Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Course: EE 1103
Subject: Basic Electrical Engineering
Topic: Phasor Algebra

Edited and Presented by-

Dr. Mohiuddin Ahmad
Dept. of EEE, KUET, Khulna-9203,
Bangladesh
 Contents of the Topic
 Contents of Lecture

 Sinusoid
 Phasors
 Phasor operations

 References

1. Alternating current circuits – Kechner & Corcoran

2. Fundamentals of Electric Circuit – Alexander & Sadiku
 Sinusoids
 Sinusoids
 A sinusoid is a signal that has the form of the sine or
cosine function.

 Consider the sinusoidal voltage

v  Vm sin t
 Vm = amplitude of the sinusoid
 ω = the angular frequency in radians/s
 ωt = the argument of the sinusoid
 Sinusoids

 Sketch of Vmsinωt
 Sinusoid repeats itself every T seconds; thus, T is
called the period of the sinusoid.

(a) as a function of ωt 2
T


(b) as a function of t.
 Sinusoids

 The fact that v(t) repeats itself every T seconds is

shown by replacing t by in t +T

 Hence
v(t )  v(t  T )
 that is, v has the same value at t+T as it does at t and is
said to be periodic.
 In general,
 A periodic function is one that satisfies f(t ) = f(t + nT),
for all t and for all integers n.
 Phasors
 A phasor is a complex number that represents the
amplitude and phase of a sinusoid.
 Phasors provide a simple means of analyzing linear
circuits excited by sinusoidal sources; solutions of
such circuits would be intractable otherwise.
 Before we completely define phasors and apply them
to circuit analysis, we need to be thoroughly familiar
with complex numbers.
 A complex number z can be written in rectangular
form as
z  x  jy
 x is the real part of z;
j  1
 y is the imaginary part of z.
 Phasors
 The complex number z can also be written in polar or
exponential form as
j
z  r  re
 where r is the magnitude of z, and ϕ is the phase of z.

 z can be represented in three ways:

z  x  jy Rectangular form

z  r Polar form

j
z  re Exponential Form
 Phasors
 Relation between polar and rectangular form
 Given x and y, we can get r and ϕ as

y
r x y 2 2
  tan 1

x
 On the other hand, if we know r and ϕ we can obtain x
and y as
x  r cos  y  r sin 

 Thus, z may be written as

z  x  jy  r  r (cos   j sin  )

 Phasor Operations
 Phasor operations
 Addition of phasors
 Subtraction of phasors
 Multiplication of vectors
 Division of complex quantities or vectors
 Raising a vector to a given power
 Extracting the roots of a vector
 Logarithm of a vector
 Phasor Operations
 Addition and subtraction of complex numbers are
better performed in rectangular form; multiplication
and division are better done in polar form
 Given the complex numbers

z  x  jy  r
z1  x1  jy1  r11
z 2  x2  jy2  r2 2
Cartesian or Polar
Rectangular Coordinate
Coordinate system
system
Phasor Operations
Phasor Operations
 Phasor Operations
 Operator j 1
j
j
 Euler’s identity
 j
e  cos   j sin 
 Real and Imaginary part of ejϕ
 where Re and Im stand for the real part of and the
imaginary part of
cos   Re(e j )
sin   Im(e j )
 Phasor Operations
 Given sinusoid
v(t )  Vm cos(t   )

v(t )  Re Vm e j (t  ) 
v(t )  ReV m e j t j 
e 
 Thus, 
v(t )  Re Ve jt 
 Where, V  Vm e j  Vm 
 V is thus the phasor representation of the sinusoid
 Phasor Operations
 Here, v(t)

 Time-domain representation

v(t )  Vm cos(t   )

 Phasor-domain representation
j
V  Vm e  Vm 
 Phasor Operations
 Sinusoid-phasor transformation
 Phasor Operations
 Difference between v(t) and V

 1. v(t) is the instantaneous or time domain

representation, while is V is the frequency or phasor
domain representation.

 2. v(t) is time dependent, while V is not. (This fact is

often forgotten by students.)

