Professional Documents
Culture Documents
O Defects in Timber
3. Moisture Movement
- Wood is liable to shrink or swell with the movement of
moisture. (increase or decrease)
4. Shrinkage :
- Is a Reduction in linear and volumetric dimension due to
drying of moisture.
PROPERTIES OF TIMBER/WOOD
5. Swelling (Increase in size)
- It is increase in linear and volumetric dimension on
absorbing moisture.
6. Sound conductivity
- Has high Sound Conductivity
- Sound velocity in wood is greater than others.
7. Thermal Conductivity
- Has very low thermal conductivity.
- so uses for maintain heat temperature in rooms.
MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF
TIMBER/WOOD:
O As wood is natural material there is different
mechanical properties for different wood
O Mechanical properties are governed by soil type,
climate and other factors.
O Properties affected by specific gravity, moisture
content, knots and other defects.
O Wood can’t resist fire and burnt easily.
O Well seasoned
Fibers in timber
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Defects of Timber
Sawing
ADVANTAGES OF TIMBER
O availability:source and transportation
O strength: light weight and higher strength
O joining: simple
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O Repair and Modification: Easy nr .
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O superior, thermal insulation, sound and electrical resistive
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O uses: furniture and decorative purpose DH
SCAFFOLDING
DISADVANTAGES OF TIMBER:
O Defects in timber can reduce the life of wood.
O Affected by relative humidity, fungi, insects.
Coniferous tree
epartment,nec
Professor, civil
ada, Asst.
OTrees are characterized by needle
shaped thin leaves which are evergreen
OTrees bear conical shaped fruits and
yield resins ( viscous substance )
O Soft variety of woods are obtained
OUsed is general constructional purpose
- e. g Pine, deodar etc.
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HARD WOOD AND SOFT
WOOD (CHARACTERISTICS)
• Pith/Medulla/Core
•Heart wood
•Sap wood
•Cambium Layer
•Inner Bark
•Outer Bark
•Medullary rays
STRUCTURE OF A EXOGENEOUS TREE
Pith/ medulla/core:
O It is first formed portion of trees.
O It consist entirely cellular tissues and nourishes the plant in young
age.
O It is found as dead part of the trees incase of matured trees and
decayed.
Annual rings:
O Grows extra layer around the circumference of the trees per year
O Circular concentric rings
O Each rings indicates the age of tree in year
Heart wood:
O Annual rings around the pith at the innermost central portion of the
tree section
O Strong, durable and compact part of trees
O Darker in color
O Best part of trees in engineering views
O Imparts rigidity to the trees
O Doesn’t take active part in growth of trees
STRUCTURE OF A EXOGENEOUS TREE
Sap wood:
O Outer annual rings between heart wood and the cambium layer
O Light in color and weight as well
O Indicates recent growth and contains sap
(Sap = A watery solution of sugars, salts, and minerals that circulates through the vascular
system of a plant )
O Annual rings of sap wood are less sharply defined in comparison to heart wood
O Takes active part in growth of trees
Cambium layer:
O Thin layer of sap between sap wood and inner bark
O It indicates sap which has yet not been converted into sap wood
O If barks are removed and get exposed, the cell cease and death
Inner bark:
O Inner layer covering the cambium layer
O Protect cambium layer from any injury
Outer bark:
O A protective layer, outer skin covering the trees
O Contains cracks and fissures sometimes
O Consists of cells of wood fibers and is known as cortex
Medullary rays: (Pit rays )
O Radial fibers extending from pith to cambium layer
O Hold the annual rings of heart wood and sap wood together
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MICROSTRUCTURE OF WOOD
O Structure of wood apparent only at great magnifications is called
microstructure.
O If study through microscope, it becomes evident that wood consists
of living and dead cell of various shape and sizes
O Living cell consists
➢ mechanical cells
➢ storage cells
MICROSTRUCTURE OF WOOD
Resinous wood
DEFECTS IN TIMBER (PU 08,09,10,12,13)
O Defects are either due to growing phases of tree or defect
occurring after cutting trees
O Defects reduce the usefulness of wood as aesthetic
appearance as well as strength
1. Heart Shake
- This defect usually occurs in over matured trees due to
shrinkage of heart wood
- These cracks are mostly confined to heart wood portion
and diminishing towards outward.
