Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Situation Analysis

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is an herbaceous perennial plant belonging to the

order of Scitamineae and the family of Zingiberaceae. It is a perennial reed- like plant

with annual leafy stems about a meter or 3-4 feet tall. It is a root crop and a typical herb

extensively grown across the world for its pungent aromatic under-ground stem or

rhizome which makes it an important export commodity in world trade. Ginger root is the

rhizome of the plant Zingiber officinale, consumed as a delicacy, medicine or spice (Dai,

2017).

Ginger is a flowering plant that originated in Southeast Asia. It’s among the

healthiest and most delicious spices on the planet. The rhizome (underground part of the

stem) is the part commonly used as a spice. It’s often called ginger root or, simply,

ginger. Ginger can be used fresh, dried, powdered, or as an oil or juice. It’s a very

common ingredient in recipes. It’s sometimes added to processed foods and cosmetics.

Ginger has a very long history of use in various forms of traditional and alternative

medicine (Leech, 2021). The plant has a number of chemicals responsible for its

medicinal properties, such as antiarthritis, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic,

antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer (Kuete, 2017).

 2

Ginger is used as a spice in different kinds of dish and as a flavouring agent

because of its unique aroma. It is also valued in medicine as a carminative and stimulant

of the gastro-intestinal tract. Ginger stimulates gastric juice secretion and relieves cough

and flu. It is also used to treat migraine, travel sickness, and rheumatoid arthritis. In India,

ginger is used in the preparation of many ayurvedic formulations ‘Ayurveda’ is the

traditional Indian medical discipline. The curative properties of ginger come from the

volatile oil that contains comgibereno, cingeberol, borneol, felandreno, citral, cineolm

starch, mucilage, resin, and among other substances (BDPH, 2016).

For thousands of years, herbalists have used the root of the ginger plant to relieve

stomach problems. With its natural anti-inflammatory effects, ginger is also commonly

used to treat arthritis, high cholesterol, menstrual cramps, and other health conditions

(Wong, 2020). Ginger has potent antioxidant actions, since it contains one of the highest

levels of antioxidants in the natural world. It thus neutralizes oxidative stress, such as that

caused by TPA, which is a powerful oxidative molecule. As an antioxidant, it inhibits the

production of superoxide and lipid peroxides, inhibits iNOS activity, and maintains

reduced glutathione levels. It is also helpful in pregnancy-related nausea. In all of these

situations, part of the effect is due to its carminative action, which helps to break up the

gas trapped in the intestines and stomach and drive it downwards through the rectum

(Thomas MD, 2019).

Moreover, ginger also possesses anti-inflammatory activity and regulates bacterial

growth, as well as providing protection for immune-depressed patients, such as

individuals who are HIV positive. Many active components have been found in ginger.
 3

The active component obtained from ginger is a high value-added product and due to

such, there is continued research for improved extraction techniques that will lead to

better quality extracts and greater yields (Prev Med, 2013).

The freshly harvested ginger is used for consumption as green ginger. Different

products like ginger oil, ginger oleoresin can be prepared for export, which are very

common in developed countries. Dried ginger can also be prepared and it may be either

sold as such or in the form of an off white to very light brown powder. The dried ginger

or ginger powder is generally used in manufacturing of ginger brandy, wine and beer in

many western countries. Ginger oil is primarily used as a flavouring agent in

confectionary and for soft drinks (Kendra, 2020).

Ginger rhizomes were sliced to various lengths of 5-50 mm and whole rhizomes

were dried from an initial moisture content of 81.3 % to final moisture content of less

than 10 % by various drying methods like sun drying, solar tunnel drying and cabinet tray

drying at temperatures of 50-65 ℃. Slicing of ginger rhizomes significantly reduced the

drying time of ginger in all the drying methods. It was observed that drying of whole

ginger rhizomes under the sun took the maximum time for nine days followed by solar

tunnel drying for eight days (Spices Board, 2011).

Ginger grown in different parts of the country varies considerably in its intrinsic

properties and its suitability for processing. The important quality parameters of ginger

are its fibre content, volatile oil content, and non-volatile ether extract. The size of ginger

rhizome is particularly important when it is processed to dried ginger. Some areas grow

ginger yielding very large rhizomes, which are marketed as fresh ginger, but unsuitable
 4

for converting to the dried spice due to their high moisture content. This caused

difficulties in drying and frequently a heavy wrinkled product was obtained and the

volatile oil content was often low and with below standard requirements (Nadu, 2014).

Ginger is usually available in three different forms namely the fresh root ginger,

the preserved ginger in brine or syrup and the dried ginger spice. Fresh ginger is usually

consumed in the area where fresh ginger is produced, although it is possible to transport

fresh roots internationally. Both mature and immature rhizomes are consumed as a fresh

vegetable. Preserved ginger is only made from immature rhizome preserved gingers.

Most preserved ginger is exported and grinding can be a method of adding value to a

product. Hong Kong, China, and Australia are the major producers of preserved ginger

and dominate the world market. Making preserved ginger is not simple as it requires a

great deal of care and attention to quality. Only the youngest tender stems of ginger

should be used. Dried ginger spice is produced from the mature dried ginger ome. As the

rhizome matures the flavour and aroma become much stronger. Dried ginger is exported,

usually in large pieces which are ground into a spice in the country of destination. Dried

ginger can be ground and used directly as a spice and also for the extraction of ginger oil

and ginger oleoresin (Ali, 2017).

There are two major methods of crushing namely: traditional and modern

methods. Traditional method employed in ginger crushing is quite primitive, favours low

capacity output, and susceptible to increase in microbial load on the crushed ginger.

While modern method even though offers higher capacity output, requires skilled

manpower to operate and maintain. In addition, it often suffers from

 5

underutilization/redundancy due to limited ginger availability within a given locality

(Guwo, Ndirika, & Mohammed, 2010).

