, n = 5
Number of lower pairs, j = 5
Number of pairs with 2 DOF = 1 (higher pair)
M = 3(n – 1) – 2j – h
= 3(5 – 1) – 2 × 5 – 1
= 3 × 4 – 10 – 1 = 1 Answer
0.25
⎛ 370 − 15 ⎞
h = ⎜ ⎟ = 6.14 W/m2K
⎝ 0.25 ⎠
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28 | ESE 2018 : MAINS TEST SERIES
T ∞ = 15°C
5 cm
25 cm
T = 370°C
ln (r2 / r1 ) ln ( 35 / 25 )
Rcond. = =
2 πkL 2 π × 0.069 × 1
1 1
Rconvection = hA = 6.14 × π × 0.35
2
ΔT ( 370 − 15 )
Q2 = =
Rtotal 0.924
Q1 − Q2
% reduction in heat flow rate = × 100
Q1
1711.9 − 384.2
= × 100
1711.9
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Test No : 2 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | 29
Q.5. (e) Solution:
Thermal
boundary layer
Thermal profile
Ti Tw
Thermal Thermally
entry region developed region
(a)
Surface condition as′′
Tw> T(r, 0)
y =r0
δt r0
r
δt
T(r, 0)
T(r, 0) Tw T(r, 0) Tw T(r, 0) T (r )
Thermal entrance region fully developed region
x xfd, r
(b)
Development of thermal boundary layer in a tube (a)
when T > T w and (b) when Tw > T
T
Entrance
Entrance
developed
region Tw(x)
T retion
ΔTe
(x)
Tw (T s –Tb)
u re, Tb(x)
rat
pe (Tw –Tb)
tem ΔT i
ce
rfa
Su
(x)
re, T b
peratu
Bul k tem
0 x 0 x
Distance from entrance Distance from entrance
(a) (b)
Let us consider that a fluid at a uniform temperature enters a circular tube with its wall at a
different temperature. The fluid particles in the layer in contact with the surface of the tube will
assume the tube surface or wall temperature Tw. This will initiate convection heat transfer in the
tube followed by development of the thermal boundary layer along the tube. The thickness of this
thermal boundary layer reaches the tube center and thus fills the entire tube. The region of flow
over which the thermal boundary layer develops and reaches the tube centre is called the thermal
entry region. The region beyond the thermal entry region in which the temperature profile remains
unchanged is called the thermally developed region/zone.
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30 | ESE 2018 : MAINS TEST SERIES
⎛ T − Tw ⎞
The dimensionless temperature profile ⎜ T − T ⎟ does not also change upstream of thermal entry
⎝ c w⎠
length. The zone in which the flow is both hydrodynamically and thermally developed is called the
fully developed differs according to whether a uniform wall temperature (Tw) or a uniform heat
flux is maintained. For both surface conditions, however, the amount by which fluid temperatures
exceed the entrance temperature increase with increasing x.
Nusselt number for fully developed laminar flow in a tube is given as
hD 48
Nud = = = 4.364 (for constant heat flux)
k 11
hD
Nud = = 3.66 (for Tw = constant)
k
t1 t2
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Test No : 2 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | 31
(iv) Material ‘c’:
δc 0.04
R tc = = = 0.1 K/W
kc Ac 0.04 × 10
(v) Material ‘d’:
δd 0.02
Rtd = = = 0.01176 K/W
kd Ad 0.17 × 10
(vi) Outside air film:
1 1
R to = = = 5.8 × 10–3 K/W
h0 A0 17.25 × 10
The resistances Rta and Rtb are in parallel and their equivalent resistance is
Rta × Rtb 0.015625 × 7.9365 × 10 −3
Ra = = = 5.263 × 10–3 K/W
Rta + Rtb 0.015625 + 7.9365 × 10 −3
