INTRODUCTION:

The heat engine in which combustion of fuels is taking place inside the cylinder is termed as
an Internal Combustion Engine. As per design considerations, it can be of either reciprocating
type or rotary type. As per fuel considerations, an Internal Combustion Engine can operate on
Diesel, Petrol, Gas and Alcohols (Ethanol in Brazil).
Internal Combustion engines are further classified as:

SPARK IGNITION ENGINE:

The engine in which the process of combustion is initiated by the employment of a spark
plug. An engine misfires when the spark plugs are defected as they delay the procedure of
combustion. These small but simple plugs create an arc of electricity across two leads which
are not touching, but close enough together that electricity can jump the gap between them.
COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE:
In a compression ignition engine, the air fuel mixture is ignited by the compression (high
temperature and pressure). It has a higher compression ratio than the Petrol (spark ignition
engine). It is deployed in vehicles which require heavy power for example aircrafts and
marine engines.

Components of a Combustion Engine.

PARTS OF AN IC ENGINE:
CYLINDER:
It is the prime component of an IC Engine. In the cylinder, a piston reciprocates back and
forth. It can be composed either of Aluminium alloy and steel alloy. It must be noted that
multi cylinder engines also exist in which multiple cylinders are placed in the engine block.
CYLINDER HEAD:
It is situated at the top of the cylinder and spark plug, inlet and exhaust valves or injectors are
mounted on the head.
COMBUSTION CHAMBER:
It is located at the end of the cylinder, between the piston face and head and combustion
occurs in this chamber.
PISTON AND PISTON RINGS:
Pistons are utilized to transmit the power generated by the charge to the connecting rod.
Piston rings are placed in the grooves on the outer surface of the pistons. They prevent
leaking of the burnt gases and oil.
CONNECTING ROD:
The conversion of reciprocating motion of Piston into the circulatory motion of the
crankshaft is administered by the connecting rod. It is connected on one side to the piston by
the gudgeon pin and the other (larger) end is connected to the crank with the help of a crank
pin.
CRANKSHAFT:
With the help of the connecting rod, it converts the piston’s reciprocating action into rotation
al motion.  The crankshaft is made out of an unique steel alloy. It is made up of an eccentric
part known as the crank.
CRANKCASE:
It contains the IC engine’s cylinder and crankshaft, as well as serving as a lubrication sump.
FLYWHEEL:
It’s a large wheel located on the crankshaft whose job is to keep the engine running at a consi
stent speed. It is accomplished by storing extra energy during the power stroke and returning i
t during subsequent strokes.
FOUR STROKE IC ENGINE:
In four piston strokes or two piston revolutions, the operating cycle is completed
Due to the vacuum pressure caused by the piston moving from Top Dead Centre to Bottom
Dead Centre, a
charge of fresh air combined with fuel is pulled into the cylinder during the suction stroke (su
ction valve open, exhaust valve closed).
Compression stroke (both valves closed): The return stroke of the piston compresses the fresh 
charge into the clearance volume, which is then ignited by the spark for combustion. 
As a result of the combustion of fuel, pressure and temperature rise.
(iii) Expansion stroke (both valves closed): The high pressure of the burned gases forces the p
iston to Bottom Dead Centre, resulting in power at the crankshaft.
(iv) Exhaust stroke (exhaust valve open, suction valve closed): the piston moves from Bottom
Dead Centre to Top Dead Centre, allowing burnt gases to escape.
Engines with four strokes have a good blend of power, dependability, and efficiency. When it 
comes to emissions, 4strokes mechanically segregate each process, reducing unburned fuel e
missions. It also separates oil from fuel, lowering carbon monoxide emissions considerably.
At low RPM, 4 stroke engines always produce more torque than 2 stroke engines. Although t
wo
stroke engines provide more torque at higher RPMs, fuel efficiency is a major differentiation
factor. It is well
known that the more you operate an engine, the faster it wears out. 2 stroke engines are built t
o run at a high RPM. If an engine can spin at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes before wearing out, 
a 4 stroke engine with 100 rpm will operate for 100 minutes, whereas a 2 stroke engine with 
500 rpm will only run for 20 minutes. There is no need to add any additional oil.
Only the moving parts require intermediate lubrication. There is no additional oil or lubricant 
added to the fuel.
Four-stroke engine includes sophisticated valve mechanisms that are controlled and driven by 
gears and chains. Furthermore, there are numerous pieces to consider, making troubleshootin
g more difficult. Less powerful: Because power is given per two crankshaft rotations (4 strok
es), the 4 stroke is less powerful.  Expensive: Compared to a two-stroke engine, a four-
stroke engine contains a lot more parts. As a result, they frequently require repairs, resulting i
n increased costs.
TWO STROKE ENGINE:
 For suction and exhaust activities, there is no piston stroke
 Air compressed in the crankcase or a blower provides suction.
 Compressed air induction removes combustion products through exhaust ports.
 A transfer port is provided to allow fresh charge to be introduced into the combustion 
chamber
OTTO CYCLE:
The Otto Cycle explains how heat engines convert gasoline to motion. This cycle, like other t
hermodynamic cycles, converts chemical energy into thermal energy, which is subsequently c
onverted into motion. The Otto cycle explains how gasoline-powered internal combustion en
gines, such as automobiles and lawn mowers, fucntion.
Ideal vs Actual Otto Cycle.