In the Municipality of Bagulin, Province of La Union, tiger grass or locally

known as “boyboy” serves as their source of income. But, the abundance of ginger in

their area gives additional livelihood to the people. Ginger can grow in flat or inclined

area, and it can grow in shady places together with tall trees or plants. Further, they used

to plant ginger under tiger grasses because it is more productive when it is 25 to 50

percent shaded. From planting to harvesting, the growing cycle of a ginger takes 4 to 5

months. Planting starts at rainy season or at the month of June up to August.

Bagulin produces a huge number of ginger for the entire Province of La Union but

transporting crops in huge number will give struggle to farmers especially for those who

live in mountain areas. One more thing is that most of the time, the market value of

ginger is very low.

The Department of Trade and Industry offered them machines for the ginger

processing which includes the slicer, dehydrator, and a grinder. They can produce up to

20 kg of pulverized ginger in a day but they harvested ginger in large quantity during the

season. Due to lack of processing facilities and sometimes due to machine failure, a large

proportion of the production is wasted.

Currently, ginger is processed for three principal products: ginger powder, ginger

oleoresin, and ginger oil. Processing of these ginger products also involves unit

operations such as pulverization, extraction, and expression. However, development of

ginger pulverizing machine has received minimum attention.

 6

Ginger Processor machine transforms course material into finer shards or

granules. Pulverisers move materials through various devices that use pressure and blades

to grind it (Kietzman, 2017). This machine has the advantage of being able to process

many types of materials as well as producing particles of various sizes by simply

changing the output screen. Ginger Processor is composed of slicer which will cut the

raw materials in strips, dehydrator which removes the moisture from the material, and

pulveriser which reduces the material into specks.

In view of the foregoing discussion, the researchers were prompted to develop a

more efficient and more compact Ginger Processor to address the needs of the ginger

farmers of Bagulin. The Ginger Processor will be automatically operated compared to the

existing machine which is manually operated. The equipment in the existing machine

were separated and much bigger compared to the Ginger Processor. The machine is a

great help to the farmers to process their crops with the assurance that it will not take any

damage. The beneficiaries of this Ginger Processor are the farmers most especially in

Cambaly, Bagulin, La Union.

Unprocessed ginger contains extraneous matter such as insect parts and stone or

support colonies of bacteria or fungi, once arrived from the suppliers. Processor must

treat these problems of contamination before the spices are put in the market.

The Ginger Processor can help prolong the life of ginger. The powdered ginger

has a lot of use and benefits. It is a highly versatile spice used in culinary world,

including spicing the food and beverages, seasoning meats, making ginger tea, and was

also used as a flavor in a variety of baked dishes.

 7

Ginger Processor is a machine used to reduce ginger as a raw material into fine

particles. Inside, the material will go into three processes that will turn into powder.

Slicing the raw material into strips after feeding into the hopper, then it will go to the

dryer where the material will be dehydrated and lastly, it will be pulverized and turn into

powder.

Statement of Objectives

This study aimed to develop a Ginger Processor. Specifically, it sought to answer

the following objectives:

1. To design and fabricate a Ginger Processor;

2. To test and evaluate the performance of the Ginger Processor; and

3. To determine the cost-benefit analysis of the Ginger Processor.

Time and Place of the Study

The study was conducted during the School Year 2019-2020 at the Mechanical

Department, College of Engineering, Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University,

Mid-La Union Campus, Catbangen, City of San Fernando, La Union.

Definition of Terms

For a better understanding of this study, the following terms are operationally

defined:
 8

Cost-Benefit Analysis is the act of breaking down a cost summary into its

constituents of the machine.

Design is to create, execute, or construct a Ginger Processor.

Evaluate is to determine the significance, worth, or condition of the machine.

Efficiency refers to the overall technical performance of the machine and it is

calculated by the ratio of output work to the input work of the machine.

Fabricate is to construct from diverse and usually standardized parts of the

machine.

Ginger is the root of a plant that is used to flavor food. It is the raw material that

undergoes slicing, drying and grinding.

Ginger Processor is a machine that slices, dries, and grinds ginger to prolong its

storage time and transport easily.

Processor refers to the cutting, drying and grinding of the food product.

Test is a result or value determined by establishing the performance of the

machine.

Zingiber Officinale is the scientific name of ginger. It is a flowering plant whose

rhizome, ginger root or ginger, is widely used as a spice and a folk medicine.
 Chapter 2

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study used the developmental type of research. The research design was used

to determine the effectiveness of the Ginger Processor in terms of production and time

rate in the long run.

Developmental research is a broad concept, which means that the research is

relevant, developmental-oriented, and aimed at providing answers to development

problems. The purpose of development research is to assess changes over an extended

period of time. Development research would be an ideal choice to assess the differences

in academic and social development in low income versus high income neighbourhoods.

It is particularly important in the field of instructional technology (Heffner, 2014).

The input and output processes underwent experimentation, close observation,

and trial and errors for the improvement of different aspects of the study.

Description of Mechanism

The Ginger Processor can be widely used in many fields such as in medicine,

agricultural, and food stuffs. It is powered mainly by a 1.5 HP electrical motor. In series

with the electric motor with 5 in. pulley are the 3 in. diameter pulley of the slicer and

another 3 in. diameter pulley that controls the grinder. A V-belt A-78 and V-belt A-30
 10

were used to connect the pulleys of the slicer and grinder to the electric motor pulley.

Also, a ¾ HP washing machine motor and a gear reducer with a speed ratio of 1:60 were

used to operate the screen conveyor. The reducer has a 5 ½ in. diameter pulley which is

driven by a 2 ½ in. diameter pulley of washing machine motor. Also, a V-belt M-33 was

used to connect both pulleys. The pulley and pillow blocks of the slicer are held by a 5/8

in. diameter, 12 in. long shaft. Another 5/8 in. diameter, 21 in. long shaft holds the pulley

and pillow blocks of the grinder. While seven (7) sprockets with a 2 in. diameter and a

chain with 35 in. long were used to run the screen conveyor. The dryer is composed of a

5 in. diameter heating coil and a 4.5 in. diameter fan. These components are used to

produce hot air inside the drying chamber.