This equivalent resistance is now in series with the first and last three resistances. The total
thermal resistance for the entire circuit becomes
ΣRt = 0.016 + 5.263 × 10–3 + 0.1 + 0.01176 + 5.8 × 10–3
ΣRt = 0.138823 K/W
Heat transfer rate through the wall of the guest house is
ΔT 20 − ( −12 )
ΣRt = = 230.51 W Answer
0.138823
Q.6. (b) Solution:
Governing heat flow equation is
Insulated
circumferential surface
T1 T2
d 2T qg
2
+ = 0 (One dimension steady state conduction)
dx k
Upon integration of this equation, we obtain the general solution as
dT qg x
= − + C1
dx k
qg
and T = − x 2 + C1 x + C 2
2k
Heat generated q q
Given: qg = = =
Volume v AL
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32 | ESE 2018 : MAINS TEST SERIES
30
qg = = 1.2 × 105 W/m3
5 × 10 −4 × 0.5
Invoking the boundary conditions:
T = T1 = 150°C at x = 0
⇒ C2 = T1 = 150
and T = T2 = 75°C at x = l
T2 − T1 q g l
C = +
l 2k
qg
T = − x 2 + 600x + 150
2k
1.2 × 10 5 2
T = − x + 600 x + 150
2 × 40
dT
= 0
dx
– 3000x + 600 = 0
600
x = = 0.2 m or 200 mm
3000
dT
Q1 = −kA dx
x =0
Q1 = – kAC1
Q1 = – 40 × 5 × 10–4 × 600 = – 12 W Answer
Heat flow at right end:
dT ⎡ qg ⎤
Q2 = − kA = − kA ⎢ − l + C1 ⎥
dx x =l ⎣ k ⎦
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Test No : 2 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | 33
5
−4 ⎡ 1.2 × 10 ⎤
= −40 × 5 × 10 ⎢ − × 0.5 + 600 ⎥
⎣ 40 ⎦
μc p 19.8 × 10 −6 × 1008
Pr = = = 0.698
k 0.0286
hl
Nu = = 0.664(Re)0.5(Pr)0.33
k
= 0.664(119060.5)0.5(0.698)0.33 = 203.48
dT
−mc p = hAs (T − T∞ )
dτ
τ = 0, Τ = Τi
⎛ dT ⎞ 892.5
⎜− ⎟ = Rate of cooling = = 0.15256 °C/s Answer
⎝ dτ ⎠τ= 0 5850
0.5
( Δt )2 h2 ⎛ Re 2 ⎞
=
( Δt )1 = h1 ⎜⎝ Re 1 ⎟⎠
0.5 0.5
⎛ v2 ⎞ ⎛ 2.5 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ = 1.118
⎝ v1 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
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34 | ESE 2018 : MAINS TEST SERIES
7. (a) Solution :
(i)
T0 T1 T2
water
T∞ = 30°C
Insulation h = 1000 W/m2-K
A B
kA kB
T0
T1
T2
T∞
Temperature distribution
q L A 2
= + T1 ...(3)
2kA
where T1 may be obtained from following thermal circuit.
T1 T2 T∞
q′′
′′ ′′
Rconv
Rcond
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Test No : 2 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | 35
That is,
T1 = T∞ + ( R″cond, B + R″conv )q ″
where the resistances for the unit surface area are:
LB
R″cond, B =
KB
1
R ″conv =
h
⎛ 0.02 1 ⎞
∴ T1 = 30°C + ⎜ + × 1.5 × 10 6 × 0.05 = 115°C
⎝ 150 1000 ⎟⎠
Substituting in equation (3)
1.5 × 106 × (0.05)2
T0 = + 115°C = 140°C Answer
2 × 75
π 2 π
cross-section area of shaft, A = d = × 0.062 = 2.83 × 10–3 m2
4 4
πd 4 π 4
Moment of inertia, I = = × ( 0.06 ) = 6.362 × 10–7 m4
64 64
(2)
m Transverse
(1) Longitudinal
0.4985 0.4985
fn1 = =
δ 6.24 × 10−7
fn1 = 631 Hz Answer
We know that static deflection of the shaft in transverse direction is given by
3
WL3 120 × 9.81 × (0.3 )
δ = = = 8.3266 × 10–5 m
3EI 3 × 200 × 109 × 6.362 × 10 −7
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36 | ESE 2018 : MAINS TEST SERIES
4 3 1 r
= πr × 2
=
3 4 πr 3
hL 300 × 0.04
Biot number, Bi = = = 0.04
k 6 × 50
Since, Bi << 0.1, the lumped capacity system or the negligible internal resistance theory is valid.
