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قواعد الاشتقاق وتطبيقاته في الرياضيات#موقع الفيزياء.كوم
قواعد الاشتقاق وتطبيقاته في الرياضيات#موقع الفيزياء.كوم
ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺮﺱ
2 1ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ دﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﺪدﻳﺔ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ دﺍﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1
ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ دﺍﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1
ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻟﻔﻲ ﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺑﺠﻮﺍﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1
ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ دﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1
ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﺮﺓ
• ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ دﺍﻟﺔ ﺑﺠﻮﺍﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺑﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺗﺎﻟﻔﻴﺔ.
• ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪد ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻖ ﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ x0ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻪ ﻟﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﺎﻫﺎ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻓﺼﻮﻟﻬﺎ .x0
• ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ.
• ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ دﺍﻟﺔ.
• ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ دﺍﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺸﺎﺅﻩ.
• ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺭﺗﺎﺑﺔ دﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ دﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺘﻬﺎ.
• ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﺓ دﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻐﻴﺮﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ.
• ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻳﺔ.
• ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺎﺕ.
1
ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ دﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﺪدﻳﺔ 1
ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ دﺍﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ 1.1
ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ .1
• ﻟﺘﻜﻦ fدﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﺪدﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ Iﻭ .x0 ∈ I
) f (x) − f (x0
.x→x
lim ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﻥ fﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻓﻲ x0ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺟﺪ ﻋﺪد ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ lﺑﺤﻴﺚ= l :
0 x − x0
ﺍﻟﻌﺪد lﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪد ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻖ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﻟﺔ fﻓﻲ x0ﻭ ﻧﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ) .f ′ (x0
x x
= ) f (xﻭ -1
= ) f (x ;x 6 0 x0 = 1
x0 = 0 ﻭ x−1 -5 x+1
f (x) = − 1 x2 ; x > 0 π
2 = x0 f (x) = sin x -2ﻭ
2
x0 = 3 f (x) = |x − 3| -3ﻭ
= ) f (xﻭ -6 f (x) = |x2 − 5x + 6| -4ﻭ
p
x0 = 4 ||x − 4 x0 = 2
2
ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ دﺍﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ 2.1
) (Cf
) (T
−
→
j
O −
→
i
• ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ fﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ x0ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ) ،fd′ (x0 ) 6= fg′ (x0ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ
)) A(x0 ; f (x0ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﺰﻭﺍﺓ ﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ .f
3
) f (x) − f (x0 ) f (x) − f (x0
f limﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ∞= ∓ limﺃﻭ ∞= ∓ • ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ
x→x+
0
x − x0 x→x−
0
x − x0
ﻳﻘﺒﻞ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻤﺎﺱ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺗﻴﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺼﻮﻝ .x0
ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ g .3دﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﺪدﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ Rﺏ.g(x) = |x2 − 4| :
-1ﺍدﺭﺱ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ gﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ .2
-2ﺣﺪد ﻧﺼﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ gﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺼﻮﻝ .2
ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ .3ﻟﺘﻜﻦ fدﺍﻟﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻓﻲ .x0ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ) x 7→ f ′ (x0 )(x − x0 ) + f (x0ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻟﻔﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﻟﺔ fﻓﻲ x0ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻟﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﻟﺔ fﺑﺠﻮﺍﺭ .x0
ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ .3ﻟﺘﻜﻦ fدﺍﻟﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻓﻲ .x0ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺑﺠﻮﺍﺭ .f (x) ≃ f ′ (x0)(x − x0 ) + f (x0 ) :x0
√
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ .3ﻟﻨﺤﺪد ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻟﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﻟﺔ f : x 7→ 1 + xﺑﺠﻮﺍﺭ 0ﻭ ﻟﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻘﺮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪد : 1, 0008
p
√
)f (x) − f (0 1+x−1 1 1 √
ﺇﺫﻥ .x→0
lim = lim √ = lim = = ) f (0ﻭ 1+0 = 1 ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ
x−0 x→0 x x→0 1+x+1 2
1
= )،f ′(0
2
ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻟﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﻟﺔ fﺑﺠﻮﺍﺭ 0ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ gﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺏ g(x) = f ′ (0)(x − 0) + f (0) :ﺃﻱ:
1
.g(x) = x + 1
2
ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺠﻮﺍﺭ 0ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ. f (x) ≃ g(x) :
1
. ﺃﻱ ﺇﺫﻥ ) f (0, 0008) ≃ g(0, 0008ﺃﻱ
p p
1, 0008 ≃ 1, 0004 1 + 0, 0008 ≃ ×0, 0008 + 1
2
ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ .4
1
→ g : x 7ﺑﺠﻮﺍﺭ .0 -1ﺣﺪد ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻟﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﻟﺔ
x+1
1
. -2ﺇﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻘﺮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪد
1, 006
4
√ √
)f (x) − f (a x+1− a+1
lim = lim ﻟﻴﻜﻦ aﻣﻦ [∞.] − 1; +
x→a x−a x→a x−a
x−a
= lim √ √
x→a (x − a)( x + 1 + )a + 1
1
√ = lim √
x→a x+1+ a+1
1
√ =
2 a+1
ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺡ [∞.] − 1; +√
ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ fﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ
√ )f (x) − f (−1 x+1 1
lim x + 1 = 0+ limﻷﻥ = lim + √ = lim + ﻭ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ= +∞ :
x→(−1)+ x→(−1)+ )x − (−1 )x→(−1 x+1 )x→(−1 x+1
ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ fﻻ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ).(−1
ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ fﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ [∞ [−1; +ﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ [∞.] − 1; +
5
ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ f ′ ﺣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ f ′ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ f ﺣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ f
R x 7→ 0 R x 7→ k / k ∈ R
R x 7→ nxn−1 R ∗x 7→ xn / n ∈ N
1 1
∗R x 7→ − 2 ∗R →x 7
x x
1 √
R∗+ √ →x 7 R+ x 7→ x
2 x
R x 7→ cos x R x 7→ sin x
R x 7→ − sin x R x 7→ cos x
√ 1
√ = . ( x )′ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ .3ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ﺇﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎ .f ′ (x) = (f (x))′ :ﻣﺜﻼ:
2 x
ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ .4ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭدﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﺬﺭﻳﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ.
√ x3 − 6x
→ g : x 7ﻭ :h : x 7→ x cos x ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ f : x 7→ −6x5 + 8x2 − 3 :ﻭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ .6ﻟﻨﺤﺪد ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻝ
2x + 5
)f ′ (x) = (−6x5 + 8x2 − 3
′
• ﻟﻜﻞ xﻣﻦ :R
′ ′
= (−6x5 ) + (8x2 ) + (−3)′
′ ′
) = −6 (x5 ) + 8 (x2
= −6×5x4 + 8×2x
= −30x4 + 16x
3 ′
x − 6x
= )g ′ (x • ﻟﻜﻞ xﻣﻦ } :R \ {− 25
2x + 5
′
)(x − 6x) (2x + 5) − (2x + 5)′ (x3 − 6x
3
=
(2x + 5)2
)(3x − 6) (2x + 5) − 2(x3 − 6x
2
=
(2x + 5)2
6x + 15x − 12x − 30 − 2x3 + 12x
3 2
=
(2x + 5)2
3 2
4x + 15x − 30
=
(2x + 5)2
6
√
))h′ (x) = ( x cos(x
√ ′
′
√
• ﻟﻜﻞ xﻣﻦ :R∗+
= ( x) cos(x) + (cos(x))′ x
1 √
= √ cos(x) − sin(x) x
2 x
ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ .5ﺣﺪد ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ fﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
1 −2x + 9 √
= )f (x = )(4) f (x (3) f (x) = 4x5 − 3x3 + x − 8 (2) f (x) = 6x2 + 2 x )(1
3x2
−7 3x
√+ 7
2 x
f (x) = tan x = )(8) f (x )(7) f (x) = (2x3 − x)(5x + 6) (6) f (x) = (2x − 3) sin x (5
x+1
ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ .5ﻟﺘﻜﻦ fدﺍﻟﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ Iﻭ aﻭ bﻋﺪدﻳﻦ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﻴﻦ ﻭ ∗.n ∈ N
• ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ f nﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ،Iﻭ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ. (f n )′ = n.f ′ ×f n−1 :
= (f −n )′ • ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ f −nﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺿﻤﻦ Iﻻ ﺗﻨﻌﺪﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ،fﻭ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ:
. −n.f ′ ×f −n−1
√
• ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ fﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺿﻤﻦ Iﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ fﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻗﻄﻌﺎ ،ﻭ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ:
√ f′
√ = . ( f )′
2 f
• ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ) x 7→ f (ax + bﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ xﻣﻦ Rﺑﺤﻴﺚ ax + b ∈ Iﻭ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ:
).(f (ax + b))′ = a.f ′ (ax + b
1
= ).f (x ﻣﺜﺎﻝ .7ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ fﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺏ:
(x2
+ x + 3)5
ﻣﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭدﻳﺔ x2 + x + 3ﻫﻮ ∆ = 12 − 4×1×3 = −11 < 0 :ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭدﻳﺔ x2 + x + 3ﻻ ﺗﻨﻌﺪﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ
.R
ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺬﺭﻳﺔ fﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ .R
′
1
= )f (x
′
ﻭ ﻟﻜﻞ xﻣﻦ Rﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ:
(x2 + x + 3)5
′
) = ((x2 + x + 3)−5
= −5(x2 + x + 3)′ (x2 + x + 3)−6
= −5(2x + 1)(x2 + x + 3)−6
)−5(2x + 1
=
(x2 + x + 3)6
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ .8ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ gﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺏ.g(x) = sin(4x − 7) :
ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ sinﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ .Rﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ gﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ .R
g ′ (x) = (sin(4x − 7))′ ﻭ ﻟﻜﻞ xﻣﻦ Rﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ:
′
)= 4 sin (4x − 7
)= 4 cos(4x − 7
√
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ .9ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ hﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺏ.h(x) = −2x2 + 3x − 1 :
ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭدﻳﺔ x2 +x+3ﻟﻬﺎ ﺟﺬﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭدﻳﺔ −2x2 +3x−1ﻫﻮ∆ = 32 −4×(−2)×(−1) = 1 > 0 :
−3 + 1 1 −3 − 1
.ﻭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ: ﻭ = ﻫﻤﺎ= 1 :
x ∞− 1
1 ∞+ )2×(−2 )2 2×(−2
2
7
√
ﻭ ﻟﻜﻞ xﻣﻦ [ ] 21 ; 1ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ:
′
= )h′ (x −2x2 + 3x − 1
′
)(−2x2 + 3x − 1
√ =
2 −2x2 + 3x − 1
−4x + 3
√ =
2 −2x2 + 3x − 1
ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ .6ﺣﺪد ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ fﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
√
f (x) = √5x − 3 (3) f (x) = sin(−7x + 8) (2) f (x) = (4x + 2)3 )(1
2 3 3
)f (x) = 2x − 5x + 6 (6) f (x) = x cos(3x + 1) (5) f (x) = (−3x + 7x − 8 −7
)(4
ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ fﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻗﻄﻌﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻟﻴﻦ [ ] − ∞; −2ﻭ [∞ ]1; +ﻭ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺼﻴﺔ ﻗﻄﻌﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ [.] − 2; 1
ﻧﺸﺮﻙ ﻣﻊ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ fﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺘﻬﺎ f ′ﻭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺎﺕ fﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺤﺪﺍﺕ ﺣﻴﺰ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﺭﻓﻬﺎ:
5 5
ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺎﺕ fﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺤﺪﺍﺕ ﺣﻴﺰ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ lim f (x) = lim x3 = −∞ :ﻭ ∞lim f (x) = lim x3 = +
∞x→− x→+∞ 3 ∞x→− x→−∞ 3
ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ :f
x ∞− −2 1 ∞+
)f ′ (x + 0 − 0 +
56
3
∞+
)f (x
8
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ .11ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪدﻳﺔ hﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺏ.h(x) = 3x4 + 8x3 + 6x2 :
ﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ hدﺍﻟﺔ ﺣﺪﻭدﻳﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ .R
ﻟﻜﻞ xﻣﻦ Rﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ.h′ (x) = 12x3 + 24x2 + 12x = 12x(x + 1)2 :
ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ :h′
x ∞− −1 0 ∞+
12x − − 0 +
(x + 1)2 + 0 + +
)h′ (x − 0 − 0 +
ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ h′ﺗﻨﻌﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ) (−1ﻭ 0ﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻨﺪ .0ﺇﺫﻥ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﻟﺔ hﻣﻄﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻫﻮ.h(0) = 0 :
ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ .7ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ) f ′ (xﺛﻢ ﺇﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺭﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ fﻭ ﺣﺪد ﻣﻄﺎﺭﻓﻬﺎ ﺇﻥ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ،ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
1 1
f (x) = x2 + 2
)(4 f )(x = x + )(3) f (x) = x4 − 2x2 + 7 (2) f (x) = 2x3 − 6x2 (1
x x
3 2 3 3x2 − 1 1−x
f (x) = x − x + 4x − 1 (8) f (x) = x (2 − x) (7) f (x) = 2 = )(6) f (x )(5
x +1 x2
ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ .9ﻟﺘﻜﻦ fدﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﺪدﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ Rﺏ f (x) = λ cos(−2x + θ) :ﻣﻊ λﻭ θﻣﻦ .R
ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻥ fﺣﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ .y ′′ + 4y = 0
9