This machine is simple and solid in structure. It consisted of a slicer which will

cut the ginger into small pieces. The sliced ginger will proceed to the drying chamber

which composed of a screen conveyor, fan, and heating coil to remove the moisture

content of the ginger. Then the conveyor transports the dried ginger to the grinder. Lastly,

the pulverized material will be ejected out of the grinder to a container.

Materials and Procedures

Materials. Materials used in the construction of the Ginger Processor were listed in

Table 1 with corresponding quantity and price.

 11

Table 1. List of materials and labor cost in the development of the Ginger Processor

Quantity Unit Description Unit Cost Total Cost

(Php) (Php)
3 pcs Angle bar ,1” x 1” 315.00 945.00
1 pc GI Sheet, 4’ x 8’ #20 740.00 740.00
1 pc GI pipe, 1 ¼” S20 670.00 670.00
3 m Screen, 3’ 85.00 255.00
16 ft Shafting, 5/8” 40.00 640.00
50 pcs Blind rivet, 5/32” x 5/8” 0.75 37.50
24 pcs Pillow blocks, 5/8” 180.00 4320.00
2 pcs Angle bar, 2.5mm x1” 225.00 450.00
1 pc Steel bar 2.2k 79.00 79.00
48 sets Bolts and nuts, ½” x 1 ½” 14.00 672.00
1 pc Square bar, 12mm 193.00 193.00
1 pc Gear box 4,200.00 4,200.00
2 pcs Pulley, 5/8” x 3” 135.00 270.00
4 pcs Rear hub 200.00 800.00
1 set Chain and sprocket, 35” & 2” 900.00 900.00
1 pc Glass, 20” x 20” 120.00 120.00
1 pc Washing machine motor, ¾ HP 1,000.00 1,000.00
1 pc Switch box 40.00 40.00
1 pc Push button switch 240.00 240.00
1 pc Electric motor, 1.5 HP 3,000.00 3,000.00
1 pc Fan 250.00 250.00
1 pc Heating coil 180.00 180.00
1 pc V-belt M-33 150.00 150.00
1 pc V-belt A-30 200.00 200.00
1 pc V-belt A-78 360.00 360.00
Labor Cost 5,000.00 5,000.00
TOTAL 25, 959.50

Tools and Equipment. Tools and equipment used in the assembly and

construction of the machine were listed in Table 2 with the corresponding function.
 12

Table 2. Tools and Equipment

Tools and Equipment Function

Welding Machine It is a machine used to connect joints of metal pieces using
soldering rods.

Power Drill It is a power tool used for making round holes.

Riveter It is a tool used to interlock aluminum bars in trays.

Grinder It is an instrument used to smoothen welded areas and

make creases for the stainless steel.

Screw Driver It is a tool used to fasten screws in the frame.

Metal Saw It is a tool used to cut metals into workable sizes.

Procedures

The researchers gathered concepts and information for the design and

construction of the Ginger Processor. Using the principles learned, the researchers

considered the information gathered to design the machine.

The researchers assembled the parts using the different processes and came up

with the machine with a motor that uses electricity to power up the motor as the source of

heat for the dryer.

The raw material was processed using the following procedures:

1. Slicing- slicing the ginger into strips after feeding into the hopper.

2. Dehydrating- in the process of dehydration, the moisture content was removed from

the material.

3. Grinding- after dehydrating the material, it was grinded into fine granules.
 13

PLANNING

DESIGNING

FABRICATION

TESTING

REVISION

EVALUATION

DEVELOPED GINGER
PROCESSOR

Figure 1. Process flow diagram in the development of the Ginger Processor

 14

ACTIVITY Mar Apr May Jun Jul Nov Dec Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2020 202 2020 2020 2020
0
Researching

Designing

Procurement
of Materials
Fabrication

Assembly

Pre-testing

Revisions

Final
Testing
Data
Gathered
Evaluation

Fig. 2. Gantt Chart in the Development of Ginger Processor

Data Gathered

The Ginger Processor underwent several trials to test its performance. The test

was used to determine the technical performance of the machine in terms of throughput

capacity, efficiency, and effectiveness in comparison to the existing machines.

 15

In the evaluative stage of the study, observation checklist, timer, and weighing

scale were utilized for gathering data. These instruments were used to evaluate the level

of performance, level of functionality and cost benefit analysis of the Ginger Processor.

The researchers used 0.5 kg of ginger as an input raw material. To compute for

the capacity, multiply the production rate by the operating hour of the machine. To get

the average processing time of the slicer, dryer, and grinder, divide the summation of all

time by the number of trials. The efficiency of the slicer, dryer, and grinder was

calculated by the quotient of the net weight and gross weight of the ginger then multiply

it by 100%.

As to the tested capacity of the dryer, 0.5 kilogram of ginger with an average of

81.3% initial moisture content was dried continuously until it reaches a final moisture

content of about 10%. Moisture reduction can be calculated by subtracting the ginger’s

final moisture content from its initial moisture content.

Cost benefit analysis was measured by computing the cost of utilizing the

machine as well as the return of investment for the manufacturer and respective

customers.

Data Analysis

The statistical tools used in the treatment of data gathered were arithmetic mean

and percentages. In computing the cost benefit analysis of the machine, labor cost was

added to the total cost of materials in developing the machine. Ten percent of the sum

was considered to be the profit in selling the Ginger Processor. For investors in operating
 16

the machine, the daily expenditures were added namely: the labor cost and the electricity

cost. The market price of the ginger and the ground ginger was also considered. A

market price of Php 140 per kilogram of processed ginger was established. The

production rate was multiplied by the price of the processed ginger to compute for the

daily gross profit. The daily net profit for an investor was calculated by subtracting the

daily expenditures from the daily gross profit. Return of investment for an investor was

computed by dividing the market price of the machine to the daily net profit.
 Chapter 3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Design and Fabrication of the Ginger Processor

The design of the Ginger Processor is shown in Plates 1 and 2. The dimensions

were given and the virtual and isometric views of the design of the machine were stated

and the parts were also labeled.