 3. v(t) is always real with no complex term, while V is

generally complex.
 Example – 9.3(a)
 Evaluate the complex number

 Solutions:
 Example – 9.3(b)
 (b) Problem:

 Using polar-rectangular transformation, addition,

multiplication, and division,
 Practice Problem – 9.3
 Evaluate the following complex numbers:
 Example – 9.4
 Transform these sinusoids to phasors

 Solutions
 Practice Problem – 9.4
 Express these sinusoids as phasors:
 Example – 9.5
 Find the sinusoids represented by these phasors:

 Solutions
 Practice Problem – 9.5
 Find the sinusoids corresponding to these phasors:
 Example – 9.6
 Find the sum

 Solution
 Here is an important use of phasors—for summing
sinusoids of the same frequency. Current i1(t) is in the
standard form. Its phasor is

 We need to express i2(t) in cosine form. The rule for

converting sine to cosine is to subtract 900. Hence,
 Example – 9.6 Cont’d
 Solution
 and its phasor is

 Transforming this to the time domain, we get

 Practice Problem – 9.6
 Find the sum
 Example – 9.7
 Example – 9.7

 Solution: We transform each term in the equation from time

domain to phasor domain.
 Practice Problem – 9.7
 Find the sum
 Example
 Find the sum A  1036.90  8  j 6
A  61200  3  j 5.2

 Solution:
 Example
 Graphical illustration or Vector addition for the
example
Problem – Self Practice
 Example – Subtraction
 Subtract vector B from vector A

A  3060 0
B  21(cos160  j sin 160 )
0 0

 Solution:

 Subtract vector A from vector B

 Example - Multiplication
 Multiply C=AB where

A  2400
B  31000

j ( 400 1000 )
C  AB  2e j 400
.3e j1000
 6e  6e j1400

C  AB  2400  31000
 2  3400  1000  61400
 Example - Multiplication
 It can be shown that AB  BA

 Also, ABC  ABC A   B   C

ABC  BCA  ACB 
 Again, if A  a  ja  B  b  jb

 Vector product
 Example - Multiplication
 Magnitude of the resulting vector

 Phase angle of F
 Example - Division
 Division example
 Example - Division
 Again, if A  a  ja  B  b  jb

 Similar way
 Example - Division
 Again, if A  10  j17.3 B  4.33  j 2.5

 Reduced to polar form

Raising Vector to a Given Power
 A vector of phasor may be raised to a given power n,
where n is an integer

 If A  A A

 Then A  A n A
n n

 Similarly, A n B n  An B n n A  n B
Raising Vector to a Given Power
 A vector of phasor may be raised to a given power n,
where n is an integer

 If a  11200  0.5  j 0.866

 Then
a 2  12400
a 3  13600  100
a  1480  1120
4 0 0
 Extracting the Roots of a Vector
 A vector of phasor may be raised to a given power n,
where n is an integer

 If A  A A
 A  2q
 Then
n
A  A
n where, q=0, 1, 2, … ,n – 1

n
 Cartesian form of above equation is,

   A  2q    A  2q 
n
A  A cos
n
  j sin  
  n   n 
 Extracting the Roots - Example
 Find the square roots of A if A  3.08  j8.445

 Solution: Transformed into polar form

 Extracting the Roots - Example
 Find the square roots of A if A  3.08  j8.445

 Vector diagram

Vector
A=9∟700
and its two
roots
 Extracting the Roots - Problem
 Problem:
 Logarithm of a Vector
 The logarithm of a vector A is the inverse of the exponential of
A.
 In other words, the logarithm of the vector A=Aejθ to the base e
is defined as the power to which e must be raised to equal Aejθ
 By definition:

A  A  Ae j
log e A  log e Ae j  log e A  log e e j
 log e A  j log e e  log e A  j
 Here, θ is the phase angle of the vector A, must be considered
in radians !!!
 Logarithm of a Vector
 Example

A  A  Ae j
স্বাস্থ্য বববধ মেকন চলুন,
বনরা঩কদ থােুন।

সবাইকে ধনযবাদ