DEFECTS IN TIMBER
2. Star Shake
- It is confined in the outward portion
and diminishing towards center.
- It occurs due to frost action and strong
heat of sun.
- It is the most serious defect because it
tends to separate single log into small
pieces.
3. Radial Shake
- These are radial cracks extending from
centre towards bark .
- These are similar to star shake but are
irregular and numerous.
- It occurs due to drying of sap or
moisture .
DEFECTS IN TIMBER
4. Cup or Ring Shake
- Is the separation of tissue along annual
rings
- If the shake is whole round the annual
ring then it is called ring shake and if it is
half way round the ring then it is called cup
shake.
- It is due to unequal seasoning and change
in humidity.
5. Rind Gall
- Is the curved irregular swelling on surface.
- Due to development of new sap layer on
wound left after branches have been
irregularly cut.
- New layer fails to unite with old one and
decay starts from that point
DEFECTS IN TIMBER
6. Knots
- This defect occurs due to formation of annual rings at right
angles to surface and also due to twisting of fibers.
- The roots of the branches yet embedded(Enclosed firmly) by the
tissue and knots are formed
- Knots reduce the aesthetic value and effects tensile strength
- Knots may be round or oval shaped
DEFECTS IN TIMBER
7. Twisted fibers
- This defect occurs due to wind velocity constantly turning trees in
one direction only.
8. End Splits
- Occurs only at the ends of log due to exposed conditions during
seasoning.
- May be prevented by painting the ends of log or covering with
metallic cap.
DEFECTS IN TIMBER
9. Druxiness and Foxiness
(Druxiness is a term that is defined as a disease that is
found in timber or wood. It is caused or brought about by
a wound located in the layer known as the cambium
which is attacked by fungus.)
(Foxiness is caused due to poor ventilation during storage
or due to over maturity of the tree).
O Suitable for cut of sawn planks pieces of wood not for log
of wood
O Timber can stack either horizontally or vertically
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AIR SEASONING:
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AIR SEASONING:
WATER SEASONING
Creosoting:
O Timber surface coated with creosote oil
Engineering Department,nec
Er. Pramesh Hada, Asst. Professor, civil
O Creosote oil is obtained by distillation of tar (distillation - process of
purifying a liquid by boiling it and condensing its vapors)
Steps are:
O Timber are thoroughly seasoned and dried
O Placed well seasoned wood in air tight chamber
O Air is pumped out from chamber
O Creosote oil is then pumped under high pressure of 0.7-1.0N/mm2 and
temperature of about 500C
O After 1 to 2 hrs, when timber has sufficiently absorbed creosote oil, it
is taken out of chamber
O Creosote oil is antiseptic or it is poisonous to the wood-attacking fungi
O Creosote oil: black or brown liquid and weakly affected by water
O Unpleasant odour and having low wood-penetrating ability to the
extent of 1mm to 2mm only
O It produces undesirable color in timber
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PRESERVATION OF TIMBER:
Abel’s process:
O Timber surface is cleaned and coated with a dilute
solution of sodium silicate
O Paste of slaked lime is then applied and finally, a
concentrated solution of silica soda is applied on the
timber surface
O This process is quite satisfactory in making the
timber fire- resistant
Fire proofing of timber:
O Timber can’t be made fire proof but some chemical
treatment may reduce the fire attack towards the
timber
O Soaking of timber in ammonium sulphate,
ammonium chloride, zinc chloride etc improves the
fire resisting capacity of timber.
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WOOD BASED PRODUCTS
1. Veneers
O Veneering is the primary process of manufacturing
woods.
O Prepared by slicing and sawing of wood in thin sheets of
0.4mm to 6mm.
O Are of superior Quality.
O Used in manufacturing ply woods, battens, lamin
boards.
WOOD BASED PRODUCTS
2. Plywood
O Is a manufactured wood panel from the family of
manufactured boards (such as medium-density
fibreboard (MDF), particle board (chipboard), etc.) made
from thin sheets of wood veneer.
O Prepared by gluing together odd number of veneers with
grain direction of core block at right angle to adjacent
veneer or ply.
O Are used in making partition, furniture, ceiling, doors,
paneling wall, Formworks for concrete.
PLYWOOD H
3. BATTEN BOARD
O Is a solid block with core of sawn thin wood
O The Thickness of core is about 20mm to 25mm