The machine has three major components: the slicer, the dryer, and the grinder.

The machine has also pulleys and belts which connect the major parts and a motor to

transfer motion from the electric motor and also accessory parts to make the machine

works which include the hoppers which were made of galvanized sheet. The machine was

made out of angle bars to support and protect the components of the Ginger Processor

with the following dimensions: width of 17 inches, length of 40 inches, and height of 36

inches.

From the top view of the machine, pulleys, chains, housing of the fan, slicer, and

hopper can be viewed. The hopper going to the slicer was made of galvanized sheet with

4 inches by 2 inches dimension and another 4 inches by 2 inches hopper which was

installed below the screen conveyor going to the grinder. The housing of the fan has the

following dimensions: 4.75 inches wide, 6 inches long, and 6 inches high. From the front

view, it shows the hoppers, slicer, screen conveyor, grinder, reducer, washing machine

motor, and the 1.5 HP motor. The grinder was placed below the dryer and a 30 inches
 18

belt was used to connect to the driver. The casing of the slicer was made of stainless steel

with 8 inches diameter and 2 inches wide and 4 inches by 2 inches hole at the end part

which serves as the discharge area of the slicer. The slicer has 4 blades which are made

up of 2 mm thick with a length of 3 inches and a clearance to its casing of 2 mm. The

blades of the slicer cut the raw materials as it rotates when the machine starts.

From the right side view of the machine, another 9 inches by 6.5 inches hopper

was installed above the grinder, it is where the pulverized raw material will going out. A

3 inches diameter pulley from the slicer and 3 inches from the grinder were connected to

the 5 inches pulley from the drive by means of belt.

Plate 1. Virtual Model indicating the parts of Ginger Processor

 19

Pla

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2.

Fro

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of

the

Gi

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Pro

ces

sor
 20

Plat

e 3.

Rea

Vie

of

the

Gin

ger

Pro

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sor
 21

Pl

at

4.

ef

an

Ri

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 22

Main Parts and Components of the Ginger Processor

Slicer. The slicer as shown in Plate 3 has a housing made up of stainless sheet

having the width of 2 inches with a diameter of 8 inches. The 4 blades with a length of 3

inches each are also made up of stainless to move the raw materials and cut it into smaller

pieces which was necessary for faster drying. The blades have 2 mm clearance to its

casing in order that it can rotate freely and efficiently in moving raw material.

Heating Coil. Electric stove coil as shown in Plate 4 is the main heating element

in the machine. Housing was made in order that the air produced by the fan passed

through this heating coils so that the hot air will deliver to dry the raw material. It was

located beside the screen conveyor of the machine. It is durable and has large coil tube

that generates energy efficiently with less time and electric consumption. It was easy to

operate, safe, and convenient to use in 60 Hz and 230V that uses 1500 W of power. The

heating coil has a housing made up of 2 mm thick galvanized steel with a 5 inches by 5

inches dimension.

Fan. The fan as shown in Plate 5 is the equipment responsible in circulating the

air inside the machine. It was installed at the upper part of the motor with housing. The

fan was installed after the heating coil. The air propelled by the fan was supplied to the

machine. The air passed directly through heating coil going to the screen conveyor. It has

a housing made up of galvanized steel with 6 inches high, 6 inches long, and 4.75 inches

wide.

Grinder. To grind the dried raw material, spiral blade is used as a grinder (Plate

6). It moves in a faster speed to accommodate the desired size of the raw material. It has
 23

feed auger inside to push the dried material between the grinding plates. The grinder was

located below the dryer with a hopper for the product and were bolted to the angle bars

which served as its foundation.

Electric Motor. The motor as shown in Plate 7 which is the driver of the

machine. It is electrically-powered with a rated capacity of 1.5 HP. It is installed on the

lower part of the machine, below the dryer and beside the grinder. Following the

principles of Machine Elements, the power of the drive is transmitted to the slicer and to

the grinder through the use of belts. The rated capacity of the motor was calculated based

on the power formula present in the book of Morse. The weight of the mechanism

including shafts and pulleys and the weight of raw material to be fed were the factors

considered in the calculation to get the total torque of the machine for the right size of the

electric motor. The electric motor has 220V rated voltage, and it is the common voltage

rating of households, making it easier and more accessible to use and operate.

Shaft. The machine used a stainless solid shaft as shown in Plate 8 with 5/8 inch

in diameter to hold and connect the parts of the machine. It is used in the slicer and

grinder with a pulley attached at the other side connected to a belt to rotate using the

power of the motor.

Pulley and Belt. A double cast iron pulley as shown in Plate 9 is used in the

motor with 5 inches diameter while 3 inches in the slicer and 3 inches in the grinder. The

pulley was modified by joining a double pulley and a single pulley. It uses A-57 V-belt

which was attached to the pulley of the slicer and A-30 V-belt is attached to the grinder.
 24

Pillow Blocks. The pillow blocks (Plate 10) are bolted to the angle bar

foundation, securing it, while the shaft and the inner ring of the bearing are free to rotate.

They were used to provide smooth, low friction in rotary applications. There were 24

pillow blocks mounted on the machine located at the screen conveyor, slicer, and grinder.

It has a diameter of 5/8 inch based from the diameter of the shaft which is used in the

grinder and slicer.

Hopper. Hoppers (Plate 11) served as the way of the raw materials being fed

going to the next mechanism. There were two hoppers installed in the machine. A fed

hopper was bolted beside the slicer with 4 inches opening and 1 inch by 3 inches

discharged. Another hopper was welded below the dryer for the intake of the grinder with

9 inches by 6.5 inches opening. All the hoppers were made up of 1.5 mm thick

galvanized steel.

Controls. Controls of the machine as shown in Plate 12 include the push button

switch which enables the machine to start and stop while the other control dictates the

operation of the dryer.