θ T (t ) − T∞
= = exp [− Bi × F0 ]
θ0 T0 − T∞
k α 13 × 10−5
F0 = ×τ = ×τ = τ = 0.2925 τ
ρc p L2 L2 ⎛ 0.02 ⎞
2
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠
θ 200 − 55
θ0 = 650 − 55 = exp[– 0.04 × 0.2925 τ]
0.2437 = logee–0.0117τ = – 0.0117τ
log e 0.2437
τ = − 0.0117 = 120.7 seconds Answer (i)
τ
Q(t) = hAs θ0 ⎡⎣1 − exp ( −Bi × F0 )⎤⎦ Bi × F
0
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Test No : 2 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | 37
Instantaneous heat transfer rate when they are at start,
− hA
τ
ρvc
q′(τ) = hAθ0 e
at, τ = 0, q′(τ) = hAθ0
q′(τ0) = 300 × 4π × 0.022 × (650 – 55)
q′(τ0) = 897.24 W
and q′(τ120.7) = hAsθ0 exp[–Bi × F0]
= 897.24 exp[–0.04 × 0.2925 × 120.7]
= 218.6 W Ans. (iii)
α1 α2
0 0
25 h1 25 h2
F F
B B
G G
r1 r2
β1 β2
25
25
0
mg mg
D H D H
30 30
Mg Mg
2 2
BG 150
tan α 1 = = = 0.75
PG 200
BF 120
and tanβ1 = = = 0.548
DF 219
tan β1 0.548
k1 = tan α = 0.75 = 0.731
1
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38 | ESE 2018 : MAINS TEST SERIES
M
m+ (1 + k1 ) 895
2
N 12 =
m h1
60 (
6+ 1 + 0.731 )
2 895
N 12 = ×
6 0.2 = 43206.125
N1 = 207.86 rpm
BF = BG – FG = 200 – 30 = 170 mm
BG 200
tan α 2 = = = 1.333
PG 150
BF 170
and tanβ2 = = = 0.93
DF 183
tan β2 0.93
k2 = = = 0.7
tan α 2 1.333
M
m+ (1 + k2 ) 895
2
N2 = 2 ×
m h2
60 (
6+ 1 + 0.7 )
N 22 = 2 895 = 56683.33
×
6 0.15
N2 = 238 rpm
Range of speed = N2 – N1 = 238 – 207.86
Δ N = 30.14 rpm Answer
1
TR = 2
⎛ ω ⎞
⎜ω ⎟ −1
⎝ n⎠
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Test No : 2 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | 39
2
1 1 ⎛ ω ⎞
= 2 or ⎜ ω ⎟ = 11 + 1 = 12
11 ⎛ ω ⎞ ⎝ n⎠
⎜ω ⎟ −1
⎝ n⎠
ω
ωn = 12 = 3.46
ω ⎡ 2 πN 2 π × 1500 ⎤
ωn =
3.46 ⎢⎣ω = 60 = 60
= 157.08 ⎥ rad/s
⎦
157.08
ωn = = 45.4 rad/s
3.46
k
= ωn or k = mωn2 [m(total mass) = 125 + 35 = 160 kg]
m
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40 | ESE 2018 : MAINS TEST SERIES
r 1
= r (1 – cosθ) or cosθ = or θ = 60°
2 2
from the geometry,
β 90 cm
θ
22 cm
β
mg
1 2
cosβ = n − sin 2 θ
n
l 90
n = = = 4.091
r 22
1
cosβ = ( 4.091 )2 − ( sin 60° )2
4.091
cosβ = 0.9773
β = 12.23°
Gas pressure force, Fg = pA
π 2
Fg = 80 × × ( 32 ) = 64340 N
4
Fg = 64.34 kN
2 ⎛ cos 2θ ⎞
Inertia force, FI = mω r ⎜ cos θ + ⎟
⎝ n ⎠
2
⎛ 2 π × 300 ⎞ ⎛ cos 120° ⎞
FI = 120 × ⎜ ⎟ × 0.22 ⎜ cos 60° + ⎟
⎝ 60 ⎠ ⎝ 4.091 ⎠
FI = 9843.356 N = 9.843 kN
Weight of piston = mg = 120 × 9.81 = 1.172 kN
Piston effort, Fp = Fg – FI + mg
= 64.34 – 9.843 + 1.172 = 55.67 kN
Turing moment, M = F T r
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Test No : 2 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | 41
where FT = Fc sin(θ + β) [Thrust force]
Fp
and Fc = [Force on connecting rod]
cos β
Fp sin ( θ + β )
Turning moment, M = r
cos β
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