Machine Frame. The machine frame (Plate 13) served as the support of the

machine. It was mainly composed of angle bars welded together with the following

dimensions: width of 17 inches, length of 40 inches and height of 36 inches. The electric

motor was mounted at the bottom part of the frame. To provide portability, there were

wheels welded to the machine frame that enable the user to transport the machine from

one place to another with less manpower.

 25

Construction Procedure of the Ginger Processor

Before the fabrication of the machine, the researchers made an extensive research

and analysis, and formulate a creative design needed to pursue the Ginger Processor.

Upon deciding what design this machine would follow, the researchers started to canvass

and choose what are the possible materials needed to come up with the design of the

machine.

The construction of the frame of the machine was made up of angle bars

necessary to hold all the parts of the machine. All the angle bars around the frames were

welded together to secure rigid connection among joints. Six angle bars were welded at

the top part of the frame which served as the support of the slicer from vibration. Solid

stainless bars were fixed at the center of the housing of slicer in which the blades were

welded. There were also angle bars and square bars at the bottom of the frame where it

served as the housing of the electric motor in order to minimize vibration during the

operation.

The grinder and other accessories were ordered beforehand. A shaft with 5/8 inch

diameter was connected to the grinder in order to put the pulley and connect it to the

driver. The fabrication of the slicer and the blades were done separately and it was

primarily composed of very thick stainless steel.

The dryer was mounted above the grinder which composed of fan, heating

element, and screen conveyor. The housing of the fan was fabricated in order to force the

air pass directly straight to the heating element. A hopper was fabricated with chute and

put below the dryer in order that the dried grains will go directly to the grinder.
 26

During the fabrication and the assembly, some parts of the machine have already

undergone testing just like the slicer. The clearance of the blades to its casing was the

main reason why it was being tested early so that it can push the ginger. It is one of the

most important part of the machine because it is where the drying time of the ginger

depends.

Upon fabricating the different parts of the frame, pulleys and belts were installed.

After this set-up, a simple circuit wiring was made together with the wiring of the heating

element and the fan. Switches were also installed to the left part of the machine including

the electric motor. Finally, rollers were welded to the frame in order to transport the

machine easily from one place to another.

Testing of the Ginger Processor

After the fabrication, it was tested in order to observe its capability. On

September 28, 2020 the, feeder runs and upon checking, ginger were fed to the hopper.

The small hole at the bottom left side of the feeder discharged the ginger and pass

through the blades into smaller pieces as per designated in order to reduce its drying time

as it dries faster at this size.

Pre-cutting was made first due to the size of ginger that cannot pass through based

on the discharge of the hopper (1 x 3 inches) in which if there are oversized that will be

the input, and it blocks the passage of ginger going to the slicer. It was found out that

after putting 0.50 kg of ginger to the intake of the shredder, it has an output of 0.40 kg of

ginger that had been cut into smaller size. Next test was done at the dryer on the same
 27

date, and it was found out that after drying the 0.40 kg of cut ginger, it became 0.30 kg

due to the moisture content which was removed but it took more than 3 hours because of

the power of the heating coil supplying the needed amount of heat in the screen conveyor

was not enough. However, the condition of the surrounding air or other source of air just

like the electric fan helps in order to add the air necessary for faster drying. When the

ginger was already dried, it will be fed to the grinder. After grinding 0.3 kg of ginger, it

has an output of 0.25 kg due to losses just like the vibration and storage for the product

that came out.

Machine Modifications

During and after the testing, the machine was subjected to modifications to

address the following problems:

1. Clogging – The researchers noticed that clogging occurs during slicing especially

when the size of the ginger being the input is not appropriate with the spacing of

the blades. To address this problem, the researcher widened the space of the

blades. The hole at the end of the casing of the slicer after the blades was enlarged

in order that the ginger can easily discharged by the slicer.

2. Vibration – During the testing, the vibration of the machine was very high and to

address this problem, the researcher put additional angle bars where the motor

was mounted that served as the foundation of the motor and put a rubber below

the motor that served as damper to minimize the vibration of the machine.

3. Ginger Got Stuck – The sliced ginger got stuck on the casing of the slicer because

of its moisture. Therefore, only a few sliced gingers were discharged to the screen
 28

conveyor. To address this problem, the researchers pre-cut the ginger with a

maximum of 1 inch thick and sun-dried it for 1 hour.

Data and Results

From the testing done, the following data were collected.

Table 3. Data Gathered During the Testing of the Slicer

Trial Input (kg) Output (kg) Time (sec) Efficiency (%)

1 0.50 0.40 160 80

2 0.50 0.35 153 70
3 0.50 0.36 155 72
4 0.50 0.37 157 74
5 0.50 0.38 159 76
Average 0.50 0.372 156.8 74.4

Table 3 illustrates the efficiency of the slicer cutting down the ginger into smaller

pieces. After 5 trials with different results, factors that affect the output of the slicer were

determined, and it was because of those ginger that had been already cut in the blades of

the slicer due to the clearance to its casing which remained inside and not being

discharged to the hole at the end part of the slicer. Also, the size of the ginger that has

been fed must not exceed to the discharge of the slicer which is 1.5 x 2 inches in order to

avoid clogging that made the ginger to remain in the clearance of blades and its casing.

The average testing results show that in every 156.8 seconds, 0.50 kg of ginger

can be sliced with an efficiency of 74.4%, resulting to an output of 0.372 kg.

 29

Table 4. Data Gathered when Drying Ginger using the Machine

Gross Weight Net Weight Time Moisture Efficiency

(kg) (kg) (min.) removed (kg) (%)

0.50 0.35 240 0.15 70.00

0.40 0.30 225 0.10 75.00

Ave. 0.45 0.33 232.50 0.125 72.50

The gingers were dried to achieve characteristics that prolonged its storage time.

Using the dryer through air dry method, the gross weight of the ginger were 0.50 kg. and

0.40 kg. The net weight were 0.35 kg. and 0.30 kg. The time elapsed for drying was very

high due to the heat produced by the heating coil and the fan supplying the air needed

was not enough for faster drying.

The average testing results show that in every 232.50 minutes, 0.45 kg of ginger

can be dried with an efficiency of 72.50% and 0.125 kg moisture was removed, resulting

to a net weight of 0.33 kg.

Table 5. Comparison Between Sun Dried and Machine Dried

Type of Drying Gross Weight (kg) Net Weight (kg) Time (min)
Machine Dried 0.5 0.35 240
Sun Dried 0.5 0.4 210

Table 5 illustrates the comparison of drying ginger through machine dried and sun

dried. The amount of ginger was treated as the control variable with 0.5 kg. Machine

Drying requires higher time but lesser net weight compared to sun drying.
 30

Table 6. Data Gathering During Grinding of Ginger

Product Gross Weight Net Weight (kg) Time Efficiency

(kg) (sec) (%)
Ginger 0.5 0.36 15 72

Table 6 shows the data gathered during grinding of ginger. Those unground

product will remain inside the grinder especially when the amount of ginger got stuck on

the casing of the grinder because there is also moisture being removed during grinding

with about 10-15%.

The result shows that in every 15 seconds, 0.50 kg of ginger can be ground with

an efficiency of 72%, resulting to a net weight of 0.36 kg.

Operations Manual of the Ginger Processor

The Operations Manual of the Ginger Processor is an instrumental guide

developed by the researcher to help the user in operating the machine properly in the

safest way possible.

I. Operational Procedure

1. Check the mechanical parts of the machine.

1.1 Rotating parts should be properly aligned.

1.2 The V-Belt and chains should be properly fixed and adjusted.

1.3 Re-tighten the bolts and nuts.

2. Check the electrical components and devices.

2.1 Power source should be 220V AC, single phase.

 31

2.2 Check the push button switch if there are loosed connections.

3. Drying Procedure

3.1 Plug in the power cord to 220V AC source.

3.2 Turn on the switch of the fan and heating coil.

3.3 Wait for 3-3 ½ hours until the surface of the machine is totally hot.

4. Slicing and Grinding Procedure

4.1 Prepare the pre-cut ginger.

4.2 Turn on the power switch.

4.3 Feed the pre-cut ginger to the hopper going to the slicer.

4.4 Wait until the screen conveyors transfer the sliced ginger into the

grinder.

4.5 Collect the ground ginger.

4.6 Turn off the power switch.

4.7 Unplug the power source.

5. Maintenance

5.1 Clean the machine every after use.

5.2 Store the machine in a clean and dry place.

II. Safety Procedures

1. Check and inspect the machine before using.

2. Position the machine on a flat and leveled surface.

3. Input power supply should be 220V AC.

 32

4. Always use the protective gear.

5. Shut off the power source before cleaning the machine.

Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Ginger Processor

The cost-benefit analysis provides the economic viability of the Ginger Processor.

Two situations were considered in the calculation. First, if the machine was operated by

the manufacturer. Based on the findings and results, the Ginger Processor produced an

average rate of 4 kg/hr. The calculated cost of the machine including the cost of

fabrication and other expenses is Php 28,600.00. The overall profit per day was

calculated by subtracting the price of the raw material, power consumption, and labor

cost to the cost of processed product.

Second, if the machine was market by the manufacturer. Based on the calculations

of the Return of Investment (ROI) considering the first situation, the time needed to

return the money invested is 39 days considering all the products were sold and

projecting it into months, and it takes 2 months to return the money invested. And if the

machine will be marketed by the manufacturer with a market price of Php 33,600.00, the

machine needed to be sold is 6 in order to return the money invested because there is Php

5,000.00 profit in every machine to be sold.

The calculation showed the two way in order that the money invested will return.

Consequently, all the succeeding money that will be collected is considered the possible

maintenance cost of the machine and other possible expenses just like the increase of

materials needed.
33
 Chapter 4

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

This research focused on the design of the Ginger Processor in order to address

the issues in storing food or other raw materials like the ginger. Specifically, it aimed to

design and fabricate, test and evaluate, and determine the cost-benefit analysis of the

Ginger Processor. The researchers used the project-development type of research.

The following are the salient findings:

1. The Ginger Processor was made in accordance to its description and

specifications. The Ginger Processor has three major parts namely; the slicer, the

dryer, and the grinder. It was made through the different materials and accessories

needed and assembled it based from the design.

2. The Ginger Processor was tested to slice, to dry, and to grind ginger. The machine

underwent modifications addressing the problems encountered during the testing

process. The Ginger Processor has an Operations Manual that guides the user to

operate in the most simple and safest way.

3. The calculated cost of the machine including the cost of fabrication and other

expenses is Php 28,600.00. The overall profit per day was calculated by

subtracting the price of the raw material, power consumption, and labor cost to

the cost of processed product.

 35

Conclusions

Based on the findings, the following were concluded:

1. The Ginger Processor has an effective design that could be utilized.

2. The researchers tested the Ginger Processor, and addressed the problems

encountered during testing.

3. The researchers computed the Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Ginger Processor

showing if the machine will be operated by the manufacturer and if it will be

marketed by the manufacturer.

Recommendations

Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, the researchers would like to

recommend the following:

1. The design of the Ginger Processor can be further improved for a better output.

2. The development and fabrication of the Ginger Processor can be further improved

for larger quantity of ginger to be pulverized.

3. The fan can be changed into larger diameter for faster drying.

4. The Operations Manual can still be improved and/or modified for better

understanding.

5. The design of the blade of the slicer can be further improved for thinner sliced

ginger.

6. The design of the blade of the grinder can be further improved for better grinding.
 36

7. The heating coil can be changed into larger diameter for faster drying.

8. The screen conveyor can be changed into thicker size.

 37

LITERATURE CITED

All About Ginger, Retrieved on June 21, 2020 9:00 am from

https://www.precisionnutrition.com/all-about-ginger

Anti-inflammatory Property of Ethanol and Water Extracts of Zingiber Zerumbet,

Retrieved on March 5, 2019 11:40 am from
https://medind.nic.in/ibi/t03/i3/ibit03i3p181.pdf

Anti-oxidative and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Ginger in Health, Retrieved on June 21,

2020 11:00 am from https://www.ncbi.nln.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3665023/

Determination of Physical Properties of Ginger Rhizomes, Retrieved on April 1, 2019 am

fromhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/265158660_Design_and_Fabricatio
n_of_a_Medium_Scale_Ginger_Pulverizing_Machine_for_Rural_Dwellers

Development Research, Retrieved on April 10, 2019 2:50 pm from

http://allpsych.com/research-methods/developmentresearch

Facts and Uses of Ginger, Retrieved June on 21, 2020 10:00 am from
https://www.everydayhealth.com/diet-nutrition/diet/ginger-nutrition-facts-health-
benefits-alternative-uses-more/

Ginger Benefits, Retrieved on June 20, 2020 10:00 am from

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/265990#nutrition

Ginger Cutter Equipment, Retrieved on April 26, 2019 1:00 pm from

https://www.dinghan.com.tw/en/product/ginger-cutter/DH903-501.html

Ginger Definition, Retrieved on April 26, 2019 12:50 pm from

https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/ginger

Ginger Grinder Benefits, Retrieved on June 20, 2020 10:30 am from

https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/7-miraculous-benefits-of-ginger-juice-from-
better-digestion-to-beautiful-hair

Ginger Plant Retrieved on March 4, 2019 10:30 am from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258728057_Efficiency_of_ginger_
production_in_selected_local_government_areas_of_Kaduna_State_Nigeria

Ginger Pulverizer Machine, Retrieved on June 21, 2020 1:00 am from

https://www.google.com.ph/amp/s/m.alibaba.com/amp/showroom/ginger-
pulverizer.html
 38

Isolation of 6, 8, 10-gingerol from ginger rhizome, Retrieved on March 7, 2019 9:00 am

from https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf9709481

Postharvest and Industrial Processing of Ginger, Retrieved on March 20, 2019 11:21 am

fromhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/313801410_Postharvest_Managem
ent_a nd_Value_Addition_of_Ginger_Zingiber_Officinale_Roscoe_A_Review

Shannon Kietzman (2017), Pulverizer Machine, Retrieved on April 6, 2019 11:30 am

from https://m.risingmachinery.com/pulverizer-machine.html

Shredder and Cutter, Retrieved on June 21, 2020 3:00 am from

https://patents.google.com/US20070063084

Spices Board (2011) Spices Board of India, Retrieved on March 25, 2019 9:32 am from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PM4571220/

The Directory of Essential Oil. Retrieved on March 5, 2019 11:12 am from

https://kundoc.com/pdf-ginger-zingiber-officinale-rosc-oils-html

Trease & Evans’ Pharmacognosy, Retrieved on March 4, 2019 11:00 am from

https://naturalingredient.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/JFBT-Ginger.pdf

Unit Operations in Food Processing, Retrieved on April 1, 2019 10:15 am from

www.nzifst/org.nz/unitoperations/sizereduction
 39

APPENDICES
 40

APPENDIX A

PARTS AND COMPONENTS OF THE GINGER PROCESSOR

Plate 5. Slicer

Plate 6. Heating Coil

 41

Plate 7. Fan

Plate 8. Grinder
 42

Plate 9. Electric Motor

Plate 10. Shaft

 43

Plate 11. Pulley and Belt

Plate 12. Pillow Block

 44

Plate 13. Hopper

Plate 14. Controls

 45

Plate 15. Machine Frame

 46

APPENDIX B

THE GINGER PROCESSOR DURING THE CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING

Plate 16. Construction of the Frame and Screen Conveyor

 47

Plate 17. Construction of the Slicer and the Hopper

Plate 18. Construction of the Grinder

 48

Plate 19. Testing of the Machine

Plate 20. Ground Ginger

 49

APPENDIX C

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND THE RETURN OF INVESTMENT OF THE

GINGER PROCESSOR

Capacity: 24-28 kg/day

Production Rate: 4 kg/hr

Price of Ginger: Php 60/kg

Priced of Processed Ginger: Php 140/kg

Price per kW-hr: Php 10

Operating Hour: 6 hrs/day, 5 days/week, 20 days/month

Labor Cost: Php 40/kg

 If the machine was operated by the Manufacturer

Profit = Price of Processed Ginger ‒ Price of Ginger ‒ Labor Cost

Profit = Php 140/kg ‒ Php 60/kg ‒ Php 40/kg

Profit = Php 40/kg

Profit per Day = Php 40/kg (4 kg/hr) (6 hrs/day)

= Php 960/day (considering all products will be sold)

Power Rating = 220V (10A) = 2200 watts = 2.2 kW

 50

Power Consumption per Day

= 2.2 kW (6 hrs/day) (Php 10/kW-hr) + 1 kW (9 hrs/day) (Php 10/kW-hr)

= Php 222/day

Overall Profit per Day

= Php 960 ‒ Php 222

= Php 738/day

RETURN OF INVESTMENT

= cost of machine / overall profit per day

= Php 28,600/ Php 738/day

= 38.753 days, say 39 days

= cost of machine / overall profit per month

 Overall profit per month = 20 days/month (Php 738/day)

= Php 14,760/month

= Php 28,600/ Php 14,760/month

= 1.938 months, say 2 months

 51

 If Manufacturers will market the machine

Cost of construction of the machine: Php 25,959.5

Assuming 10% of other expenses

Total Cost = Php 25,959.5 (1.10)

= Php 28,600

Market Price of the machine = Php 33,600

Income per machine = Market Price ‒ total cost of the machine

= Php 33,600 ‒ Php 28,600

= Php 5,000

RETURN OF INVESTMENT

= total cost of the machine / Income per machine

= Php 28,600 / Php 5,000 per machine

= 5.72 machines, say 6 machines

 52

APPENDIX D

DESIGN COMPUTATION / CALCULATION

P = 2πTn

Total Torque = Summation of Torque in the Slicer and Grinder

Slicer:

T = 3.75 kg (9.81 m/s^2) (2 in) (0.0254 m/in)

= 1.869 N-m

Grinder:

T = 3 kg (9.81 m/s^2) (2 in) (0.0254 m/in)

= 1.495 N-m

Total Torque: (1.869 + 1.495) N-m

= 3.364 N-m

P = 2π (3.364 N-m) (1740 rev/min) (1 min/60 sec) (1 HP/746 watts)

= 0.821 HP

Considering 15% overload

P = 0.821 (1.15)

P = 0.944 HP, say 1.5 HP

 53

Belt Length

 Motor to Slicer

Belt Length, L1 = 2C + 1.57 (D + d) + (D ‒ d)2 / 4C

L1 = 2(32.3) + 1.57(5.5 + 3) + (5.5 ‒ 3)2 / 4(32.3)

L1 = 77.993 in

Belt Length used is 78 in. long

 Motor to Grinder

Belt Length, L1 = 2C + 1.57 (D + d) + (D ‒ d)2 / 4C

L1 = 2(8) + 1.57(5.5 + 3) + (5.5 ‒ 3)2 / 4(8)

L1 = 29.54 in

Belt Length used is 30 in. long

 54

APPENDIX E

CERTIFICATION FROM ENGLISH CRITIC

 55

CURRICULUM VITAE

ROWELL B. MIRANDA
Cantoria No. 2, Luna, La Union
mirandarowellb@gmail.com
0956-784-4132

Personal Information

Date of Birth : July 2, 1997

Place of Birth : Luna, La Union
Age : 23
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Sex : Male
Civil Status : Single
Language spoken : English, Filipino, Iloco
Institutional Affiliation : Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University
School Address : Catbangen, San Fernando City

Educational Background

Tertiary Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University
Mid La Union Campus
San Fernando City, La Union
2014 – 2020

Secondary Luna National High School – Cantoria Annex

Cantoria No. 1, Luna, La Union
2010-2014
 56

Primary Cantoria Central School

Cantoria No. 2, Luna, La Union
2004-2010

Organizational Affiliations

Philippine Society of Mechanical Engineers Jr. Unit (PSME)

“The Premier National ME Student Organization”
DMMMSU MLUC Chapter
Member, 2016-2020

Expanded Students’ Grant-in-Aid Program For Poverty Alleviation (ESGPPA)

Scholar, 2014-2020
 57

JIMMY C. DIFUNTORUM
Leones West, Tubao, La Union
jimmydifuntorum@gmail.com
0966-453-6871

Personal Information

Date of Birth : December 20, 1997

Place of Birth : Mankayan, Benguet
Age : 23
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Sex : Male
Civil Status : Single
Language spoken : English, Filipino, Iloco
Institutional Affiliation : Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University
School Address : Catbangen, San Fernando City

Educational Background

Tertiary Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University
Mid La Union Campus
San Fernando City, La Union
2014 – 2020

Secondary Lepanto National High School

Mankaya, Benguet
2010-2014

Primary Lepanto Elementary School

 58

Mankaya, Benguet
2004-2010

Organizational Affiliations

Philippine Society of Mechanical Engineers Jr. Unit (PSME)

“The Premier National ME Student Organization”
DMMMSU MLUC Chapter
Member, 2016-2020
 59

ANGELIKA M. GALBAN
San Agustin East, Agoo, La Union
angelikagalban319@gmail.com
0946-491-8940

Personal Information

Date of Birth : March 19, 1998

Place of Birth : Agoo, La Union
Age : 22
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Sex : Female
Civil Status : Single
Language spoken : English, Filipino, Iloco
Institutional Affiliation : Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University
School Address : Catbangen, San Fernando City

Educational Background

Tertiary Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University
Mid La Union Campus
San Fernando City, La Union
2014 – 2020

Secondary Agoo Kiddie Special School

Consolacion, Agoo, La Union
2010-2014

Primary Bacsil Elementary School

San Agustin East, Agoo, La Union
2004-2010
 60

Organizational Affiliations

Philippine Society of Mechanical Engineers Jr. Unit (PSME)

“The Premier National ME Student Organization”
DMMMSU MLUC Chapter
Member, 2016-2020
 61

SHENA MAY S. MONTES

Cambaly, Bagulin, La Union
shenamaymontes@gmail.com
0927-255-2261

Personal Information

Date of Birth : November 8, 1997

Place of Birth : Bagulin, La Union
Age : 23
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Anglican
Sex : Female
Civil Status : Single
Language spoken : English, Filipino, Iloco, Kankanaey
Institutional Affiliation : Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University
School Address : Catbangen, San Fernando City

Educational Background

Tertiary Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University
Mid La Union Campus
San Fernando City, La Union
2014 – 2020

Secondary Cambaly National High School

Cambaly, Bagulin, La Union
2010-2014

Primary Cambaly Elementary School

Cambaly, Bagulin, La Union
2004-2010
 62

Organizational Affiliations

Philippine Society of Mechanical Engineers Jr. Unit (PSME)

“The Premier National ME Student Organization”
DMMMSU MLUC Chapter
Member, 2016-2020
 63

ROSELLIE C. NIDUAZA
San Vicente Norte, Agoo, La Union
rcniduaza@gmail.com
09

Personal Information

Date of Birth : July 3, 1997

Place of Birth : Baguio City
Age : 23
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Sex : Female
Civil Status : Single
Language spoken : English, Filipino, Iloco
Institutional Affiliation : Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University
School Address : Catbangen, San Fernando City

Educational Background

Tertiary Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University
Mid La Union Campus
San Fernando City, La Union
2014 – 2020

Secondary Don Eufemio F. Eriguel Memorial National High School

Consolacion, Agoo, La Union
2010-2014

Primary San Vicente- San Agustin Elementary School

San Vicente Norte, Agoo, La Union
2004-2010
 64

Organizational Affiliations

Philippine Society of Mechanical Engineers Jr. Unit (PSME)

“The Premier National ME Student Organization”
DMMMSU MLUC Chapter
Member, 2016-2020